Cold Hardiness in Animals: The Cryobiology of Amphibians

Abstract

Organisms adapt to abiotic environmental conditions in order to survive. Especially environmental temperature changes are effective on their feeding, reproduction, development, and morphology. Extreme temperature changes can be fatal, especially for ectothermic animals. Terrestrial ectotherms have developed some special behavioral, physiological, and biochemical strategies to survive in freezing temperatures in nature. Some species avoid freezing temperatures by migrating and hibernating under water or soil. Others have to spend the winter exposed to freezing conditions. In general, cold hardiness depends on freeze avoidance (supercooling) and freeze tolerance strategies. In the case of freeze avoidance, the liquid form of body fluids is preserved at temperatures below the freezing point, while the freezing of more than 50% of the total water in their bodies can be tolerated in animals using the freeze tolerance strategy. The freeze tolerance strategy, which has also been found in some amphibian and reptile groups from terrestrial hibernator animals, enables them to survive in freezing winter conditions. These special species are protected from the deadly effects of freezing by the cryoprotective mechanisms. These animals, whose vital activities are completely stopped during freezing, return to normal life in a short time after thawing. The research of this miraculous mechanism not only explains the complex adaptation of animals but also provides resources for tissue and cell cryopreservation technology. This review will contribute to those who want to do research on this subject, which has not yet been studied enough, by providing information on the freeze tolerance strategies of amphibians.

Keywords

• Ectoterm hibernation
• Freeze tolerance
• Freeze avoidance
• Cryoprotectants
• Antifreeze proteins
• Antioxidant defense

Hayvanlarda Soğuğa Dayanıklılık: Çift Yaşarların Kriyobiyolojisi

Abstract

Organizmalar yaşamlarını devam ettirebilmek için abiyotik çevresel koşullara uyum sağlarlar. Özellikle ortam sıcaklığındaki değişimler; canlıların beslenme, üreme, gelişim ve morfolojileri üzerinde etkilidir. Sıra dışı sıcaklık değişimleri özellikle ektotermik hayvanlar için ölümcül olabilir. Karasal ektotermler. doğada donma noktasının altındaki sıcaklıklarda hayatta kalabilmek için davranışsal, fizyolojik ve biyokimyasal bazı özel stratejiler geliştirmişlerdir. Bazı türler göç ederek su ya da toprak altında kış uykusuna yatmak suretiyle dondurucu sıcaklıklardan kaçınırlar. Bazıları ise donma koşullarına maruz kalarak kışı geçirmek zorundadırlar. Genel olarak dondurucu soğuğa dayanıklılık donmadan kaçınma (süper soğuma) ve donma toleransı stratejilerine bağlıdır. Donmadan kaçınma durumunda vücut sıvılarının donma noktasının altındaki sıcaklıklarda sıvı formu korunurken donma toleransı stratejisini kullanan canlılarda ise vücutlarındaki toplam suyun %50’sinden fazlasının donması tolere edilebilir. Karasal hibernatör hayvanlardan bazı amfibi ve sürüngen gruplarında da tespit edilen donma toleransı stratejisi onların dondurucu kış koşullarında hayatta kalmalarını sağlamaktadır. Bu özel türler kriyoprotektif mekanizmaları ile donmanın ölümcül etkilerinden korunurlar. Donma süresince yaşamsal faaliyetleri tamamen duran bu hayvanlar çözündükten sonra kısa bir süre içerisinde de normal yaşama dönerler. Bu mucizevi mekanizmanın araştırılması yalnızca hayvanların karmaşık adaptasyonunu açıklamakla kalmaz, aynı zamanda doku ve hücre kriyoprezervasyon teknolojisine de kaynak sağlar. Bu derleme amfibilerin donma toleransı stratejilerine dair bilgiler sunarak henüz yeterince çalışılmamış bu konuda araştırma yapmak isteyenlere katkı sağlayacaktır.

Keywords

• Ektoterm kış uykusu
• Donma toleransı
• Donmadan kaçınma
• Kriyoprotektanlar
• Antifriz proteinler
• Antioksidan savunma

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