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Analysis of European Union-Russia Energy Relations in the Framework of Asymmetrical Interdependence: The Impact of Ukraine – Russia War on the EU Energy Policy

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 394 - 433, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1181369

Abstract

The aim of this article is to analyse the energy relations between the European Union and Russia within framework of asymmetrical interdependence and to explain effect of war, which started with Russia's occupation of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, on EU-Russia energy relations. Eurostat data are used in the article. Theoretical framework of the article is asymmetrical interdependence. Importance of the article is to reveal that the EU has produced a new energy policy due to security concerns and wants to get rid of its dependence on Russia. In this article, it is argued that the EU wants to get rid of its dependence on Russian fossil fuels for security-based reasons and has developed a new energy strategy for this. EU's response to Russian occupation of Ukraine is adoption of a new energy strategy that proposes greater use of renewable energy sources and diversification of new suppliers such as Azerbaijan.

References

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  • BBC, (2009). Nabucco'da yeni dönem. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2009/07/090717_nabucco_pipeline (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Ağustos 2022).
  • BBC, (2022). Nord Stream 1: How Russia is cutting gas supplies to Europe. Erişim adresi https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60131520
  • BFM, (2022). Gaz russe: Emmanuel Macron prévient, "nous devons nous préparer à tous les scénarios". https://www.bfmtv.com/economie/entreprises/energie/gaz-russe-emmanuel-macron-previent-nous-devons-nous-preparer-a-tous-les-scenarios_AV-202203100514.html
  • BP, (2021). Statistical Review of World Energy. 70th edition.
  • Carr, E. H. (1946). The Twenty Years’ Crisis 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations. London: The Macmillan Press.
  • Chikhladze, D. (2022). The Geopolitics of Energy in Russia-Germany Relations: A Neorealist Interpretation. (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, European Studies, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi).
  • Çal, S. (2008). Bakü-Tiflis-Ceyhan Boru Hattı Projesi Kapsamındaki Anlaşmaların Hukuki Yönden Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 63 (04), 89-134.
  • Euronews, (2022). Von der Leyen condemns 'barbaric' invasion of Ukraine, vows to cripple Russia's economy Access to the comments. Erişim adresi https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/02/24/von-der-leyen-condemns-barbaric-invasion-of-ukraine-vows-to-cripple-russia-s-economy
  • European Commission, (2022a). Press statement by President von der Leyen on the Commission's proposals regarding REPowerEU, defence investment gaps and the relief and reconstruction of Ukraine. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_22_3164 (Erişim Tarihi: 3 Ağustos 2022).
  • European Commission, (2022b). Press Statement of President Charles Michel of the European Council and President Ursula von der Leyen of the European Commission on Russia's unprecedented and unprovoked military aggression of Ukraine. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_22_1321 (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Ağustos 2022).
  • European Commission, (2022c). REPowerEU: Joint European action for more affordable, secure and sustainable energy. European Commission - Press release, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/document/print/en/ip_22_1511/IP_22_1511_EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Mart 2022).
  • European Commission, (2022d). REPowerEU: affordable, secure and sustainable energy for Europe. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/repowereu-affordable-secure-and-sustainable-energy-europe_en (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Ağustos 2022).
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  • European Council of the European Union, (2022). Press statement of President Charles Michel of the European Council and President Ursula von der Leyen of the European Commission on Russia's unprecedented and unprovoked military aggression of Ukraine. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/02/24/press-statement-of-president-charles-michel-of-the-european-council-and-president-ursula-von-der-leyen-of-the-european-commission-on-russia-s-unprecedented-and-unprovoked-military-aggression-of-ukraine/ (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Ağustos 2022).
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  • Eurostat, (2021b). From where do we import energy? https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/infographs/energy/bloc-2c.html (Erişim Tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2022).
  • Eurostat, (2022a). Energy represented 62% of EU imports from Russia. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220307-1 (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Mayıs 2022).
  • Eurostat, (2022b). Russia-EU-international trade in goods statistics. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Russia-EU_%E2%80%93_international_trade_in_goods_statistics&stable=1#EU-Russia_most_traded_goods (Erişim Tarihi: 1 Temmuz 2022).
  • Express, (2022). Ukraine War: Redrawing map of Europe in blood. Erişim adresi https://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/1571642/Ukraine-Russia-invasion-war-boris-johnson-vladimir-putin-nato-latest
  • Finon, D. (2011). The EU foreign gas policy of transit corridors: autopsy of the stillborn Nabucco project. OPEC Energy Review, 35 (1), 47-69.
  • French Presidency, (2022). The Versailles Declaration, 10 and 11 March 2022. Erişim adresi https://presidence-francaise.consilium.europa.eu/en/news/the-versailles-declaration-10-and-11-march-2022/
  • Gazprom, (2020). Contribution to Russia’s Economy. https://sustainability.gazpromreport.ru/en/2020/3-about-the-gazprom-group/35-contribution-to-russias-economy/ (Erişim Tarihi: 3 Ağustos 2022).
  • Gov UK, (2022). Prime Minister's address to the nation on the Russian invasion of Ukraine: 24 February 2022. Erişim adresi https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/prime-ministers-address-to-the-nation-on-the-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-24-february-2022
  • Government of the Netherlands, (2022a). Reducing dependence on Russia. Erişim adresi https://www.government.nl/topics/gas/reducing-dependence-on-russia
  • Government of the Netherlands, (2022b). Speech by Prime Minister Mark Rutte at the university Sciences Po in Paris about the current developments in Ukraine. Erişim adresi https://www.government.nl/documents/speeches/2022/03/09/speech-by-prime-minister-mark-rutte-at-university-sciences-po-paris
  • Government of the Russian Federation, (2010). Energy Strategy of Russia. Moscow: Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation. Erişim adresi http://www.energystrategy.ru/projects/docs/ES-2030_(Eng).pdf
  • Gürkaynak, M. ve Yalçıner, S. (2009). Uluslararası Politikada Karşılıklı Bağımlılık ve Küreselleşme Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 6 (23), 73-92.
  • Halser, C. ve Paraschiv, F. (2022). Pathways to Overcoming Natural Gas Dependency on Russia—The German Case. Energies, 15, 1-24.
  • Harsem, Ø. ve Claes, D. H. (2013). The interdependence of European–Russian energy relations. Energy Policy, 59, 784-791.
  • Herz, J. H. (2003). The Security Dilemma in International Relations: Background and Present Problems. International Relations, 17 (4), 411-416.
  • Holsti, K. J. (1978). A new international politics? Diplomacy in complex interdependence. International Organization, 32 (2), 513-530.
  • International Energy Agency, Which countries are most reliant on Russian energy, https://www.iea.org/reports/national-reliance-on-russian-fossil-fuel-imports/which-countries-are-most-reliant-on-russian-energy (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Mart 2022).
  • Keohane, R. O. ve Nye, J. S. (1973). Power and interdependence. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 15 (4), 158-165.
  • Keohane, R. O. ve Nye, J. S. (1987). Power and Interdependence Revisited. International Organization, 41 (4), 725-753.
  • Keohane, R. O. ve Nye, J. S. (2012). Power and Interdependence. Illinois: Longman.
  • Krickovic, A. (2015). When Interdependence Produces Conflict: EU–Russia Energy Relations as a Security Dilemma. Contemporary Security Policy, 36 (1), 3-26.
  • Kuzemko, C. (2014). Ideas, power and change: explaining EU –Russia energy relations. Journal of European Public Policy, 21 (1), 58-75.
  • Kyiv Post, (2014). Reuters: Energy minister says Russia to expand ESPO to 80 million tons by 2020. https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/eastern-europe/reuters-energy-minister-says-russia-to-expand-espo-to-80-million-tons-by-2020-342672.html (Erişim Tarihi: 3 Ağustos 2022).
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  • Nye, J. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs.
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  • Nye, J. (2020). Power and Interdependence with China. The Washington Quarterly, 43 (1), 7-21.
  • Nye, J. (2021). Soft power: the evolution of a concept. Journal of Political Power, 14 (1), 196-208.
  • Oatley, T. (2019). Toward a political economy of complex interdependence. European Journal of International Relations, 25 (4), 957-978.
  • Overland, I. ve Kubayeva, G. (2018). ‘’Did China Bankroll Russia’s Annexation of Crimea? The Role of Sino-Russian Energy Relations’’, (ss.95-118) içinde, Helge Blakkisrud ve Elana Wilson Rowe (Ed.), Russia’s Turn to the East, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Poyraz, E. ve Dinçer, M. (2016). Küreselleşen Dünyada Türkiye’nin Kamu Diplomasisi Faaliyetleri. Intermedia International E-journal, 3 (4), 30-48.
  • Proedrou, F. (2012). EU Energy Security in the gas Sector: Evolving Dynamics, Policy Dilemmas and Prospects. Farnham: Ashgate.
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Asimetrik Karşılıklı Bağımlılık Çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği-Rusya Enerji İlişkilerinin Analizi: Ukrayna – Rusya Savaşı’nın AB Enerji Politikası Üzerindeki Etkisi

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 394 - 433, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1181369

Abstract

Bu makalenin amacı asimetrik karşılıklı bağımlılık çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği ile Rusya arasındaki enerji ilişkilerini analiz etmek ve 24 Şubat 2022 tarihinde Rusya’nın Ukrayna’yı işgal etmesiyle başlayan savaşın, AB-Rusya enerji ilişkileri üzerindeki etkisini açıklamaktır. Makalede Eurostat verilerinden yararlanılmıştır. Makalenin teorik çerçevesi asimetrik karşılıklı bağımlılıktır. Makalenin önemi güvenlik kaygılarından ötürü AB’nin yeni bir enerji politikası ürettiğini ve Rusya’ya olan bağımlılığından kurtulmak istediğini ortaya koymaktır. Bu makalede AB’nin Rus fosil yakıtlarına bağımlılığından güvenlik temelli sebeplerden ötürü kurtulmak istediği ve bunun için yeni bir enerji stratejisi geliştirdiği argüman olarak ileri sürülmektedir. Rusya’nın Ukrayna’yı işgaline AB’nin enerji alanında verdiği cevap, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının daha çok kullanılmasını ve Azerbaycan gibi yeni tedarikçilerin çeşitliliğini artırmayı öneren yeni bir enerji stratejisinin kabul edilmesidir.

References

  • Bayou, C. (2007). Un Nouvel Aplomb sur la Scène Internationale ? L'Europe et la Diplomatie énergétique du Pouvoir Russe. Revue internationale et stratégique, 68, 175-186.
  • BBC, (2009). Nabucco'da yeni dönem. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2009/07/090717_nabucco_pipeline (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Ağustos 2022).
  • BBC, (2022). Nord Stream 1: How Russia is cutting gas supplies to Europe. Erişim adresi https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60131520
  • BFM, (2022). Gaz russe: Emmanuel Macron prévient, "nous devons nous préparer à tous les scénarios". https://www.bfmtv.com/economie/entreprises/energie/gaz-russe-emmanuel-macron-previent-nous-devons-nous-preparer-a-tous-les-scenarios_AV-202203100514.html
  • BP, (2021). Statistical Review of World Energy. 70th edition.
  • Carr, E. H. (1946). The Twenty Years’ Crisis 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations. London: The Macmillan Press.
  • Chikhladze, D. (2022). The Geopolitics of Energy in Russia-Germany Relations: A Neorealist Interpretation. (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, European Studies, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi).
  • Çal, S. (2008). Bakü-Tiflis-Ceyhan Boru Hattı Projesi Kapsamındaki Anlaşmaların Hukuki Yönden Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 63 (04), 89-134.
  • Euronews, (2022). Von der Leyen condemns 'barbaric' invasion of Ukraine, vows to cripple Russia's economy Access to the comments. Erişim adresi https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/02/24/von-der-leyen-condemns-barbaric-invasion-of-ukraine-vows-to-cripple-russia-s-economy
  • European Commission, (2022a). Press statement by President von der Leyen on the Commission's proposals regarding REPowerEU, defence investment gaps and the relief and reconstruction of Ukraine. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_22_3164 (Erişim Tarihi: 3 Ağustos 2022).
  • European Commission, (2022b). Press Statement of President Charles Michel of the European Council and President Ursula von der Leyen of the European Commission on Russia's unprecedented and unprovoked military aggression of Ukraine. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_22_1321 (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Ağustos 2022).
  • European Commission, (2022c). REPowerEU: Joint European action for more affordable, secure and sustainable energy. European Commission - Press release, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/document/print/en/ip_22_1511/IP_22_1511_EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Mart 2022).
  • European Commission, (2022d). REPowerEU: affordable, secure and sustainable energy for Europe. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/repowereu-affordable-secure-and-sustainable-energy-europe_en (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Ağustos 2022).
  • European Commission, (2022e). REPowerEU: A plan to rapidly reduce dependence on Russian fossil fuels and fast forward the green transition. Brussels, 18 May 2022.
  • European Council, (2022). EU restrictive measures against Russia over Ukraine (since 2014). https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions/restrictive-measures-against-russia-over-ukraine/ (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Ağustos 2022).
  • European Council of the European Union, (2022). Press statement of President Charles Michel of the European Council and President Ursula von der Leyen of the European Commission on Russia's unprecedented and unprovoked military aggression of Ukraine. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/02/24/press-statement-of-president-charles-michel-of-the-european-council-and-president-ursula-von-der-leyen-of-the-european-commission-on-russia-s-unprecedented-and-unprovoked-military-aggression-of-ukraine/ (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Ağustos 2022).
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  • Eurostat,https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/infographs/energy_trade/entrade.html?lang=en&lang=en&lang=en (Erişim Tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2022).
  • Eurostat, (2021a). Where does our energy come from? https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/infographs/energy/bloc-2a.html (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Mayıs 2022).
  • Eurostat, (2021b). From where do we import energy? https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/infographs/energy/bloc-2c.html (Erişim Tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2022).
  • Eurostat, (2022a). Energy represented 62% of EU imports from Russia. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220307-1 (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Mayıs 2022).
  • Eurostat, (2022b). Russia-EU-international trade in goods statistics. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Russia-EU_%E2%80%93_international_trade_in_goods_statistics&stable=1#EU-Russia_most_traded_goods (Erişim Tarihi: 1 Temmuz 2022).
  • Express, (2022). Ukraine War: Redrawing map of Europe in blood. Erişim adresi https://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/1571642/Ukraine-Russia-invasion-war-boris-johnson-vladimir-putin-nato-latest
  • Finon, D. (2011). The EU foreign gas policy of transit corridors: autopsy of the stillborn Nabucco project. OPEC Energy Review, 35 (1), 47-69.
  • French Presidency, (2022). The Versailles Declaration, 10 and 11 March 2022. Erişim adresi https://presidence-francaise.consilium.europa.eu/en/news/the-versailles-declaration-10-and-11-march-2022/
  • Gazprom, (2020). Contribution to Russia’s Economy. https://sustainability.gazpromreport.ru/en/2020/3-about-the-gazprom-group/35-contribution-to-russias-economy/ (Erişim Tarihi: 3 Ağustos 2022).
  • Gov UK, (2022). Prime Minister's address to the nation on the Russian invasion of Ukraine: 24 February 2022. Erişim adresi https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/prime-ministers-address-to-the-nation-on-the-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-24-february-2022
  • Government of the Netherlands, (2022a). Reducing dependence on Russia. Erişim adresi https://www.government.nl/topics/gas/reducing-dependence-on-russia
  • Government of the Netherlands, (2022b). Speech by Prime Minister Mark Rutte at the university Sciences Po in Paris about the current developments in Ukraine. Erişim adresi https://www.government.nl/documents/speeches/2022/03/09/speech-by-prime-minister-mark-rutte-at-university-sciences-po-paris
  • Government of the Russian Federation, (2010). Energy Strategy of Russia. Moscow: Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation. Erişim adresi http://www.energystrategy.ru/projects/docs/ES-2030_(Eng).pdf
  • Gürkaynak, M. ve Yalçıner, S. (2009). Uluslararası Politikada Karşılıklı Bağımlılık ve Küreselleşme Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 6 (23), 73-92.
  • Halser, C. ve Paraschiv, F. (2022). Pathways to Overcoming Natural Gas Dependency on Russia—The German Case. Energies, 15, 1-24.
  • Harsem, Ø. ve Claes, D. H. (2013). The interdependence of European–Russian energy relations. Energy Policy, 59, 784-791.
  • Herz, J. H. (2003). The Security Dilemma in International Relations: Background and Present Problems. International Relations, 17 (4), 411-416.
  • Holsti, K. J. (1978). A new international politics? Diplomacy in complex interdependence. International Organization, 32 (2), 513-530.
  • International Energy Agency, Which countries are most reliant on Russian energy, https://www.iea.org/reports/national-reliance-on-russian-fossil-fuel-imports/which-countries-are-most-reliant-on-russian-energy (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Mart 2022).
  • Keohane, R. O. ve Nye, J. S. (1973). Power and interdependence. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 15 (4), 158-165.
  • Keohane, R. O. ve Nye, J. S. (1987). Power and Interdependence Revisited. International Organization, 41 (4), 725-753.
  • Keohane, R. O. ve Nye, J. S. (2012). Power and Interdependence. Illinois: Longman.
  • Krickovic, A. (2015). When Interdependence Produces Conflict: EU–Russia Energy Relations as a Security Dilemma. Contemporary Security Policy, 36 (1), 3-26.
  • Kuzemko, C. (2014). Ideas, power and change: explaining EU –Russia energy relations. Journal of European Public Policy, 21 (1), 58-75.
  • Kyiv Post, (2014). Reuters: Energy minister says Russia to expand ESPO to 80 million tons by 2020. https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/eastern-europe/reuters-energy-minister-says-russia-to-expand-espo-to-80-million-tons-by-2020-342672.html (Erişim Tarihi: 3 Ağustos 2022).
  • Milov, V. (2021). Two ends of a pipe. Vladimir Milov on why Gazprom's blackmail may cost Russia dearly. The Insider, 4 November, https://theins.ru/en/opinion/vladimir-milov/246186 (Erişim Tarihi: 4 Ağustos 2022).
  • Nye, J. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Nye, J. (2008). Public Diplomacy and Soft Power. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616, 94-109.
  • Nye, J. (2020). Power and Interdependence with China. The Washington Quarterly, 43 (1), 7-21.
  • Nye, J. (2021). Soft power: the evolution of a concept. Journal of Political Power, 14 (1), 196-208.
  • Oatley, T. (2019). Toward a political economy of complex interdependence. European Journal of International Relations, 25 (4), 957-978.
  • Overland, I. ve Kubayeva, G. (2018). ‘’Did China Bankroll Russia’s Annexation of Crimea? The Role of Sino-Russian Energy Relations’’, (ss.95-118) içinde, Helge Blakkisrud ve Elana Wilson Rowe (Ed.), Russia’s Turn to the East, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Poyraz, E. ve Dinçer, M. (2016). Küreselleşen Dünyada Türkiye’nin Kamu Diplomasisi Faaliyetleri. Intermedia International E-journal, 3 (4), 30-48.
  • Proedrou, F. (2012). EU Energy Security in the gas Sector: Evolving Dynamics, Policy Dilemmas and Prospects. Farnham: Ashgate.
  • Pulat, A. (2017). Karşılıklı Bağımlılık Teorisi Açısından Türkiye-İran Ekonomik İlişkileri: 2002-2014. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1 (2), 93-114.
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There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Melih Dinçer 0000-0003-3079-1512

Early Pub Date June 25, 2023
Publication Date June 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 13 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Dinçer, M. (2023). Asimetrik Karşılıklı Bağımlılık Çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği-Rusya Enerji İlişkilerinin Analizi: Ukrayna – Rusya Savaşı’nın AB Enerji Politikası Üzerindeki Etkisi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(2), 394-433. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1181369
AMA Dinçer M. Asimetrik Karşılıklı Bağımlılık Çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği-Rusya Enerji İlişkilerinin Analizi: Ukrayna – Rusya Savaşı’nın AB Enerji Politikası Üzerindeki Etkisi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. June 2023;13(2):394-433. doi:10.18074/ckuiibfd.1181369
Chicago Dinçer, Melih. “Asimetrik Karşılıklı Bağımlılık Çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği-Rusya Enerji İlişkilerinin Analizi: Ukrayna – Rusya Savaşı’nın AB Enerji Politikası Üzerindeki Etkisi”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 13, no. 2 (June 2023): 394-433. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1181369.
EndNote Dinçer M (June 1, 2023) Asimetrik Karşılıklı Bağımlılık Çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği-Rusya Enerji İlişkilerinin Analizi: Ukrayna – Rusya Savaşı’nın AB Enerji Politikası Üzerindeki Etkisi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 13 2 394–433.
IEEE M. Dinçer, “Asimetrik Karşılıklı Bağımlılık Çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği-Rusya Enerji İlişkilerinin Analizi: Ukrayna – Rusya Savaşı’nın AB Enerji Politikası Üzerindeki Etkisi”, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 394–433, 2023, doi: 10.18074/ckuiibfd.1181369.
ISNAD Dinçer, Melih. “Asimetrik Karşılıklı Bağımlılık Çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği-Rusya Enerji İlişkilerinin Analizi: Ukrayna – Rusya Savaşı’nın AB Enerji Politikası Üzerindeki Etkisi”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 13/2 (June 2023), 394-433. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1181369.
JAMA Dinçer M. Asimetrik Karşılıklı Bağımlılık Çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği-Rusya Enerji İlişkilerinin Analizi: Ukrayna – Rusya Savaşı’nın AB Enerji Politikası Üzerindeki Etkisi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;13:394–433.
MLA Dinçer, Melih. “Asimetrik Karşılıklı Bağımlılık Çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği-Rusya Enerji İlişkilerinin Analizi: Ukrayna – Rusya Savaşı’nın AB Enerji Politikası Üzerindeki Etkisi”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 13, no. 2, 2023, pp. 394-33, doi:10.18074/ckuiibfd.1181369.
Vancouver Dinçer M. Asimetrik Karşılıklı Bağımlılık Çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği-Rusya Enerji İlişkilerinin Analizi: Ukrayna – Rusya Savaşı’nın AB Enerji Politikası Üzerindeki Etkisi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;13(2):394-433.