Effect of the Neonicotinoid Insecticide Thiacloprid on Oxidative Stress, Genotoxic, and Immunotoxic Biomarkers in Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide Thiacloprid on oxidative stress, genotoxic, and immunotoxic biomarkers in Galleria mellonella. The effects of neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid on antioxidant enzyme activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, hemocyte number, micronucleus frequency of greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae at different doses (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 µg) and periods (24, 48, 72, and 96 hrs) were explored. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased significantly at 5, 10, and 15 µg thiacloprid doses compared to the control and negative control in all periods tested, while significantly decreased at 20, 25, and 30 µg doses. Catalase (CAT) activity showed significant increases at 5, 10 and 15 µg thiacloprid doses at 24 and 96h compared to the control and negative control. MDA concentrations showed significant increases in all periods compared to the control and negative control. At 24th, 48th, 72nd and 96th, total hemocyte count (THC) decreased significantly at all doses except 5 µg thiacloprid concentration. During all the tested periods, there was a significant increase in the number of micronuclei, particularly at high doses of thiacloprid (20, 25, and 30 µg) compared to both the control and negative control. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between MDA and the number of micronuclei, while other markers showed a negative correlation with micronucleus (MN). These results suggest that high doses of thiacloprid induce significant increases in micronuclei formation and are positively correlated with MDA levels, indicating oxidative damage and genotoxicity caused by thiacloprid exposure in the tested organism. Overall, our findings suggest that the measured parameters can be considered reliable biomarkers to demonstrate oxidative damage from thiacloprid exposure.

Keywords

• G. mellonella
• SOD
• CAT
• Micronuclei
• Total hemocyte counts

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval: Ethics committee approval is not required for this study.

Neonikotinoid İnsektisit Thiacloprid'in Büyük Balmumu Güvesi, Galleria mellonella'da Oksidatif Stres, Genotoksik ve İmmünotoksik Biyobelirteçler Üzerindeki Etkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, neonikotinoid insektisit Thiacloprid'in Galleria mellonella üzerindeki oksidatif stres, genotoksik ve immünotoksik belirteçler üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktı. Neonikotinoid insektisit thiaclopridin farklı dozlarda (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 ve 30 µg) ve periyotlarda (24 saat, 48 saat, 72 saat ve 96 saat) büyük balmumu güvesi (Galleria mellonella) larvalarının antioksidan enzim aktiviteleri, malondialdehit (MDA) düzeyleri, hemosit sayısı ve mikronükleus frekansı üzerindeki etkileri araştırıldı. Süperoksit dismutaz (SOD) aktivitesi, test edilen tüm periyotlarda kontrol ve negatif kontrol ile karşılaştırıldığında 5, 10 ve 15 µg thiacloprid dozlarında önemli ölçüde artarken, 25 ve 30 µg dozlarında ise önemli ölçüde azaldı. Katalaz (CAT) aktivitesi, kontrol ve negatif kontrolle karşılaştırıldığında 24 ve 96 saatte 5, 10 ve 15 µg thiacloprid dozlarında önemli artışlar gösterdi. MDA konsantrasyonları kontrol ve negatif kontrole göre tüm dönemlerde önemli artışlar gösterdi. Toplam hemosit sayısı (THC), 24., 48., 72. ve 96. saatlerde 5 µg thiacloprid konsantrasyonu dışındaki tüm dozlarda önemli ölçüde azaldı. Tüm test edilen sürelerde, mikronukleus sayısında özellikle yüksek dozlarda (20, 25 ve 30 µg) thiacloprid kullanımına bağlı olarak kontrol ve negatif kontrolle karşı önemli bir artış görüldü. Ayrıca, MDA ile mikronukleus sayısı arasında pozitif bir korelasyon gözlemlendi, diğer belirteçler ise MN ile negatif bir korelasyon gösterdi. Bu sonuçlar, yüksek doz thiacloprid'in mikronukleus oluşumunda önemli artışlara neden olduğunu ve test edilen organizmada thiacloprid maruziyetine bağlı olarak oksidatif hasar ve genotoksisite ile pozitif bir ilişki olduğunu önermektedir. Genel olarak bulgularımız, ölçülen parametrelerin, thiacloprid maruziyetinden kaynaklanan oksidatif hasarı göstermek için güvenilir biyobelirteçler olarak kabul edilebileceğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

• G. mellonella
• SOD
• CAT
• Mikronükleus
• Toplam hemosit sayısı

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