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Year 2018, Issue: 17, 33 - 55, 01.06.2018

Murat Akar

https://izlik.org/JA45UW96BB

Abstract

Located near the major branch of Orontes River, with its 22 ha size, Alalakh Tell Atchana is one of the largest settlements in the Amuq Valley of Hatay Turkey . During the Late Bronze Age ca. 1600- 1300 BC , it was the capital city of the regional kingdom of Mukiš and with its strategic location and political significance, it served as a vassal to kingdoms of Yamhad, Mitanni and Hittites successively. Tell Atchana is one of the limited number of the sites that revealed both textual and material evidence regarding the understanding of the enigmatic nature of Mitanni Empire. This research in that perspective evaluates the Mitanni political and social framework through the levels and the material culture excavated at the site.

Keywords

Mitanni Alalakh Tell Atchana Late Bronze Age

References

  • Akar, M. 2013 “The Late Bronze Age Fortresses at Tell Atchana/Alalakh. Architecture and Identity in Mediterranean Exchange Systems”, K. Yener (ed.), Across the Border: Late Bronze-Iron Age Relations between Syria and Anatolia. Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Research Center of Anatolian Studies, Koç University, Istanbul May 31-June 1, 2010, Leuven: 37-60.
  • Akar, M. 2017 “Late Middle Bronze Age International Connections: An Egyptian Style Kohl Pot from Alalakh”, E. Kozal – M. Akar – Y. Heffron – Ç. Çilingiroğlu – T. E. Şerifoğlu – C. Çakırlar – S. Ünlüsoy –E. Jean (eds.), Questions, Approaches, and Dialogues in the Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology. Studies in Honor of Marie-Henriette and Charles Gates, Münster: 215-228.
  • Akar, M. – K. A. Yener. 2013 “Alalakh’ta 10 Yılın Ardından”, Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Haberler 35: 4-10.
  • Anthony, D. W. 2007 The Horse, the Wheel and Language. How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World, Princeton.
  • Astour, M. C. 1972 “Hattusilis, Halab, and Hanigalbat”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 31: 102-109.
  • Astour, M. C. 1989 Hittite History and Absolute Chronology of the Bronze Age. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology and Literature, Partille.
  • Bartl, P. V. – D. Bonatz. 2013 “Across Assyria’s Northern Frontier: Tell Fekheriye at the End of the Late Bronze Age”, K. A. Yener (ed.), Across the Border: Late Bronze-Iron Age Relations between Syria and Anatolia. Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Research Center of Anatolian Studies, Koç University, Istanbul May 31-June 1, 2010, Leuven: 263-292.
  • Baştürk, E. 2017 “Türbe Höyük II. Tabaka Geç Tunç Çağ Çanak Çömleği”, CollAn16: 31-54.
  • Bataray, N. 2012 Aççana Höyük’te 2006-2011 Yıllarında Bulunan Nuzi Çanak Çömleği, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Çanakkale.
  • Beckman, G. M. 1999 Hittite Diplomatic Texts, Atlanta.
  • Bergoffen, C. J. 2005 The Cypriot Bronze Age Pottery from Sir Leonard Woolley’s Excavations at Alalakh (Tell Atchana), Vienna.
  • Bryce, T. 2005 (1998) The Kingdom of Hittites, Oxford.
  • Bulu, M. 2017 “A New Look at the Periphery of the Hittite Empire: Re-evaluating Middle and Late Bronze Age Settlements of the Amuq Valley in the Light of Ceramics”, M. Alparslan (ed.), Places and Spaces in Hittite Anatolia I: Hatti and the East. Proceedings of an International Workshop on Hittite Historical Geography in Istanbul, 25th-26th October 2013, İstanbul: 185-208.
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  • Bülbül, C. 2010 “İdrimi Zamanında Alalah Krallığı”, History Studies 2: 15-27.
  • Çakırlar, C. 2009 “Aççana Höyüğü’nde Arkeozooloji Çalışmaları: 2007 Yılı Raporu”, Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı 24: 253-267.
  • Çakırlar, C. – L. Gourichon – S. P. Birch – R. Berthon – M. Akar – K. A. Yener. 2014 “Provisioning an Urban Center Under Foreign Occupation: Zooarchaeological Insights into the Hittite Presence in Late Fourteenth Century BCE Alalah”, Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 2(4): 259-276.
  • Carter, T. H. 1970 “The Stone Spirits”, Expedition 12: 22-40.
  • Casana, J. 2009 “Alalakh and the Archaeological Landscape of Mukish: The Political Geography and Population of a Late Bronze Age Kingdom”, Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research 352: 7-37.
  • Collon, D. 1975 The Seal Impressions from Tell Atchana/Alalakh, Kevelaer.
  • Cooper, J. – G. M. Schwartz – R. Westbrook. 2005 “A Mitanni Era Tablet from Umm el-Marra”, G. Wilhelm – D. I. Owen (eds.), General Studies and Excavations at Nuzi 11/1. Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians, Bethesda, Md.: 41-56.
  • Dardeniz, G. 2014 “Alalakh (Tell Atchana Höyük): Geç Tunç Çağı’nda Cam Üretimine Ait Yeni Bulgular”, Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı 29: 165-173.
  • Dardeniz, G. 2017 “Sharing Technologies and Workspaces for Ceramic and Vitrified Material Production at Tell Atchana-Alalakh”, Ç. Maner – M. T. Horowitz – A. S. Gilbert (eds.), Overturning Certainties. Festschrift Presented to K. Aslıhan Yener for her 40 years of Field Archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean, Leiden: 157-170.
  • Dardeniz, G. 2018 “The Preliminary Archaeological and Scientific Evidence for Glass Making at Tell Atchana/ Alalakh Hatay (Turkey)”, Anatolian Archaeological Studies 21: 95-110.
  • de Martino, S. 2004 “A Tentative Chronology of the Kingdom of Mitanni from its Rise to the Reign of Tusratta”, H. Hunger – R. Pruzinsky (eds.), Mesopotamian Dark Age Revisited. Proceedings of an International Conference of SCIEM 2000 (Vienna 8th–9th November 2002), Wien: 35-42.
  • de Martino, S. 2014 “The Mittani State: The Formation of the Kingdom of Mittani”, E. Cancik-Kirschbaum – N. Brisch – J. Eidem (eds.), Constituent, Confederate, and Conquered Space. The Emergence of the Mittani State, Berlin: 61-74.
  • Dietrich, M. – Loretz, O. 1981 “Die Inschrift des Königs Idrimi von Alalah”, Ugarit-Forschungen 13: 201-278.
  • Erb-Satullo, N. L. – A. J. Shortland – K. Eremin. 2011 “Chemical and Mineralogical Approaches to the Organization of the Late Bronze Age Nuzi Ware Production”, Archaeometry 53(6): 1171-1192.
  • Erkanal, A. 1993 Anadolu’da Bulunan Suriye Kökenli Mühürler ve Mühür Baskıları, Ankara.
  • Evans, J. M. 2008 “The Mitanni State”, J. Aruz – K. Benzel – J. M. Evans (eds.), Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C., New Haven, London: 195-199.
  • Fink, A. S. 2010 Late Bronze Age Tell Atchana (Alalakh): Stratigraphy, Chronology, History, Oxford.
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  • Gates, M.-H. 1981 “Alalakh Levels VI and V: A Chronological Reassessment”, Syro-Mesopotamian Studies 4/2: 11-50.
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Year 2018, Issue: 17, 33 - 55, 01.06.2018

Murat Akar

https://izlik.org/JA45UW96BB

Abstract

References

  • Akar, M. 2013 “The Late Bronze Age Fortresses at Tell Atchana/Alalakh. Architecture and Identity in Mediterranean Exchange Systems”, K. Yener (ed.), Across the Border: Late Bronze-Iron Age Relations between Syria and Anatolia. Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Research Center of Anatolian Studies, Koç University, Istanbul May 31-June 1, 2010, Leuven: 37-60.
  • Akar, M. 2017 “Late Middle Bronze Age International Connections: An Egyptian Style Kohl Pot from Alalakh”, E. Kozal – M. Akar – Y. Heffron – Ç. Çilingiroğlu – T. E. Şerifoğlu – C. Çakırlar – S. Ünlüsoy –E. Jean (eds.), Questions, Approaches, and Dialogues in the Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology. Studies in Honor of Marie-Henriette and Charles Gates, Münster: 215-228.
  • Akar, M. – K. A. Yener. 2013 “Alalakh’ta 10 Yılın Ardından”, Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Haberler 35: 4-10.
  • Anthony, D. W. 2007 The Horse, the Wheel and Language. How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World, Princeton.
  • Astour, M. C. 1972 “Hattusilis, Halab, and Hanigalbat”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 31: 102-109.
  • Astour, M. C. 1989 Hittite History and Absolute Chronology of the Bronze Age. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology and Literature, Partille.
  • Bartl, P. V. – D. Bonatz. 2013 “Across Assyria’s Northern Frontier: Tell Fekheriye at the End of the Late Bronze Age”, K. A. Yener (ed.), Across the Border: Late Bronze-Iron Age Relations between Syria and Anatolia. Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Research Center of Anatolian Studies, Koç University, Istanbul May 31-June 1, 2010, Leuven: 263-292.
  • Baştürk, E. 2017 “Türbe Höyük II. Tabaka Geç Tunç Çağ Çanak Çömleği”, CollAn16: 31-54.
  • Bataray, N. 2012 Aççana Höyük’te 2006-2011 Yıllarında Bulunan Nuzi Çanak Çömleği, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Çanakkale.
  • Beckman, G. M. 1999 Hittite Diplomatic Texts, Atlanta.
  • Bergoffen, C. J. 2005 The Cypriot Bronze Age Pottery from Sir Leonard Woolley’s Excavations at Alalakh (Tell Atchana), Vienna.
  • Bryce, T. 2005 (1998) The Kingdom of Hittites, Oxford.
  • Bulu, M. 2017 “A New Look at the Periphery of the Hittite Empire: Re-evaluating Middle and Late Bronze Age Settlements of the Amuq Valley in the Light of Ceramics”, M. Alparslan (ed.), Places and Spaces in Hittite Anatolia I: Hatti and the East. Proceedings of an International Workshop on Hittite Historical Geography in Istanbul, 25th-26th October 2013, İstanbul: 185-208.
  • Burney, C. 2004 Historical Dictionary of the Hittites, Oxford.
  • Bülbül, C. 2010 “İdrimi Zamanında Alalah Krallığı”, History Studies 2: 15-27.
  • Çakırlar, C. 2009 “Aççana Höyüğü’nde Arkeozooloji Çalışmaları: 2007 Yılı Raporu”, Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı 24: 253-267.
  • Çakırlar, C. – L. Gourichon – S. P. Birch – R. Berthon – M. Akar – K. A. Yener. 2014 “Provisioning an Urban Center Under Foreign Occupation: Zooarchaeological Insights into the Hittite Presence in Late Fourteenth Century BCE Alalah”, Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 2(4): 259-276.
  • Carter, T. H. 1970 “The Stone Spirits”, Expedition 12: 22-40.
  • Casana, J. 2009 “Alalakh and the Archaeological Landscape of Mukish: The Political Geography and Population of a Late Bronze Age Kingdom”, Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research 352: 7-37.
  • Collon, D. 1975 The Seal Impressions from Tell Atchana/Alalakh, Kevelaer.
  • Cooper, J. – G. M. Schwartz – R. Westbrook. 2005 “A Mitanni Era Tablet from Umm el-Marra”, G. Wilhelm – D. I. Owen (eds.), General Studies and Excavations at Nuzi 11/1. Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians, Bethesda, Md.: 41-56.
  • Dardeniz, G. 2014 “Alalakh (Tell Atchana Höyük): Geç Tunç Çağı’nda Cam Üretimine Ait Yeni Bulgular”, Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı 29: 165-173.
  • Dardeniz, G. 2017 “Sharing Technologies and Workspaces for Ceramic and Vitrified Material Production at Tell Atchana-Alalakh”, Ç. Maner – M. T. Horowitz – A. S. Gilbert (eds.), Overturning Certainties. Festschrift Presented to K. Aslıhan Yener for her 40 years of Field Archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean, Leiden: 157-170.
  • Dardeniz, G. 2018 “The Preliminary Archaeological and Scientific Evidence for Glass Making at Tell Atchana/ Alalakh Hatay (Turkey)”, Anatolian Archaeological Studies 21: 95-110.
  • de Martino, S. 2004 “A Tentative Chronology of the Kingdom of Mitanni from its Rise to the Reign of Tusratta”, H. Hunger – R. Pruzinsky (eds.), Mesopotamian Dark Age Revisited. Proceedings of an International Conference of SCIEM 2000 (Vienna 8th–9th November 2002), Wien: 35-42.
  • de Martino, S. 2014 “The Mittani State: The Formation of the Kingdom of Mittani”, E. Cancik-Kirschbaum – N. Brisch – J. Eidem (eds.), Constituent, Confederate, and Conquered Space. The Emergence of the Mittani State, Berlin: 61-74.
  • Dietrich, M. – Loretz, O. 1981 “Die Inschrift des Königs Idrimi von Alalah”, Ugarit-Forschungen 13: 201-278.
  • Erb-Satullo, N. L. – A. J. Shortland – K. Eremin. 2011 “Chemical and Mineralogical Approaches to the Organization of the Late Bronze Age Nuzi Ware Production”, Archaeometry 53(6): 1171-1192.
  • Erkanal, A. 1993 Anadolu’da Bulunan Suriye Kökenli Mühürler ve Mühür Baskıları, Ankara.
  • Evans, J. M. 2008 “The Mitanni State”, J. Aruz – K. Benzel – J. M. Evans (eds.), Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C., New Haven, London: 195-199.
  • Fink, A. S. 2010 Late Bronze Age Tell Atchana (Alalakh): Stratigraphy, Chronology, History, Oxford.
  • Frankfort, H. 1952 “The Origin of Bit Hilani”, Iraq 14: 120-131.
  • Gates, M.-H. 1981 “Alalakh Levels VI and V: A Chronological Reassessment”, Syro-Mesopotamian Studies 4/2: 11-50.
  • Gates, M.-H. 1987 “Alalakh and Chronology Again”, P. Åström (ed.), High, Middle or Low? Acts of an International Colloquium on Absolute Chronology Held at the University of Gothenburg, 20th-22nd August, 1987, Gothenburg: 60-87.
  • Green, A. R. W. 1983 “Social Stratification and Cultural Continuity at Alalakh”, H. B. Huffmon – F. A. Spina – A. R. W. Green, The Quest for the Kingdom of God: Studies in Honor of George E. Mendenhall, Indiana: 181-203.
  • Klengel, H. 1992 Syria: 3000 to 300 B.C.: A Handbook of Political History, Berlin.
  • Klengel, H. 2011 “History of Hittites”, H. Genz – D. P. Mielke (eds.), Insights into Hittite History and Archaeology, Leuven: 31-46.
  • Kozal, E. 2010 “Cypriot Pottery”, K. A. Yener (ed.), Tell Atchana, Ancient Alalakh. Volume 1. The 2003–2004 Excavations Seasons, Istanbul: 67-80.
  • Landsberger, B. 1954 “Assyrische Königsliste und “Dunkes Zeitalter”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 8: 31-45
  • Lauinger, J. 2015 Following the Man of Yamhad. Settlement and Territory at Old Babylonian Alalah, Leiden, Boston.
  • Maidman, M. 2008 “Mitanni Royalty and Empire: How Far Back”, Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 11&12: 15-28.
  • McDonald, H. 1997 “The Beads” D. Oates – J. Oates – H. McDonald (eds.), Excavations at Tell Brak. Vol. 1: The Mitanni and Old Babylonian Periods, Cambridge: 101-103.
  • McEwan, C. W. – L. S. Braidwood – H. Frankfort – H. G. Guterbock –R. C. Haines – H. J. Kantor – C. H. Kraeling. 1958 Soundings at Tell Fakhariyah, Chicago.
  • Morrison, M. A. 1993 The Eastern Archives of Nuzi, Indiana.
  • Mullins, R. 2010 “A Comparative Analysis of the Alalakh 2003-2004 Season Pottery”, K. A. Yener (ed.), Tell Atchana, Ancient Alalakh. Volume 1:2003-2004 Excavation Seasons, İstanbul: 51-62.
  • Na’aman, N. 1986 “Habiru and Hebrews, the Transfer of a Social Term to the Literary Sphere”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 45: 271-288.
  • Novák, M. 2007 “Mitanni Empire and the Question of Absolute Chronology: Some Archaeological Considerations”, M. Bietak (ed.), The Synchronization of Civilizations in the Eastern Mediterrenean in the Second Millenium B.C. Vol.3. Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000, 2nd Euroconference, Vienna 28th of May-1st of June 2003, Vienna: 389-402.
  • Novák, M. 2013 “Upper Mesopotamia in the Mitanni Period”, W. Orthmann – P. Matthiae – M. al-Maqdissi (eds.), Archéologie et Histoire de la Syrie. La Syrie de l’époque néolithique à l’âge du fer, Wiesbaden: 345-356.
  • Novák, M. – E. Kozal. 2017 “Alalakh and Kizzuwatna: Some Thoughts on the Synchronization”, Ç. Maner – M. T. Horowitz – A. S. Gilbert (eds.), Overturning Certainities in Near Eastern Archaeology. A Festchrift in Honor of K. Aslıhan Yener, Leiden: 296-317.
  • Oates, D. – J. Oates – H. McDonald. 1997 Excavations at Tell Brak. Vol. 1: The Mitanni and Old Babylonian Periods, Cambridge.
  • Oller, G. H. 1977 The Autobiography of Idrimi. A New Text Edition with Philological and Historical Commentary, University of Pennsylvania (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Pennsylvania.
  • Otto, A. 2014 “The Organisation of Residential Space in the Mittani Kingdom as a Mirror of Different Models of Governance”, E. Cancik-Kirschbaum – N. Brisch – J. Eidem (eds.), Constituent, Confederate, and Conquered Space. The Emergence of the Mittani State, Berlin: 33-60.
  • Pamir, H. 2013 “A Late Bronze-Iron Age Port Settlement on the Northeastern Mediterranean Coast”, K. A. Yener (ed.), Across the Border: Late Bronze-Iron Age Relations Between Syria and Egypt. Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Research Center of Anatolian Studies, Koç University, Istanbul, May 31- June 1, 2010, Leuven: 173-194.
  • Pfälzner, P. 1995 Mittanische und Mittelassyrische Keramik, Berlin.
  • Pfälzner, P. 2007 “The Late Bronze Age Ceramic Traditions of the Syrian Jazirah”, M. al-Maqdissi – V.Matoïan - C. Nicole (eds.), Céramique de l’âge du Bronze en Syrie II. L’Euphrate et la région de Jézireh, Beyrouth: 232-300.
  • Redford, D. B. 1992 Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, Princeton.
  • Rouault, O. 1998 “Recherches récentes à Tell Ashara-Terqa”, Subartu 4: 313-323.
  • Sağlamtimur, H. 2012 “Siirt-Türbe Höyük”, A. Çilingiroğlu – Z. Mercangöz – G. Polat (eds.), Ege Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Kazıları, İzmir: 401-419.
  • Sallaberger, W. – B. Einwag – A. Otto. 2006 “Schenkungen von Mittani - Königean an die Einwohner von Basiru. Die zwei Urkunden aus Tall Bazi am Mittleren Euphrat”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, 96(1): 69-104.
  • Sasson, J. M. 1981 “On Idrimi and Sarruwa, the Scribe”, M. A. Morrison – D. I. Owen (eds.), Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians: In Honor of Ernest R. Lacheman, Winona Lake, Indiana: 309-324.
  • Schwartz, G. M. 2014 “Reflections on the Mittani Emergence”, E. Cancik-Kirschbaum – N. Brisch – J. Eidem (eds.), Constituent, Confederate, and Conquered Space. The Emergence of the Mittani State, Berlin: 265-277.
  • Shafiq, R. 2018 “Olası Bir Seçkinler Mezarlığı Bulguları, Aççana Höyük (Alalah)”, Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı 33: 193-209. -Baskıda The “Well- Lady” of Alalakh, K. A. Yener – T. Ingman (eds.), Alalakh and Its Neighbours. Proceedings of the 15th Anniversary Symposium at the New Hatay Archaeology Museum, June 10-12, 2015, Leuven.
  • Singer, I. 1999 “A Political History of Ugarit”, W. G. E. Watson – N. Wyatt (eds.), Handbook of Ugaritic Studies, Leiden: 603-733.
  • Smith, S. 1949 The Statue of Idrimi, London.
  • Starr, R. F. S. 1939 Nuzi. Report on the Excavations at Yorgan Tepe Near Kirkuki Iraq, Conducted by Harvard University in Conjunction with the American School of Oriental Research and the University Museum of Philadelphia, 1927 to 1931, Vol I. Text, Cambridge.
  • Stein, D. 1984 “Khabur Ware and Nuzi Ware: Their Origin, Relationship and Significance”, Assur 4: 1-65.
  • Valério, M. 2011 “Hani-Rabbat as the Semitic Name of Mitanni”, Journal of Language Relationship 6: 173-184.
  • van Koppen, F. 2004 “ The Geography of the Slave Trade and Northern Mesopotamia in the Late Old Babylonian Period”, H. Hunger - R. Pruzinszky (eds.), Mesopotamian Dark Age Revisited. Proceedings of an International Conference of SCIEM 2000 (Vienna 8th–9th November 2002), Vienna: 9-33.
  • van Soldt, W. 2000 “Syrian Chronology in the Old and Early Middle Babylonian Periods”, Akkadica 119-120: 103-116.
  • von Dassow, E. 2005 “Archives of Alalah IV in Archaeological Context”, Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research 338: 1-69.
  • von Dassow, E. 2008 State and Society in the Late Bronze Age: Alalah under the Mittani Empire, Bethesda.
  • von Dassow, E. 2014 “Levantine Polities under Mittanian Hegemony”, E. Cancik-Kirschbaum – N. Brisch – J. Eidem (eds.), Constituent, Confederate, and Conquered Space. The Emergence of the Mittani State, Berlin: 11-32.
  • Waterhouse, S. D. 2001 “Who Are the Habiru of the Amarna Letters?”, Journal of the Adventist Theological Society 12: 31-42.
  • Wilhelm, G. 1989 The Hurrians, Wiltshire.
  • Wiseman, D. J. 1953 The Alalakh Tablets, London.
  • Woolley, C. L. 1953 A Forgotten Kingdom: A Record of the Results Obtained from the Recent Important Excavations of Two Mounds, Atchana and Al Mina, in the Turkish Hatay, Baltimore.
  • Woolley, C. L.1955 Alalakh: An Account of the Excavations at Tell Atchana in the Hatay, 1937-1949, London.
  • Yener, K. A. (ed.). 2005 The Amuq Valley Regional Projects Vol.1. Surveys in the Plain of Antioch and Orontes Delta, Turkey,1995-2002, Chicago.
  • Yener, K. A.(ed.). 2010 Tell Atchana, Ancient Alalakh. Volume 1. 2003-2004 Excavations Seasons, İstanbul.
  • Yener, K. A. 2008 “Aççana Höyüğü 2006 Yılı Çalışmaları”, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 29: 171-186.
  • Yener, K. A. 2013 “New Excavations at Alalakh: The 14th-12th Centuries BC”, K. A. Yener (ed.), Across the Border: Late Bronze-Iron Age Relations between Syria and Anatolia. Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Research Center of Anatolian Studies, Koç University, Istanbul May 31-June 1, 2010, Leuven: 11-36.
  • Yener, K. A. 2015 “Material Evidence of Cult and Ritual at Tell Atchana, Ancient Alalakh: Deities of the Transitional Middle-Late Bronze Period”, P. Ciafardoni – D. Giannessi (eds.), From the Treasures of Syria. Essays on Art and Archaeology in Honour of Stefania Mazzoni, Leiden: 203-215.
  • Yener, K. A. – M. Akar. 2014 “Aççana Höyük, Antik Alalakh Kenti 2012 Yılı Kazı Çalışmaları”, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 35: 37-51.
  • Yener, K. A. – M. Akar. 2018 “Aççana Höyük (Alalah) 2016 Yılı Çalışmaları”, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 39: 537-552.
  • Yener, K. A. – M. Bulu – M. Akar. 2017 “Amik Ovası Bölgesel Yüzey Araştırması Projesi 2015 Çalışmaları”, Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 34: 551-568.
  • Yener, K. A. – G. B. Yazıcıoğlu. 2010 “Excavation Results”, K. A. Yener (ed.), Tell Atchana, Ancient Alalakh. Volume 1. 2003-2004 Excavations Seasons, İstanbul: 11-32.
  • Yıldırım, N. 2017 “Mitanni Kralı Tušratta’nın Mektupları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Archivum Anatolicum Anadolu Arşivleri 11(1): 151-168.
  • Zeeb, F. 2001 Die Palastwirtschaft in Altsyrien nach den Spätalbabylonischen Getriedelieferlisten aus Alalah (Schict VII), Münster.

Year 2018, Issue: 17, 33 - 55, 01.06.2018

Murat Akar

https://izlik.org/JA45UW96BB

Abstract

References

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  • Novák, M. 2007 “Mitanni Empire and the Question of Absolute Chronology: Some Archaeological Considerations”, M. Bietak (ed.), The Synchronization of Civilizations in the Eastern Mediterrenean in the Second Millenium B.C. Vol.3. Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000, 2nd Euroconference, Vienna 28th of May-1st of June 2003, Vienna: 389-402.
  • Novák, M. 2013 “Upper Mesopotamia in the Mitanni Period”, W. Orthmann – P. Matthiae – M. al-Maqdissi (eds.), Archéologie et Histoire de la Syrie. La Syrie de l’époque néolithique à l’âge du fer, Wiesbaden: 345-356.
  • Novák, M. – E. Kozal. 2017 “Alalakh and Kizzuwatna: Some Thoughts on the Synchronization”, Ç. Maner – M. T. Horowitz – A. S. Gilbert (eds.), Overturning Certainities in Near Eastern Archaeology. A Festchrift in Honor of K. Aslıhan Yener, Leiden: 296-317.
  • Oates, D. – J. Oates – H. McDonald. 1997 Excavations at Tell Brak. Vol. 1: The Mitanni and Old Babylonian Periods, Cambridge.
  • Oller, G. H. 1977 The Autobiography of Idrimi. A New Text Edition with Philological and Historical Commentary, University of Pennsylvania (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Pennsylvania.
  • Otto, A. 2014 “The Organisation of Residential Space in the Mittani Kingdom as a Mirror of Different Models of Governance”, E. Cancik-Kirschbaum – N. Brisch – J. Eidem (eds.), Constituent, Confederate, and Conquered Space. The Emergence of the Mittani State, Berlin: 33-60.
  • Pamir, H. 2013 “A Late Bronze-Iron Age Port Settlement on the Northeastern Mediterranean Coast”, K. A. Yener (ed.), Across the Border: Late Bronze-Iron Age Relations Between Syria and Egypt. Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Research Center of Anatolian Studies, Koç University, Istanbul, May 31- June 1, 2010, Leuven: 173-194.
  • Pfälzner, P. 1995 Mittanische und Mittelassyrische Keramik, Berlin.
  • Pfälzner, P. 2007 “The Late Bronze Age Ceramic Traditions of the Syrian Jazirah”, M. al-Maqdissi – V.Matoïan - C. Nicole (eds.), Céramique de l’âge du Bronze en Syrie II. L’Euphrate et la région de Jézireh, Beyrouth: 232-300.
  • Redford, D. B. 1992 Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, Princeton.
  • Rouault, O. 1998 “Recherches récentes à Tell Ashara-Terqa”, Subartu 4: 313-323.
  • Sağlamtimur, H. 2012 “Siirt-Türbe Höyük”, A. Çilingiroğlu – Z. Mercangöz – G. Polat (eds.), Ege Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Kazıları, İzmir: 401-419.
  • Sallaberger, W. – B. Einwag – A. Otto. 2006 “Schenkungen von Mittani - Königean an die Einwohner von Basiru. Die zwei Urkunden aus Tall Bazi am Mittleren Euphrat”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, 96(1): 69-104.
  • Sasson, J. M. 1981 “On Idrimi and Sarruwa, the Scribe”, M. A. Morrison – D. I. Owen (eds.), Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians: In Honor of Ernest R. Lacheman, Winona Lake, Indiana: 309-324.
  • Schwartz, G. M. 2014 “Reflections on the Mittani Emergence”, E. Cancik-Kirschbaum – N. Brisch – J. Eidem (eds.), Constituent, Confederate, and Conquered Space. The Emergence of the Mittani State, Berlin: 265-277.
  • Shafiq, R. 2018 “Olası Bir Seçkinler Mezarlığı Bulguları, Aççana Höyük (Alalah)”, Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı 33: 193-209. -Baskıda The “Well- Lady” of Alalakh, K. A. Yener – T. Ingman (eds.), Alalakh and Its Neighbours. Proceedings of the 15th Anniversary Symposium at the New Hatay Archaeology Museum, June 10-12, 2015, Leuven.
  • Singer, I. 1999 “A Political History of Ugarit”, W. G. E. Watson – N. Wyatt (eds.), Handbook of Ugaritic Studies, Leiden: 603-733.
  • Smith, S. 1949 The Statue of Idrimi, London.
  • Starr, R. F. S. 1939 Nuzi. Report on the Excavations at Yorgan Tepe Near Kirkuki Iraq, Conducted by Harvard University in Conjunction with the American School of Oriental Research and the University Museum of Philadelphia, 1927 to 1931, Vol I. Text, Cambridge.
  • Stein, D. 1984 “Khabur Ware and Nuzi Ware: Their Origin, Relationship and Significance”, Assur 4: 1-65.
  • Valério, M. 2011 “Hani-Rabbat as the Semitic Name of Mitanni”, Journal of Language Relationship 6: 173-184.
  • van Koppen, F. 2004 “ The Geography of the Slave Trade and Northern Mesopotamia in the Late Old Babylonian Period”, H. Hunger - R. Pruzinszky (eds.), Mesopotamian Dark Age Revisited. Proceedings of an International Conference of SCIEM 2000 (Vienna 8th–9th November 2002), Vienna: 9-33.
  • van Soldt, W. 2000 “Syrian Chronology in the Old and Early Middle Babylonian Periods”, Akkadica 119-120: 103-116.
  • von Dassow, E. 2005 “Archives of Alalah IV in Archaeological Context”, Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research 338: 1-69.
  • von Dassow, E. 2008 State and Society in the Late Bronze Age: Alalah under the Mittani Empire, Bethesda.
  • von Dassow, E. 2014 “Levantine Polities under Mittanian Hegemony”, E. Cancik-Kirschbaum – N. Brisch – J. Eidem (eds.), Constituent, Confederate, and Conquered Space. The Emergence of the Mittani State, Berlin: 11-32.
  • Waterhouse, S. D. 2001 “Who Are the Habiru of the Amarna Letters?”, Journal of the Adventist Theological Society 12: 31-42.
  • Wilhelm, G. 1989 The Hurrians, Wiltshire.
  • Wiseman, D. J. 1953 The Alalakh Tablets, London.
  • Woolley, C. L. 1953 A Forgotten Kingdom: A Record of the Results Obtained from the Recent Important Excavations of Two Mounds, Atchana and Al Mina, in the Turkish Hatay, Baltimore.
  • Woolley, C. L.1955 Alalakh: An Account of the Excavations at Tell Atchana in the Hatay, 1937-1949, London.
  • Yener, K. A. (ed.). 2005 The Amuq Valley Regional Projects Vol.1. Surveys in the Plain of Antioch and Orontes Delta, Turkey,1995-2002, Chicago.
  • Yener, K. A.(ed.). 2010 Tell Atchana, Ancient Alalakh. Volume 1. 2003-2004 Excavations Seasons, İstanbul.
  • Yener, K. A. 2008 “Aççana Höyüğü 2006 Yılı Çalışmaları”, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 29: 171-186.
  • Yener, K. A. 2013 “New Excavations at Alalakh: The 14th-12th Centuries BC”, K. A. Yener (ed.), Across the Border: Late Bronze-Iron Age Relations between Syria and Anatolia. Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Research Center of Anatolian Studies, Koç University, Istanbul May 31-June 1, 2010, Leuven: 11-36.
  • Yener, K. A. 2015 “Material Evidence of Cult and Ritual at Tell Atchana, Ancient Alalakh: Deities of the Transitional Middle-Late Bronze Period”, P. Ciafardoni – D. Giannessi (eds.), From the Treasures of Syria. Essays on Art and Archaeology in Honour of Stefania Mazzoni, Leiden: 203-215.
  • Yener, K. A. – M. Akar. 2014 “Aççana Höyük, Antik Alalakh Kenti 2012 Yılı Kazı Çalışmaları”, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 35: 37-51.
  • Yener, K. A. – M. Akar. 2018 “Aççana Höyük (Alalah) 2016 Yılı Çalışmaları”, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 39: 537-552.
  • Yener, K. A. – M. Bulu – M. Akar. 2017 “Amik Ovası Bölgesel Yüzey Araştırması Projesi 2015 Çalışmaları”, Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 34: 551-568.
  • Yener, K. A. – G. B. Yazıcıoğlu. 2010 “Excavation Results”, K. A. Yener (ed.), Tell Atchana, Ancient Alalakh. Volume 1. 2003-2004 Excavations Seasons, İstanbul: 11-32.
  • Yıldırım, N. 2017 “Mitanni Kralı Tušratta’nın Mektupları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Archivum Anatolicum Anadolu Arşivleri 11(1): 151-168.
  • Zeeb, F. 2001 Die Palastwirtschaft in Altsyrien nach den Spätalbabylonischen Getriedelieferlisten aus Alalah (Schict VII), Münster.

Arkeolojik ve Tarihsel Bağlamı İçerisinde Mitanni İmparatorluğu’nun Batı Sınırı: Alalah Aççana Höyük Geç Tunç Çağı Tabakalarına Ait Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2018, Issue: 17, 33 - 55, 01.06.2018

Murat Akar

https://izlik.org/JA45UW96BB

Abstract

Alalah Aççana Höyük Hatay ili sınırları içerisinde, Asi nehrinin kenarında, 22 hektarlık boyutuyla Amik Ovası sınırları içerisindeki en büyük Tunç Çağı yerleşimlerinden biridir. Geç Tunç Çağı içinde M.Ö. 1600-1300 bölgesel Mukiš Krallığı’nın başkenti olma rolünü korumuş, Doğu Akdeniz ticaret ağı içerisindeki stratejik ve politik önemi nedeniyle sırasıyla Yamhad, Mitanni ve Hitit İmparatorluklarına vasallık olarak hizmet etmiştir. Aççana Höyük, açığa çıkarılan Geç Tunç Çağı tabakalarıyla arkeolojide bir sorunsal olma niteliğini koruyan Mitanni İmparatorluğu hakkında maddi kalıntılar ve yazılı belgeler sağlayan sınırlı sayıdaki yerleşimlerden biri olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu çalışma, yazılı belgelere dayalı Mitanni politik ve sosyal yapısını Aççana Höyük’te yapılan arkeolojik çalışmalarda açığa çıkarılan tabakalara ve maddi kalıntılara bağlı kalarak değerlendirmektedir.

Keywords

Mitanni Alalah Aççana Höyük Geç Tunç Çağı

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There are 88 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Old Anatolian History
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Murat Akar 0000-0001-5485-8465

Publication Date June 1, 2018
IZ https://izlik.org/JA45UW96BB
Published in Issue Year 2018 Issue: 17

Cite

EndNote Akar M (June 1, 2018) Arkeolojik ve Tarihsel Bağlamı İçerisinde Mitanni İmparatorluğu’nun Batı Sınırı: Alalah Aççana Höyük Geç Tunç Çağı Tabakalarına Ait Bir Değerlendirme. Colloquium Anatolicum 17 33–55.