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Hegemony Strategies in the Neo-Assyrian Empire through Zagros Pastoralism and Animal Tribute and Taxes

Year 2025, Issue: 24, 181 - 203, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58488/collan.1736888

Abstract

During the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the need for resources to sustain its economic and military structure increased significantly. Among these resources, the Zagros region, with its high livestock potential due to its geographical and climatic conditions, became the center of Assyrian attention. Their interest in this region was characterized not only by political but also by economic expectations, and collecting regular taxes and tribute on livestock from the region became a main goal. This article aims to examine the Neo-Assyrian Empire’s interactions with nomadic communities and the various strategies they employed in the process of achieving this goal. These policies, ranging from military interventions to persuasive efforts to persuade tax payment and exile activities, will be discussed as a reflection of the Assyrians’ efforts to control the livestock-based resources in the Zagros region and maximize tax revenues.

References

  • Abdi, K. 2003 The Early Development of Pastoralism in the Central Zagros Mountains. Journal of World Prehistory 17/4: 395-448.
  • Adalı, S. F. 2017 Cimmerians and the Scythians: the Impact of Nomadic Powers on the Assyrian Empire and the Ancient Near East. Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Contact and Exchange between the Graeco-Roman World, Inner Asia and China. H. J. Kim vd. (Ed.) Cambridge University Press: 60-81.
  • Ahmad, A. Y. 1984 Some Neo-Assyrian Provincial Administrators. The School of Oriental and African Studies, Doktora Tezi.
  • Akyüz F. 2020 Yeni Asur Devleti’nin Sürgün Politikası”. Eski Yakındoğu’da Sürgünler. Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, Ankara: 129-180.
  • Bagg, A. M. 2020 Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der neuassyrischen Zeit Teil 3: Babylonien, Urartu und östlichen Gebiete, (Répertoire Géographique des Texstes Cunéiformes RGTC, Répertoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes. 7/3-1).Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden.
  • Balatti, S. 2017 Mountain Peoples in the Ancient Near East, The Case of the Zagros in the First Millennium BCE. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden.
  • Barth, F. 1972 Nomadism in the Mountain and Plateau Areas of South West Asia. The Problems of the Arid Zone: Proceeding of the Paris Symposium. Imprimeries Oberthur, Paris: 341-356.
  • Botta, P. E., Flandin, E. 1849 Monument de Ninive I-II. Imprimiere National, Paris.
  • Bryce, T. 2009 The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. London.
  • Çilingiroğlu, A. A. 1977 Sargon’un Sekizinci Seferi va Bazı Öneriler. Anadolu Araştırmaları 4: 235-270.
  • Dezső, T. 2012. The Assyrian Army I: The Structure of the Neo-Assyrian Army, 1. Infantry. Eötvös University Press, Budapest.
  • Fisher, W. B. 1968 The Land of Iran. W. B. Fisher (Ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Frame, G. 2020 The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721-705 BC). Eisenbrauns, Pennsylvania.
  • Galil, G. 2007 The Lower Stratum Families in the Neo-Assyrian Period. Brill, Leiden.

Yeni Asur İmparatorluğu’nun Zagros Bölgesi’nde Hayvan Temininde Karşılaştığı Sorunlar ve Müdahale Yöntemleri

Year 2025, Issue: 24, 181 - 203, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58488/collan.1736888

Abstract

Yeni Asur Devleti’nin yükseldiği dönemde, ekonomik ve askeri yapısını ayakta tutacak kaynaklara ihtiyacı büyük ölçüde artmıştı. Bu kaynaklar arasında coğrafik ve iklimsel koşullardan kaynaklı hayvancılık potansiyeli yüksek olan Zagros bölgesi, Asurluların ilgi odağı haline gelince, onların bu coğrafyayla ilgisini sadece siyasi değil, ekonomik beklentiler de şekillendirmiş ve bölgeden hayvanlar üzerinden düzenli vergi ve haraç toplamak temel bir hedef haline gelmiştir. Bu makale, Yeni Asur Devleti’nin söz konusu hedefe ulaşma sürecinde göçebe topluluklarla kurdukları etkileşimleri ve uyguladıkları çeşitli stratejileri incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Askeri müdahalelerden, vergi ödemesine ilişkin ikna çabalarına ve sürgün faaliyetlerine kadar uzanan bu politikalar, Asurluların Zagros bölgesindeki hayvancılığa dayalı kaynakları kontrol etme ve vergi gelirlerini en üst düzeye çıkarma çabalarının bir yansıması olarak ele alınacaktır.

References

  • Abdi, K. 2003 The Early Development of Pastoralism in the Central Zagros Mountains. Journal of World Prehistory 17/4: 395-448.
  • Adalı, S. F. 2017 Cimmerians and the Scythians: the Impact of Nomadic Powers on the Assyrian Empire and the Ancient Near East. Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Contact and Exchange between the Graeco-Roman World, Inner Asia and China. H. J. Kim vd. (Ed.) Cambridge University Press: 60-81.
  • Ahmad, A. Y. 1984 Some Neo-Assyrian Provincial Administrators. The School of Oriental and African Studies, Doktora Tezi.
  • Akyüz F. 2020 Yeni Asur Devleti’nin Sürgün Politikası”. Eski Yakındoğu’da Sürgünler. Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, Ankara: 129-180.
  • Bagg, A. M. 2020 Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der neuassyrischen Zeit Teil 3: Babylonien, Urartu und östlichen Gebiete, (Répertoire Géographique des Texstes Cunéiformes RGTC, Répertoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes. 7/3-1).Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden.
  • Balatti, S. 2017 Mountain Peoples in the Ancient Near East, The Case of the Zagros in the First Millennium BCE. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden.
  • Barth, F. 1972 Nomadism in the Mountain and Plateau Areas of South West Asia. The Problems of the Arid Zone: Proceeding of the Paris Symposium. Imprimeries Oberthur, Paris: 341-356.
  • Botta, P. E., Flandin, E. 1849 Monument de Ninive I-II. Imprimiere National, Paris.
  • Bryce, T. 2009 The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. London.
  • Çilingiroğlu, A. A. 1977 Sargon’un Sekizinci Seferi va Bazı Öneriler. Anadolu Araştırmaları 4: 235-270.
  • Dezső, T. 2012. The Assyrian Army I: The Structure of the Neo-Assyrian Army, 1. Infantry. Eötvös University Press, Budapest.
  • Fisher, W. B. 1968 The Land of Iran. W. B. Fisher (Ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Frame, G. 2020 The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721-705 BC). Eisenbrauns, Pennsylvania.
  • Galil, G. 2007 The Lower Stratum Families in the Neo-Assyrian Period. Brill, Leiden.

Year 2025, Issue: 24, 181 - 203, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58488/collan.1736888

Abstract

References

  • Abdi, K. 2003 The Early Development of Pastoralism in the Central Zagros Mountains. Journal of World Prehistory 17/4: 395-448.
  • Adalı, S. F. 2017 Cimmerians and the Scythians: the Impact of Nomadic Powers on the Assyrian Empire and the Ancient Near East. Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Contact and Exchange between the Graeco-Roman World, Inner Asia and China. H. J. Kim vd. (Ed.) Cambridge University Press: 60-81.
  • Ahmad, A. Y. 1984 Some Neo-Assyrian Provincial Administrators. The School of Oriental and African Studies, Doktora Tezi.
  • Akyüz F. 2020 Yeni Asur Devleti’nin Sürgün Politikası”. Eski Yakındoğu’da Sürgünler. Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, Ankara: 129-180.
  • Bagg, A. M. 2020 Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der neuassyrischen Zeit Teil 3: Babylonien, Urartu und östlichen Gebiete, (Répertoire Géographique des Texstes Cunéiformes RGTC, Répertoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes. 7/3-1).Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden.
  • Balatti, S. 2017 Mountain Peoples in the Ancient Near East, The Case of the Zagros in the First Millennium BCE. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden.
  • Barth, F. 1972 Nomadism in the Mountain and Plateau Areas of South West Asia. The Problems of the Arid Zone: Proceeding of the Paris Symposium. Imprimeries Oberthur, Paris: 341-356.
  • Botta, P. E., Flandin, E. 1849 Monument de Ninive I-II. Imprimiere National, Paris.
  • Bryce, T. 2009 The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. London.
  • Çilingiroğlu, A. A. 1977 Sargon’un Sekizinci Seferi va Bazı Öneriler. Anadolu Araştırmaları 4: 235-270.
  • Dezső, T. 2012. The Assyrian Army I: The Structure of the Neo-Assyrian Army, 1. Infantry. Eötvös University Press, Budapest.
  • Fisher, W. B. 1968 The Land of Iran. W. B. Fisher (Ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Frame, G. 2020 The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721-705 BC). Eisenbrauns, Pennsylvania.
  • Galil, G. 2007 The Lower Stratum Families in the Neo-Assyrian Period. Brill, Leiden.

Year 2025, Issue: 24, 181 - 203, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58488/collan.1736888

Abstract

References

  • Abdi, K. 2003 The Early Development of Pastoralism in the Central Zagros Mountains. Journal of World Prehistory 17/4: 395-448.
  • Adalı, S. F. 2017 Cimmerians and the Scythians: the Impact of Nomadic Powers on the Assyrian Empire and the Ancient Near East. Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Contact and Exchange between the Graeco-Roman World, Inner Asia and China. H. J. Kim vd. (Ed.) Cambridge University Press: 60-81.
  • Ahmad, A. Y. 1984 Some Neo-Assyrian Provincial Administrators. The School of Oriental and African Studies, Doktora Tezi.
  • Akyüz F. 2020 Yeni Asur Devleti’nin Sürgün Politikası”. Eski Yakındoğu’da Sürgünler. Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, Ankara: 129-180.
  • Bagg, A. M. 2020 Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der neuassyrischen Zeit Teil 3: Babylonien, Urartu und östlichen Gebiete, (Répertoire Géographique des Texstes Cunéiformes RGTC, Répertoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes. 7/3-1).Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden.
  • Balatti, S. 2017 Mountain Peoples in the Ancient Near East, The Case of the Zagros in the First Millennium BCE. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden.
  • Barth, F. 1972 Nomadism in the Mountain and Plateau Areas of South West Asia. The Problems of the Arid Zone: Proceeding of the Paris Symposium. Imprimeries Oberthur, Paris: 341-356.
  • Botta, P. E., Flandin, E. 1849 Monument de Ninive I-II. Imprimiere National, Paris.
  • Bryce, T. 2009 The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. London.
  • Çilingiroğlu, A. A. 1977 Sargon’un Sekizinci Seferi va Bazı Öneriler. Anadolu Araştırmaları 4: 235-270.
  • Dezső, T. 2012. The Assyrian Army I: The Structure of the Neo-Assyrian Army, 1. Infantry. Eötvös University Press, Budapest.
  • Fisher, W. B. 1968 The Land of Iran. W. B. Fisher (Ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Frame, G. 2020 The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721-705 BC). Eisenbrauns, Pennsylvania.
  • Galil, G. 2007 The Lower Stratum Families in the Neo-Assyrian Period. Brill, Leiden.
There are 14 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects History of Old Asia Minor
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gül Kahveci 0009-0002-8270-680X

Submission Date July 8, 2025
Acceptance Date November 1, 2025
Publication Date December 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 24

Cite

EndNote Kahveci G (December 1, 2025) Yeni Asur İmparatorluğu’nun Zagros Bölgesi’nde Hayvan Temininde Karşılaştığı Sorunlar ve Müdahale Yöntemleri. Colloquium Anatolicum 24 181–203.