Haşhaş (Papaver somniferum L.) Kemotiplerinde Kapsül Verimi ve Benzilizokinolin Alkaloid Profillerindeki İklim Kaynaklı Varyasyon

Abstract

İklim değişikliği, tıbbi ve endüstriyel bitkilerin tarla verimi ve sekonder metabolit bileşimini etkileyen başlıca faktörlerden biri olarak giderek daha fazla kabul edilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yetiştirme döneminde iklim koşullarındaki değişkenliğin, uzun dönemli tarla koşullarında yetiştirilen tescilli Papaver somniferum L. kemotiplerinde kapsül verimi ve başlıca alkaloid profili (morfin, noskapin ve tebain) üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmektir. Değerlendirilen kemotipler arasında kapsül verimi ve alkaloid profilleri bakımından istatistiksel olarak önemli farklılıklar belirlenmiştir (p < 0.01). Kemotipler arasında ortalama kapsül verimi 1010.01 ile 1460.32 kg ha⁻¹ arasında değişmiştir. Kapsül verimi analizine göre, morfin kemotipleri diğer kemotiplere kıyasla daha üstün performans göstermiş ve OFIS 1 en yüksek verimi kaydetmiştir. Kemotipler belirgin alkaloid profilleri sergilemiştir. OFIS 1 ve OFIS 2 kemotiplerinde ortalama morfin oranı %1.640–1.651 arasında değişmiş, toplam alkaloid içeriği %1.773–1.837 aralığında olmuş ve morfin toplam alkaloid fraksiyonunun %81.40–97.79’unu oluşturmuştur. Buna karşılık, OFIS NM ve OFIS NP kemotipleri noskapin baskın bir profil göstermiş; noskapin oranı %1.421–1.559, toplam alkaloid içeriği %1.592–1.742 arasında değişmiş ve noskapin toplam alkaloid fraksiyonunun %82.08–96.53’ünü oluşturmuştur. Benzer şekilde, TMO-T çeşidi tebain ağırlıklı bir profil sergilemiş; ortalama tebain oranı %1.308, toplam alkaloid içeriği %1.427 olmuş ve tebain toplam alkaloid bileşiminin %91.24–96.41’ini oluşturmuştur. Kemotiplerde çoğunlukla kapsül verimi, aylık yağış, sıcaklık ve güneşlenme süresindeki artışlara doğrusal ve pozitif bir tepki göstermiştir. Genel olarak, kemotipler sağlıklı bitki gelişimini destekleyen, daha uzun fotoperiyotlara ve artan fotosentetik aktiviteye sahip koşullarda maksimum verim ve artmış alkaloid sentezi ve birikimi göstermiştir. Türkiye gibi geleneksel üretim sistemlerinde, mevsimsel iklim dalgalanmalarının, alkaloid biyosentezi ve birikimi üzerinde güçlü bir etkiye sahip olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Türkiye’de geliştirilen çeşitler, alkaloid üretimi açısından uluslararası çeşitlerle karşılaştırılabilir düzeylere ulaşarak rekabetçi potansiyellerini göstermiştir. Bu bulgular, haşhaşta verim ve alkaloid içeriğinin optimize edilmesinde genotip seçiminin yanı sıra çevresel yönetimin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Keywords

• Agroekolojik
• İzokinolin
• Meteoroloji
• Morfinan
• Fotoperiyot
• Opioid

Climate-Driven Variation in Capsule Yield and Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Profiles of Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Chemotypes

Abstract

Climate change is increasingly recognized as a major factor influencing the field yield productivity and secondary metabolite composition of medicinal and industrial crops. The goal of this study aimed to assess the impact of year-to-year variability in growing-season climatic conditions on capsule yield and the major alkaloid profile (morphine, noscapine, and thebaine) of registered Papaver somniferum L. chemotypes under long-term field conditions. Statistically significant differences (p <0.01) were observed in capsule yield and alkaloid profiles among the evaluated chemotypes. The mean capsule yield among the chemotypes varied between 1010.01 and 1460.32 kg ha⁻¹. Analysis of capsule yield indicated that morphine chemotypes showed superior performance compared to other chemotypes, and OFIS 1 consistently recorded the highest yield. The chemotypes exhibited distinct alkaloid profiles. In the OFIS 1 and OFIS 2 chemotypes, the mean morphine content ranged from 1.640% to 1.651%, with total alkaloid content between 1.773% and 1.837%, and morphine accounting for 81.40–97.79% of the total alkaloid fraction. In contrast, the OFIS NM and OFIS NP chemotypes were characterized by a noscapine-dominant profile, with noscapine content ranging from 1.421% to 1.559%, total alkaloid content between 1.592% and 1.742%, and noscapine comprising 82.08–96.53% of the total alkaloid fraction. Similarly, the TMO-T cultivar exhibited a thebaine-oriented profile, with a mean thebaine content of 1.308%, an average total alkaloid content of 1.427%, and thebaine representing 91.24–96.41% of the total alkaloid composition. Capsule yield in most chemotypes showed a positive linear response to increases in monthly rainfall, temperature, and duration of sunshine. In general, chemotypes exhibited maximum yields and enhanced alkaloid synthesis and accumulation under conditions that promoted healthy plant growth, longer photoperiods, and increased photosynthetic activity. In traditional production systems like those in Türkiye, seasonal climatic fluctuations have been demonstrated to strongly influence alkaloid biosynthesis and accumulation in this legally regulated producer country. The cultivars developed in Türkiye have reached alkaloid levels comparable to those of international varieties, demonstrating their competitive potential in terms of alkaloid production. These findings highlight the importance of both genotype selection and environmental management for optimizing poppy productivity and alkaloid ratio.

Keywords

• Agroecological
• Isoquinoline
• Meteorology
• Morphinan
• Photoperiod
• Opioid

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