Gryllus campestris Linnaeus, 1758 (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)’ in Erkek Üreme Sisteminin Histolojisi ve Morfolojisi

Abstract

Gryllus campestris Linnaeus,1758 (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)’ın erkek üreme sisteminin histolojik ve morfolojik yapısı stereo mikroskobu, ışık mikroskobu ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu ile tanımlandı. Erkek üreme sistemi bir çift testis, bir çift vas deferens, iki seminal kese, yardımcı bezler ve kaslı bir ejakulatör kese, aedeagusa açılan bir ejakulatör kanal ve spermatofordan meydana gelmektedir. Olgun G. campestris erkek bireyleri spermatozoa oluşturan bir çift testise sahiptir. Her testis çeşitli spermatogenez aşamalarına (spermatosit, spermatid, spermatozoa) sahip bir dizi ince silindir tübüller veya folikülden oluşur. İlk olarak spermatositler foliküllerin proksimal uçlarında germ hücrelerinin mitoz bölünmesi ile oluşur. Ardından foliküllerin orta bölgesinde mayoz bölünme ile spermatidler meydana gelir. Son olarak foliküllerin proksimal bölgesinde spermatidler spermatozoaya farklılaşır. Her folikül spermatozoayı aktarmak için vas eferens aracılığı ile vas deferense bağlanır. Vas eferens, tek katlı kübik epitel ile çevrilidir ve oval çekirdeklidir. Ejakulator kanal ventralde genişleyerek erkek üreme organı penis veya aedeagusa açılır. Yardımcı bezler çiftleşme sırasında spermatozoanın dişiye aktarılmasına yardımcı olan bir sıvı salgılar. Spermatofor, erkek bireylerin yardımcı bezleri tarafından sentezlenen, spermatozoanın kapsül veya kitle halinde aktarılmasını sağlayan yapılardır. Spermler dişiye akatarılmadan önce bir kese şeklinde spermatofor içinde bulunur. Bu çalışmada ülkemiz için ekonomik açıdan önemli bir tür olan G. campestris erkek üreme sisteminin morfolojisi ve histolojisi stereo mikroskop, ışık mikroskobu ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile incelenmiş ve gösterilmiştir. G. campestris'in erkek üreme sisteminin yapısını karakterize eden bulgularımız, tarımda bu zararlıyı kontrol etmek için teknolojik yaklaşımlar da dahil olmak üzere gelecekteki çalışmaların temelini oluşturacaktır.

Keywords

• Testis
• Vas deferens
• Spermatogenez
• Spermatofor
• Elektron mikroskobu

Morphology and Histology of Male Reproductive System of Gryllus campestris Linnaeus, 1758 (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

Abstract

The morphological and histological structures of male reproductive system of adult Gryllus campestris Linnaeus,1758 (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) have been defined by using stereo microscope, light microscope, and scanning electron microscope. The male reproductive system of G. campestris is formed as a couple of testes, a pair of vas defence, two seminal vesicles, accessory gland, a single muscular ejaculator bulb and ejaculator duct which opens the aedaegus and spermatophore. The mature G. campestris has two nearly uniformly broad testes. Spermatozoa are produced in the testes. Each testis is formed as series of slender tubules or follicles in which disparate stage of spermatogenesis (spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa) and spermatozoa develop. Initially, the germ cells at the proximal end of the testicular follicle undergo mitosis to form spermatocytes. Later, spermatids are formed from the spermatocytes in the middle region of the follicles through meiosis. At last, spermatids, the proximal region of the follicle differentiates into spermatozoa. Every follicle is connected to the vas deferens via vas efferens to transfer spermatozoa. Vas efferens is surrounded by a single layer of cubic epithelium containing an oval core. Ejaculatory duct opens and a large ventral male mating organ opens the penis or the end of aedeagus. The accessory glands is a liquid to aid in the transfer during mating female spermatozoa secretes. Spermatophore or sperm ampulla is a capsule or mass containing spermatozoa formed by males. Spermatophore is synthesized by the male accessory glands. Before the sperm is transposed to the female, the spermatophore is located in the sac like the ampulla. In this study, the morphology and histology of the male reproductive system of G. campestris, which is an economically important species for our country, was examined and illustrated by stereo microscope, light microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Our findings, characterizing the structure of the male reproductive system of G. campestris, form the basis of future studies including technological approaches to control this pest in agriculture.

Keywords

• Testes
• Spermatogenesis
• Spermatophore
• Electron microscope
• Vas deferens

References

1. Chapman, R.F. (2013). Alimentary canal digestion and absorption. In S. J. Simpson and A. E. Dougles (Eds). The insect structure and function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 46-80.
2. Çıplak, B., & Demirsoy, A. (1996). Caelifera (Orthoptera: Insecta) alttakımının Türkiye’deki endemizm durumu. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 20(3), 241–246.
3. Çıplak, B., Demirsoy, A., Yalım, B., & Sevgili, H. (2002). Türkiye Orthoptera (=düzkanatlılar=çekirgeler) faunası. A. Demirsoy (Editör). Genel zoocoğrafya ve Türkiye zoocoğrafyası: Hayvan coğrafyası. (Beşinci Baskı). Ankara. Meteksan A.Ş., s. 681-707.
4. Demirsoy, A., Salman, S., & Sevgili, H. (2002). Novadrymadusa, a new genus of bushcricket with a new species and notes on related genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 11, 175-183. http://doi.org/10.1665/1082-6467(2002)011[0175:NANGOB]2.0.CO;2
5. Gallois, D., & Cassier, P. (1991). Cytodifferentiation and maturation in the male accessory glands of Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. and F.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, 20(3), 141-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(91)90005-T
6. Gullan, P.J., & Cranston, P.S. (2010). The insects: an outline of entomology, 4th Edition, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 565 pp.
7. Hall, M.D., Beck, R., & Greenwood, M. (2000). Detailed developmental morphology of the spermatophore of the Mediterranean field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus (De Geer) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Arthropod Structure & Development, 29(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1467-8039(00)00010-4
8. Jones, N., Taub-Montemayor, T., & Rankin, M.A. (2013). Fluorescein-dextran sequestration in the reproductive tract of the migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera, Acridiidae). Micron, 46, 80-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2012.12.003

9. Kaulenas, M.S. (2012). Insect accessory reproductive structures: function, structure, and development. New York, Springer Science & Business Media, 223 pp.
10. Liu, X., Zhang, J., Ma, E., & Guo, Y. (2005). Studies on the phylogenetic relationship of acridoidea based on the male follicle morphology (Orthoptera: Acridoidea). Oriental Insects, 39, 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2005.10417415
11. Harz, K. (1969). Die Orthopteren Europas I The Hague:.1. Series Entomologica,5, The Hague (Dr. W. Junk N.V.), 749 pp.
12. Marchini, D., Brundo, M.V., Sottile, L., & Viscuso, R. (2009). Structure of male accessory glands of Bolivarus siculus (Fischer) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) and protein analysis of their secretions. Journal of Morphology, 270, 880-891. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10727
13. Michel, A., & Terán, H.R. (2005). Morphological analysis of the female reproductive system in Baeacris punctulatus (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Melanoplinae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 64(3), 107-117.
14. Nandchahal, N. (1972). Reproductive organs of Gryllodes sigillatus (Walker) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Journal of Natural History, 6, 125-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222937200770111
15. Otte, D., & Cade, W. (1984). African crickets (Gryllidae). 6. The genus Gryllus and some related genera (Gryllinae, Gryllini). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 136, 98–122.
16. Polat, I. (2016). Poecilimon cervus Karabag, 1950’un Sindirim, Boşaltim, Dişi ve Erkek Üreme Sisteminin Ultrastrüktürel Özellikleri (441895) Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp
17. Polat, I., Amutkan Mutlu, D., Unal, M., & Suludere, Z. (2019). Histology and ultrastructure of the testis and vas deferens in Pseudochorthippus paralleus parallelus (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Microscopy Research Technıque, 82(9), 1461-1470. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23300
18. Polat, I, Amutkan Mutlu, D., & Suludere, Z. (2020). Accessory glands of male reproductive system in Pseudochorthippus paralleus parallelus (Zetterstedt, 1821) (Orthoptera: Acrididae): A light electron microscopic study. Microscopy Research Technique, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23406
19. Snodgrass, R.E. (1937). The male genitalia of orthopteroid insects. Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 96(5), 1–107.
20. Snodgrass, R.E. (1957). A revised interpretation of the external reproductive organs of male insects. Smithsonian miscellaneous collections, 136 (6), 1-60.
21. Silva, D.S.M., Cossolin, J.F.S., Pereira, M.R., Lino ‐ Neto, J., Sperber, C.F., & Serrao, J.E. (2018). Male reproductive tract and spermatozoa ultrastructure in the grasshopper Orphulella punctata (De Geer, 1773) (Insecta, Orthoptera, Caelifera). Microscopy Research and Technique, 81(2), 250-255. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.22973
22. Viscuso, R., & Vitale, D.G.M. (2015). Spermatodesm reorganization in the spermatophore and in the spermatheca of the bushcricket Tylopsis liliifolia (Fabricius) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). Arthropod Structure and Development, 44, 243-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2015.03.004
23. Viscuso, R., Brundo, M.V., Marletta, A., & Vitale, D.G.M. (2014). Fine structure of male genital tracts of some Acrididae and Tettigoniidae (Insect: Orthoptera). Acta Zoologica, 96, 418-427. https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12084
24. Viscuso, R., Narcisi, L., & Sottile, L. (1999). Structure and function of seminal vesicles of Orthoptera Tettigonioidea. International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, 28, 169-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7322(99)00022-7
25. Vitale, D.G.M., Brundo, M.V., & Viscuso, R. (2011). Morphological and ultrastructural organization of the male genital apparatus of some Aphididae (Insecta, Homoptera). Tissue and Cell, 43, 271-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tice.2011.05.002
26. Vrenozi, B., & Uchman, A. (2020). Burrows of the common field-cricket Gryllus campestris Linnaeus, 1758 (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) from Dajti Mountain, An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces, Albania, 28(1), 46-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940.2020.1843455
27. Wedell, N., & Arak, A. (1959). The wartbiter spermatophore and its effect on female reproductive output (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Decticus verrucivorus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 24, 117-125. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00299643
28. Widdows, R.E. & Wick, J.R. (1959). Morphology of the reproductive system of Tetrix arenosa angusta (Hancock) (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae). Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 66(1), 484-503.
29. White, M.J.D. (1954). Patterns of spermatogenesis in grasshoppers. Australian Journal of Zoology, 3, 222-226. https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO9550222