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Bio-Interaction of Chlordane on Non-Target Organisms

Year 2018, , 48 - 54, 30.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.418411

Abstract











In the present study, the effects of chlordane (C10H6Cl8)
from organochlorine insecticides on living organisms were investigated in vivo and in vitro. For this purpose, in
vivo
effects of the chlordane on the longevity of ♀ and ♂ populations of Drosophila melanogaster, which is one of
the non-target organisms, were studied. It was observed that the longevity of
both populations significantly decreased in chronic applications depending on
the dose-time interaction. Furthermore, whether the chlordane was genotoxic and
cytotoxic was also investigated via in
vitro
micronucleus (MN) test by using human peripheral blood culture. It
was observed in lymphocyte cells that the frequency of micronucleus
considerably increased depending on the increasing dose of chlordane whereas
the nuclear division index (NDI) decreased. 

References

  • Ağar, S., Aydınoğlu, H., & Ece, H. (1991). Pestisit kullanımının tarihçesi, bugünü ve geleceği. Türk Entomoloji Dergisi, 15(4), 247-56.
  • Ağca, İ. (2006). Konya’da satılan bazı balık türlerinde organoklorlu bazı pestisit kalıntılarının tayini (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya, Türkiye.
  • Bagchi, D., Bagchi, M., & Stohs, S.J. (1995). In vitro and in vivo generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage and lactate dehydrogenase leakage by selected pesticides. Toxicology, 104(1,3), 129-140.
  • Cardwell, R.D., Foreman, D.G., Payne, T.R., & Wilbur, D.J. (1977). Acute and chronic toxicity of chlordane to fish and invertebrates. EPA 600/3‐77‐019. Duluth, MN, USA, Environmental Protection Agency, 138pp.
  • Countryman, R.I., & Heddle, J.A. (1976). The production of micronuclei from chromosome aberration in irradicated cultures of human lymphocytes. Mutatian Research, 41, 321-332.
  • Çakır, Ş., & Sarıkaya, R. (2004). Bazı organik fosforlu insektisitlerin Drosophila melanogaster’in yaşama yüzdesi üzerine etkisi. Gazi Üniversitesi, Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(3), 71-80.
  • Çok. I., Bilgili, A., M., Özbek, H., Bilgili, N., & Burgaz, S. (1997). Organochlorine pesticide residues in human breast milk from agricultural regions of Turkey, 1995-1996. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 59, 577-582.
  • Dağlı, Z. (2008). Konya bölgesindeki budaylarda organik klorlu pestisit seviyelerinin araştırılması (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya, Türkiye.
  • Demir, B. (2017). Drosophila melanogaster’in yabanıl ve mutant türlerinde insektisitlerin in vivo ömür uzunluğu üzerine etkilerinin karşılaştırılması (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Atatürk Üniversitesi, Erzurum, Türkiye.
  • Erdogrul, O. (2007). Levels of selected pesticides in honey samples from Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. Food Control, 18, 866-871.
  • Erinç, S. (1984). Ortam Ekolojisi ve Degredasyonal Ekosistem Değisiklikleri, İstanbul, Türkiye, İstanbul Üniversitesi Deniz Bilimleri ve Coğrafya Enstitüsü Yayınları, 144pp.
  • Fenech, M. (2000). The in vitro micronucleus technique. Mutatian Research, 455(1,2), 81-95.
  • Fenech, M., Chang, W.P., & Zeiger, E. (2003). HUMN project: detailed description of the scoring criteria for the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay using isolated human lymphocyte cultures. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 534, 65-75.
  • Garrido-Frenich, A., Arrebola, F.J., Gonzales M.J., Vidal, J.L., & Diez, N.M. (2003). Rapid pesticide analysis in post harvest plants used as animal feed by low pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 377(6),1038-46.
  • Güler Ç., & Çobanoğlu Z. (1997). Pestisitler. Ankara, Türkiye, Çevre Sağlığı Temel Kaynak Dizisi No:52, 173 pp.
  • Harris J. (2000) Chemical pesticide markets, health risks and residues, New York, USA, CABI publishing, 90pp. 0851994768.
  • Hazarika, A., Sarkar, S.N., & Malik, J.K. (2003). Influence of malathion pretreatment an the toxicity of anilofos in male rats: a biochemical interaction study. Toxicology, 185, 1-8.
  • Hsieh, C.Y., & Allen, W.W. (1986). Effects of insecticides on emergence, survival, longevity and fecundity of the parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) from mumified Myzus persicae (Homoptera:Aphididae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 79, 1599-1602.
  • Kasımoğlu, C., & Uysal, H.  (2016). Genoprotective effects of aqueous extracts of Rosa canina L. fruits on ethylmethanesulfonate induced DNA damage in Drosophila melanogaster. Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 3, 1300-1949.
  • Kasimoglu, C., & Uysal, H. (2015). Mutagenic biomonitoring of pirethroid insecticides in human lymphocyte cultures: Use of micronuclei as biomarkers and recovery by Rosa canina extracts of mutagenic effects. Pharmaceutical Biology, 53, 625–629.
  • Kızılet H., & Uysal H. (2017). Macro and micro genetic damage induced by the neonicotinoids, Arapgirlioglu H., Atik A., Elliot L., Turgeon  E., (Eds). Researcher on Science and Art in 21st Century Turkey,  Chapter 149, Ankara, Türkiye, Gece Kitaplığı Yayınevi., 1313-1321 pp. Kızılet H., & Uysal H. (2018). Neonikotinoidler ile İnsan Lenfositlerinde Genotoksisitenin Uyarılması. Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 39(1), 201-210.
  • Kızılet, H., & Uysal, H. (2012). Ergin Drosophila’nın ömür uzunluğunda kronik zearelenon alımına bağlı olarak toksisitenin uyarılması. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 43(1), 1-5.
  • Kirsch-Volders, M., Elhajouji, A., & Van Hummelen, P. (1997). The in vitro micronucleus test: a multi-endpoint assay to detect simultaneously mitoticdelay, apoptosis, chromosome breakage, chromosome loss and non-disjunction. Mutation Research, 392(1), 19-30.
  • Klaassen, C.D. (1996). Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 7th ed. New York, USA, Mc Graw-Hill Medical Publishing Division., 1309 pp.
  • Mahmoud F.M., & Loutfy N. (2012) Biocides. In: Rathore, H. S., Nollet, L. M. L. (ed.), Pesticides evaluation of environmental pollution, Section 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, pp. 14
  • Manar, R., Vasseur, P., & Bessi, H. (2012). Chronictoxicity of chlordane to Daphnia manga and Ceriodaphnia dubia: A comparative study. Environmental Toxicology, 27(2), 90-97.
  • Martin-Ruiz, C., Saretzki, G., Petrie, J., Ladhoff, J., Jeyapalan, J., Wei, W., Sedivy, J., & Von Zglinicki, T. (2004). Stochastic variation in telomere shortening rate causes heterogeneity of human fibroblast replicative life span. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279(17), 17826-17833.
  • Mazet, A., Keck, G., & Berny, P. (2005). Concentrations of PCbs, organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals (lead, cadmium and copper) in fish from the Drome river: Potential effects on otters (Lutra lutra). Chemosphere, 61(6), 810-816.
  • Oruç, E.Ö., & Üner, N. (2000). Combined effects of 2,4-d and azinphosmethyl on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in liver of Orochromis niloticus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 127, 291–296.
  • Öncüer, C. (1995). Tarımsal Zararlılarla Savaş Yöntemleri ve İlaçları. İzmir, Türkiye, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi., 333 pp.
  • Özgün, O., Boncuk, H., Sarıgül, A., Atamar, P., Yüksel, L., Salcı, B., & Şenöz, B. (1997). "Meyve sularında bazı pestisit kalıntıları üzerine araştırmalar", TAGEM İl Kontrol Lab. Müd., Ankara, Genel yay., No: 35, Özel yay no: 31, 25pp.
  • Prasad, K., & Chhrabra, A. (2001). Pesticide residües in animal feeds and fodders. Indıan Journal of Animal Sciences, 71(12), 1178–1180.
  • Puig, M., Carbonel, E., Xamena, N., Creus, A., & Marcos, R. (1989). Analysis of cytogenetic damage induced in cultured human lymphocytes by the pyrethroid insecticides cypermethrin and fenvalerate. Mutagenesis, 4, 72-74.
  • Robert, L.L., & Olson, J.K. (1989). Effect of sublethal dosages of insecticides on Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 5 (2), 239-46.
  • Ruiu, L., Satta, A., & Floris, I. (2008). Effects of an azadirachtin-based formulation on the non-target muscoid fly parasitoid Muscidifurax raptor (Hymeneoptera: Pteromalidae). Biological Control, 47, 66-70.
  • Sevim, R. (2011). Toksikoloji Pestisitler. Antalya, Türkiye, Akdeniz Üniversitesi yayınları., 17 pp.
  • Soltani, F., Mosaffa, F., & Behravan, J. (2009). Evaluation of antigenotoxicity effects of umbelliprenin on human peripheral lymphocytes exposed to oxidative stress. Cell Biology and Toxicology, 25, 291-296.
  • T.C. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı (MEB) (2012). Çevre Sağlığı Pestisitler, Ankara, Türkiye, 54 pp.
  • Torreti, L. 1987. Rapid determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in feeds by capillary gas chromatography, Journal of High Resolution Chromotography & Chromotography Communications, 10: 510–515.
  • Uluslararası Kanser Araştırmaları Ajansı (IARC-The International AgencyforResearchonCancer) Retrieved from https://www.iarc.fr/ and https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/kimyasallar/editordosya/Klordan(2).pdf
  • Uysal, H., Şişman, T., & Aşkın, H. (2006). Drosophila Biyolojisi ve Çaprazlama Yöntemleri. Erzurum, Türkiye, Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayınları, 53 pp. ISBN:975-442-111-0
  • Uysal, H., Ünver, S., & Kızılet, H. (2015). The effects of neonicotinoids on the longevity in male and female populations of D. melanogaster (fruit fly). Ekoloji, 24(96), 57-63.
  • Ünlü, H., & Bozcuk, A.N. (1979). Genetics of longevity in Drosophila I: The Effects of w, m and f mutant genes in various genotype combinations. Experimental Gerontology, 14, 117-124.
  • Walker, C.H., Hopkin, S.P., Sibly, R.M., & Peakall, D.B. (2006). Principles of Ecotoxicology. FL, USA. CRC pres., 386 pp.
  • World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines on public health pesticide management policy. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/whopes/resources/SEA_CD_214.pdf
  • World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Turkey/Dünya Doğayı Koruma Vakfı Türkiye Retrieved from http://www.turkiyenincani.org/turkiyenincani/
  • Yavuz, H. (2007). Konya'da satılan ballardaki bazı pestisid residülerinin belirlenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya, Türkiye.
  • Zettler, J.L., & Lecato, G.L. (1974). Sublethal doses of malathion and dichlorvos: effects of fecundity of the black carbet betle. Journal of Economic Entomology, 67(1), 19-21.

Hedef Olmayan Organizmalarda Klordanın Biyo-Etkileşimi

Year 2018, , 48 - 54, 30.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.418411

Abstract

Sunulan çalışmada organoklorlu insektisitlerden klordanın (C10H6Cl8)
canlılar üzerindeki etkileri in vivo
ve in vitro olarak incelenmiştir. Bu
amaçla hedef olmayan organizmalardan birisi olan Drosophila melanogaster’in
♀ ve ♂
popülasyonunda klordanın ömür uzunluğu üzerine etkileri in vivo olarak çalışılmıştır. Kronik olarak yapılan uygulamalarda
doz-süre etkileşimine bağlı olarak her iki popülasyonda da ömür uzunluğunun
önemli oranda kısaldığı gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca klordanın genotoksik ve sitotoksik
olup olmadığı da insan periferik kan kültürü kullanılarak in vitro mikronükleus (MN) testi ile araştırılmıştır. Klordanın
yine artan dozuna bağlı olarak lenfosit hücrelerinde mikronükleus frekansının
önemli oranda arttığı, nükleer bölünme indeksinin ise (NBİ) azaldığı
gözlenmiştir. 

References

  • Ağar, S., Aydınoğlu, H., & Ece, H. (1991). Pestisit kullanımının tarihçesi, bugünü ve geleceği. Türk Entomoloji Dergisi, 15(4), 247-56.
  • Ağca, İ. (2006). Konya’da satılan bazı balık türlerinde organoklorlu bazı pestisit kalıntılarının tayini (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya, Türkiye.
  • Bagchi, D., Bagchi, M., & Stohs, S.J. (1995). In vitro and in vivo generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage and lactate dehydrogenase leakage by selected pesticides. Toxicology, 104(1,3), 129-140.
  • Cardwell, R.D., Foreman, D.G., Payne, T.R., & Wilbur, D.J. (1977). Acute and chronic toxicity of chlordane to fish and invertebrates. EPA 600/3‐77‐019. Duluth, MN, USA, Environmental Protection Agency, 138pp.
  • Countryman, R.I., & Heddle, J.A. (1976). The production of micronuclei from chromosome aberration in irradicated cultures of human lymphocytes. Mutatian Research, 41, 321-332.
  • Çakır, Ş., & Sarıkaya, R. (2004). Bazı organik fosforlu insektisitlerin Drosophila melanogaster’in yaşama yüzdesi üzerine etkisi. Gazi Üniversitesi, Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(3), 71-80.
  • Çok. I., Bilgili, A., M., Özbek, H., Bilgili, N., & Burgaz, S. (1997). Organochlorine pesticide residues in human breast milk from agricultural regions of Turkey, 1995-1996. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 59, 577-582.
  • Dağlı, Z. (2008). Konya bölgesindeki budaylarda organik klorlu pestisit seviyelerinin araştırılması (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya, Türkiye.
  • Demir, B. (2017). Drosophila melanogaster’in yabanıl ve mutant türlerinde insektisitlerin in vivo ömür uzunluğu üzerine etkilerinin karşılaştırılması (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Atatürk Üniversitesi, Erzurum, Türkiye.
  • Erdogrul, O. (2007). Levels of selected pesticides in honey samples from Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. Food Control, 18, 866-871.
  • Erinç, S. (1984). Ortam Ekolojisi ve Degredasyonal Ekosistem Değisiklikleri, İstanbul, Türkiye, İstanbul Üniversitesi Deniz Bilimleri ve Coğrafya Enstitüsü Yayınları, 144pp.
  • Fenech, M. (2000). The in vitro micronucleus technique. Mutatian Research, 455(1,2), 81-95.
  • Fenech, M., Chang, W.P., & Zeiger, E. (2003). HUMN project: detailed description of the scoring criteria for the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay using isolated human lymphocyte cultures. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 534, 65-75.
  • Garrido-Frenich, A., Arrebola, F.J., Gonzales M.J., Vidal, J.L., & Diez, N.M. (2003). Rapid pesticide analysis in post harvest plants used as animal feed by low pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 377(6),1038-46.
  • Güler Ç., & Çobanoğlu Z. (1997). Pestisitler. Ankara, Türkiye, Çevre Sağlığı Temel Kaynak Dizisi No:52, 173 pp.
  • Harris J. (2000) Chemical pesticide markets, health risks and residues, New York, USA, CABI publishing, 90pp. 0851994768.
  • Hazarika, A., Sarkar, S.N., & Malik, J.K. (2003). Influence of malathion pretreatment an the toxicity of anilofos in male rats: a biochemical interaction study. Toxicology, 185, 1-8.
  • Hsieh, C.Y., & Allen, W.W. (1986). Effects of insecticides on emergence, survival, longevity and fecundity of the parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) from mumified Myzus persicae (Homoptera:Aphididae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 79, 1599-1602.
  • Kasımoğlu, C., & Uysal, H.  (2016). Genoprotective effects of aqueous extracts of Rosa canina L. fruits on ethylmethanesulfonate induced DNA damage in Drosophila melanogaster. Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 3, 1300-1949.
  • Kasimoglu, C., & Uysal, H. (2015). Mutagenic biomonitoring of pirethroid insecticides in human lymphocyte cultures: Use of micronuclei as biomarkers and recovery by Rosa canina extracts of mutagenic effects. Pharmaceutical Biology, 53, 625–629.
  • Kızılet H., & Uysal H. (2017). Macro and micro genetic damage induced by the neonicotinoids, Arapgirlioglu H., Atik A., Elliot L., Turgeon  E., (Eds). Researcher on Science and Art in 21st Century Turkey,  Chapter 149, Ankara, Türkiye, Gece Kitaplığı Yayınevi., 1313-1321 pp. Kızılet H., & Uysal H. (2018). Neonikotinoidler ile İnsan Lenfositlerinde Genotoksisitenin Uyarılması. Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 39(1), 201-210.
  • Kızılet, H., & Uysal, H. (2012). Ergin Drosophila’nın ömür uzunluğunda kronik zearelenon alımına bağlı olarak toksisitenin uyarılması. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 43(1), 1-5.
  • Kirsch-Volders, M., Elhajouji, A., & Van Hummelen, P. (1997). The in vitro micronucleus test: a multi-endpoint assay to detect simultaneously mitoticdelay, apoptosis, chromosome breakage, chromosome loss and non-disjunction. Mutation Research, 392(1), 19-30.
  • Klaassen, C.D. (1996). Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 7th ed. New York, USA, Mc Graw-Hill Medical Publishing Division., 1309 pp.
  • Mahmoud F.M., & Loutfy N. (2012) Biocides. In: Rathore, H. S., Nollet, L. M. L. (ed.), Pesticides evaluation of environmental pollution, Section 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, pp. 14
  • Manar, R., Vasseur, P., & Bessi, H. (2012). Chronictoxicity of chlordane to Daphnia manga and Ceriodaphnia dubia: A comparative study. Environmental Toxicology, 27(2), 90-97.
  • Martin-Ruiz, C., Saretzki, G., Petrie, J., Ladhoff, J., Jeyapalan, J., Wei, W., Sedivy, J., & Von Zglinicki, T. (2004). Stochastic variation in telomere shortening rate causes heterogeneity of human fibroblast replicative life span. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279(17), 17826-17833.
  • Mazet, A., Keck, G., & Berny, P. (2005). Concentrations of PCbs, organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals (lead, cadmium and copper) in fish from the Drome river: Potential effects on otters (Lutra lutra). Chemosphere, 61(6), 810-816.
  • Oruç, E.Ö., & Üner, N. (2000). Combined effects of 2,4-d and azinphosmethyl on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in liver of Orochromis niloticus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 127, 291–296.
  • Öncüer, C. (1995). Tarımsal Zararlılarla Savaş Yöntemleri ve İlaçları. İzmir, Türkiye, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi., 333 pp.
  • Özgün, O., Boncuk, H., Sarıgül, A., Atamar, P., Yüksel, L., Salcı, B., & Şenöz, B. (1997). "Meyve sularında bazı pestisit kalıntıları üzerine araştırmalar", TAGEM İl Kontrol Lab. Müd., Ankara, Genel yay., No: 35, Özel yay no: 31, 25pp.
  • Prasad, K., & Chhrabra, A. (2001). Pesticide residües in animal feeds and fodders. Indıan Journal of Animal Sciences, 71(12), 1178–1180.
  • Puig, M., Carbonel, E., Xamena, N., Creus, A., & Marcos, R. (1989). Analysis of cytogenetic damage induced in cultured human lymphocytes by the pyrethroid insecticides cypermethrin and fenvalerate. Mutagenesis, 4, 72-74.
  • Robert, L.L., & Olson, J.K. (1989). Effect of sublethal dosages of insecticides on Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 5 (2), 239-46.
  • Ruiu, L., Satta, A., & Floris, I. (2008). Effects of an azadirachtin-based formulation on the non-target muscoid fly parasitoid Muscidifurax raptor (Hymeneoptera: Pteromalidae). Biological Control, 47, 66-70.
  • Sevim, R. (2011). Toksikoloji Pestisitler. Antalya, Türkiye, Akdeniz Üniversitesi yayınları., 17 pp.
  • Soltani, F., Mosaffa, F., & Behravan, J. (2009). Evaluation of antigenotoxicity effects of umbelliprenin on human peripheral lymphocytes exposed to oxidative stress. Cell Biology and Toxicology, 25, 291-296.
  • T.C. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı (MEB) (2012). Çevre Sağlığı Pestisitler, Ankara, Türkiye, 54 pp.
  • Torreti, L. 1987. Rapid determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in feeds by capillary gas chromatography, Journal of High Resolution Chromotography & Chromotography Communications, 10: 510–515.
  • Uluslararası Kanser Araştırmaları Ajansı (IARC-The International AgencyforResearchonCancer) Retrieved from https://www.iarc.fr/ and https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/kimyasallar/editordosya/Klordan(2).pdf
  • Uysal, H., Şişman, T., & Aşkın, H. (2006). Drosophila Biyolojisi ve Çaprazlama Yöntemleri. Erzurum, Türkiye, Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayınları, 53 pp. ISBN:975-442-111-0
  • Uysal, H., Ünver, S., & Kızılet, H. (2015). The effects of neonicotinoids on the longevity in male and female populations of D. melanogaster (fruit fly). Ekoloji, 24(96), 57-63.
  • Ünlü, H., & Bozcuk, A.N. (1979). Genetics of longevity in Drosophila I: The Effects of w, m and f mutant genes in various genotype combinations. Experimental Gerontology, 14, 117-124.
  • Walker, C.H., Hopkin, S.P., Sibly, R.M., & Peakall, D.B. (2006). Principles of Ecotoxicology. FL, USA. CRC pres., 386 pp.
  • World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines on public health pesticide management policy. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/whopes/resources/SEA_CD_214.pdf
  • World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Turkey/Dünya Doğayı Koruma Vakfı Türkiye Retrieved from http://www.turkiyenincani.org/turkiyenincani/
  • Yavuz, H. (2007). Konya'da satılan ballardaki bazı pestisid residülerinin belirlenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya, Türkiye.
  • Zettler, J.L., & Lecato, G.L. (1974). Sublethal doses of malathion and dichlorvos: effects of fecundity of the black carbet betle. Journal of Economic Entomology, 67(1), 19-21.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Structural Biology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Emrihan Özyurt This is me

Halit Kızılet This is me

Handan Uysal

Publication Date June 30, 2018
Submission Date April 25, 2018
Acceptance Date June 25, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018

Cite

APA Özyurt, E., Kızılet, H., & Uysal, H. (2018). Hedef Olmayan Organizmalarda Klordanın Biyo-Etkileşimi. Commagene Journal of Biology, 2(1), 48-54. https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.418411
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