BibTex RIS Cite

Tuz ve Potasyum Uygulamalarının Mısırın Yaprak Su Durumu ile Bazı Agronomik ve Yansıma Özelliklerine Etkileri

Year 2014, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 1 - 9, 01.06.2014

Abstract

Bu çalışma, mısır bitkisinin erken vejetatif döneminde potasyum eksikliğinin ve tuz stresi koşullarında uygulanan potasyum düzeylerinin bazı agronomik özelliklere, biyokütleye, yaprak su göstergelerine ve spektral karakteristiklerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla 2012 yılında laboratuar koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Denemede mısıra 2 farklı tuz (0,5 ve 4,0 ds m-1) ve 4 farklı potasyum seviyesi (14 kg da-1, 28 kg da-1, 56 kg da-1, 84 kg da-1) uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada, agronomik ölçümler (bitki boyu, taç genişliği, gövde çapı), biyokütle verimleri (toprak üstü yaş ve kuru ağırlık) ve yaprak su göstergelerine ait parametrelerin (yaprak oransal su içeriği (YOSİ), eşdeğer su yüksekliği (ESY), yaprak su içeriği (YSİ) yanı sıra; spektral ölçümlere dayalı bazı indeksler hesaplanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, mısır bitkisinde erken döneminde yeterli potasyum uygulanması durumunda tolerans seviyesinden daha fazla uygulanan tuz konusunda (4,0 ds m-1) bitki taç genişliği, bitki boyu ve gövde çapı değerlerinin etkilenmediği görülmüştür. En yüksek yaprak su gösterge değerleri 0,5 ds m-1 tuz ve 14 kg da-1 potasyumun uygulandığı bitkilerde elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca, yüksek tuz uygulamalarında yaprak su içeriğinin azaldığı ancak yüksek potasyum uygulanması ile tekrar artış olduğu gözlenmiştir. Buna karşın, biyokütle değerleri su içeriğinin tersine bir eğilim göstermiştir. Spektral indekslerden yalnızca PRI (fotokimyasal yansıma indeksi) için uygulamalar arasında fark önemli bulunmuştur. Korelasyon analizi sonuçları da PRI ile yaprak su göstergeleri arasında pozitif yönde (0,58–0,75) bir ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir

References

  • Anaç, D., Aksoy, U., Anaç, S., Hepaksoy, S., Can, Z., 1979. Potassium and leaf water relations under saline conditions, Sci. Reg. IPI satellite prog.
  • Arkimaa, H., Laitinen, J., Korhonen, R., Moisanen, M., Hirvasniemi, T., Kuosmanen, V., 2009. Spectral reflectance http://www.earsel.org/workshops/IS_Tel–Aviv_2009/PDF/earsel–PROCEEDINGS/3061%20Arkima. pdf [20.01.2014]. of sphagnum moss species in finnish mires.
  • Asch, F., Dingkuhn, M., Dörffling, K., Miezan, K., 2000. Leaf K/Na ratio predicts salinity induced yield loss in irrigated rice. Euphytica. 113: 109–118.
  • Ayers, R.S., Westcot, D.W., 1976. Water Quality for Agriculture . FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No, 29 (Rev 1), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  • Bar–Tal, A., Feigenbaum, S., Sparks, D.L., 1991. Potassium–salinity interactions in irrigated corn. Irrigation Science. 12: 27–35.
  • Beringer, H., Trolldenier, G., 1978. Influence of K nutrition on the response to environmental stresses. In: Potassium Research – Reviews and Trends”. International Potash Institute, Basel, Switzerland, pp. 189–222.
  • Bohra, J.S., Doerffling, K., 1993. K nutrition of rice (O. sativa L.) varieties under NaCl salinity. Plant and Soil. 152 (2): 299–303.
  • Bowman, W.D., 1989. The relationships between leaf waterstatus, gas exchange, and spectral reflectance in cotton leaves. Remote Sensing of Environment. 30: 249–255.
  • Camoglu, G., Kaya, U., Akkuzu, E., Genc, L., Gurbuz, M., Pamuk Mengu, G., Kızıl, U., 2013. Prediction of leaf water status using spectral indices at young olive trees. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 22 (9a): 2713–2720.
  • Erdal, İ., Türkmen, Ö., Yıldız, M., 2000. Tuz stresi altında yetiştirilen hıyar (Cucumis sativus L. ) fidelerinin gelişimi ve kimi besin maddeleri içeriğindeki değişimler üzerine potasyumlu gübrelemenin etkisi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 10 (1): 25–29.
  • Gamon, J.A., Penuelas, J., Field, C.B., 1992. A narrow–waveband spectral index that tracks diurnal changes in photosynthetic efficiency. Remote Sensing of Environment. 41: 35–44.
  • Gamon, J.A., Surfus, J.S., 1999, Assessing leaf pigment content and activity with a reflectometer. New Phytologist. 143: 105–117.
  • Garnier, E., Laurent, G., 1994. Leaf anatomy, specific mass and water content in congeneric annual and perennial grass species. New Phytologist. 128: 725–736.
  • Güneş, M., Aktaş, M., 2008. Su stresinde yetiştirilen genç mısır bitkisinde potasyum uygulamasının gelişme ve verim üzerine etkisi. HR. Ü. Z.F. Dergisi. 12 (2): 33–36.
  • Hofner, G.N., Krantz, B.A., 1951. Deficiency Symptoms of Corn and Small Grains. In: Hunger Signs in Crops. The American Society of Agronomy and the National Fertilizer Association, Washington, D.C
  • Jackson, R.D., Pinter Jr. P.J., Reginato, R.J., Idso, S.B., 1980. Hand–Held Radiometry, A Set of Notes Developed for Use at the Workshop on Hand–Held Radiometry, February 25–26, Phoenix, Ariz.
  • Kacar, B., Katkat, A.V., 2006. Bitki Besleme. Nobel Yayın No: 849. Fen ve Biyoloji Yayın Dizisi:29 ISBN 975–591–834–5. 2. Basım, 589 s. Ankara.
  • Kacar, B., Katkat, A.V., Öztürk, Ş., 2009. Bitki Fizyolojisi. Nobel Yayın No: 848, 556 s. Ankara.
  • Karakullukçu, E., Adak, M.S., 2008. Bazı nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) çeşitlerinin tuza toleranslarının belirlenmesi. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 14 (4): 313–319.
  • Kaya, C., Higgs, D., Kirnak, H., 2001. The effects of high salinity and supplementary phosphorus and potassium on physiology and nutrition development of spinach. Bulg. J. Plant Physiol. 27 (3–4): 47–59.
  • Kaya, C., Higgs, D., 2003. Supplementary potassium nitrate ımproves salt tolerance in bell pepper plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 26 (7): 1367–1382.
  • Kaya, C., Tuna, A.L., 2005. The role and ımportance of potassium in the plant grown under salt stress. Int. Potash Institute. Optimizing Crop Nutrition, Potassium in Soil, Plant and Agro Ecosystem. http://www.ipipotash.org/en/speech/index.php?o=270.
  • Ke, W., Zhangquan, S., Renchao, W., 1993. Study on the feasibility of estimating potassium content by rice spectral http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL–ZJNY1993S1017.htm [20.01.2014]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural University.
  • Krezhova, D., Iliev, I., Yanev, T., Kirova, E., 2009. Assessment of the effect of salinity on the early growth stage of soybean plants (Glycine max L.). 4th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies. 397–402. JUN 11–13, 2009. Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Larcher, W., 1995. Physiological Plant Ecology. 3rd Ed.P 1–506. Springer–Verlag, New York.
  • Leone, A.P., Mementi, M., Sorrentino, G., 2000. Reflectance spektrometry to study crop response to soil salinity. Ital. J. Agron. 4 (2): 75–85.
  • Malkoç, M., Aydın, A., 2003. Mısır (Zea Mays L.) ve fasulye (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.)’nin gelişimi ve bitki besin maddeleri içeriğine farklı tuz uygulamalarının etkisi. Atatürk Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg. 34 (3): 211–216.
  • Penuelas, J., Gamon, J.A., Fredeen, A.L., Merino, J., Field, C.B., 1994. Reflectance indices associated with physiological changes in nitrogen– and water–limited sunflower leaves. Remote Sens. Environ. 48 :135–146.
  • Penuelas, J., Baret, F., Filella, I., 1995. Semi–Empirical indices to assess carotenoids/chlorophyll a ratio from leaf spectral reflectance. Photosynthetica. 31: 221–230.
  • Penuelas, J., Pinol, J., Ogaya, R., Fiella, I., 1997. Estimation of plant water concentration by the reflectance water index WI (R900/R970). Int. J. of Remote Sensing. 18: 2869–2875.
  • Penuelas, J., Inoue, Y., 1999. Reflectance indices indicative of changes in water and pigment content of peanut and wheat leaves. Photosynthetica. 36: 335–360.
  • Shani, U., Dudley, L.M., 2001. Field studies of crop response to water and salt stress.Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 65: 1522–1528.
  • Shi–lai, Y., Lie, D., Shao–lan, H., Yong–qiang, Z., Sha–sha, M., 2010. A Spectrum based models for monitoring leaf potassium content of Citrus sinensis (L) cv. Jincheng Orange. Scientia Agricultura Sinica. http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL–ZNYK201004017.htm [25.01.2012].
  • Smart, D.R., Whiting, M.L., Stockert, C., 2007. Remote sensing of grape K deficiency symptoms using leaf level hyperspectral reflectance. Western Nutrient Management Conference. Vol. 7. Salt Lake City, UT.
  • Strachan, I.B., Pattey, E., Boisvert, J.B., 2002. Impact of nitrogen and environmental conditions on corn as detected by hyperspectral reflectance. Remote Sensing of Environment. 80 (2): 213–224.
  • Taban, S., Katkat, A.V., 2000. Effect of salt stress on growth and mineral elements concentrations in shoot and root of maize plant. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 6 (2): 119–122.
  • Tucker, C.J., 1980. Remote sensing of leaf water content in the near infrared. Remote Sensing of Environment. 10: 23–32.
  • Turhan, H., Genç, L., Bostancı, Y.B., Sümer, A., Kavdır, Y., Türkmen, O.S., Killi, D., 2006. Tuz stresinin ayçiçeği (Helianthus Annuus L.) üzerine etkilerinin yansıma teknikleri yardımıyla belirlenmesi. 1.Uzaktan Algılama–CBS Çalıştay ve Paneli. 27–29 Kasım. İTÜ. İstanbul.
  • Umar, S., 2006. Alleviating adverse effects of water stress on yield of sorghum, mustard and groundnut by potassium application. Pak. J. Bot. 38 (5): 1373–1380.
  • Yağmur, B., Kavak, S., Uğur, A., Bozokalfa, M.K., Eşiyok, D., 2003. Potasyum uygulamalarının savoy lahanasında (Brassica oleracea L. var. sabauda) verim ve kalite özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg. 40 (2):113–120.
  • Yağmur, M., Kaydan, D., Okut, N., 2006. Potasyum uygulamasının tuz stresindeki arpanın fotosentetik pigment içeriği, ozmotik potansiyel, K+/Na+ oranı ile bitki büyümesindeki etkileri. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 12 (2): 188–194.
  • Yakıt, S., Tuna, A.L., 2006. Tuz stresi altındaki mısır bitkisinde ( Zea Mays L. ) stres parametreleri üzerine Ca, Mg ve K’nın etkileri. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 19 (1): 59–67.
  • Yurtseven, E., Kesmez, G.D., Unlukara, A., 2005. The effects of water salinity and potassium levels on yield, fruit quality and water consumption of a native central anatolian tomato species (Lycopersicon esculantum). Agricultural Water Management. 78: 128–135.

Effects of Salt and Potassium Applications on Some Agronomic and Reflectance Characteristics along with Leaf Water Status of Maize

Year 2014, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 1 - 9, 01.06.2014

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the effects of potassium deficiency and different potassium levels applied under salt stress conditions on some agronomic features, biomass, leaf water indicators and spectral characteristics at early growth period of maize in vitro conditions in 2012. In this experiment, two different salinity (0.5 and 4.0 ds m-1) and four different potassium levels (14 kg da-1, 28 kg da-1, 56 kg da-1 84 kg da-1) were applied. Agronomic measurements (plant canopy width, plant height and trunk diameter), biomass (fresh and dry weight), leaf water indicators (relative water content (RWC), equivalent water thickness (EWT), leaf water content (LWC)) and some indices based on spectral measurements were also calculated. It was seen that plant canopy width, plant height and trunk diameter were not affected by salinity level which applied over the level of tolerance, if sufficient potassium levels are applied at early growth period of maize. The highest values of leaf water indicators were obtained at 0.5 ds m-1 salinity and 14 kg da-1 potassium rates.It was seen that leaf water content was decreased at higher salinity levels but it was increased again at higher potassium levels. On the other hand, biomass values showed a trend in contrast to water content. The difference between the treatments was found to be significant at PRI (photochemical reflectance index). Correlation analysis results showed that there was a meaningful relationship (0.58–0.75) between leaf water indicators and PRI

References

  • Anaç, D., Aksoy, U., Anaç, S., Hepaksoy, S., Can, Z., 1979. Potassium and leaf water relations under saline conditions, Sci. Reg. IPI satellite prog.
  • Arkimaa, H., Laitinen, J., Korhonen, R., Moisanen, M., Hirvasniemi, T., Kuosmanen, V., 2009. Spectral reflectance http://www.earsel.org/workshops/IS_Tel–Aviv_2009/PDF/earsel–PROCEEDINGS/3061%20Arkima. pdf [20.01.2014]. of sphagnum moss species in finnish mires.
  • Asch, F., Dingkuhn, M., Dörffling, K., Miezan, K., 2000. Leaf K/Na ratio predicts salinity induced yield loss in irrigated rice. Euphytica. 113: 109–118.
  • Ayers, R.S., Westcot, D.W., 1976. Water Quality for Agriculture . FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No, 29 (Rev 1), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  • Bar–Tal, A., Feigenbaum, S., Sparks, D.L., 1991. Potassium–salinity interactions in irrigated corn. Irrigation Science. 12: 27–35.
  • Beringer, H., Trolldenier, G., 1978. Influence of K nutrition on the response to environmental stresses. In: Potassium Research – Reviews and Trends”. International Potash Institute, Basel, Switzerland, pp. 189–222.
  • Bohra, J.S., Doerffling, K., 1993. K nutrition of rice (O. sativa L.) varieties under NaCl salinity. Plant and Soil. 152 (2): 299–303.
  • Bowman, W.D., 1989. The relationships between leaf waterstatus, gas exchange, and spectral reflectance in cotton leaves. Remote Sensing of Environment. 30: 249–255.
  • Camoglu, G., Kaya, U., Akkuzu, E., Genc, L., Gurbuz, M., Pamuk Mengu, G., Kızıl, U., 2013. Prediction of leaf water status using spectral indices at young olive trees. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 22 (9a): 2713–2720.
  • Erdal, İ., Türkmen, Ö., Yıldız, M., 2000. Tuz stresi altında yetiştirilen hıyar (Cucumis sativus L. ) fidelerinin gelişimi ve kimi besin maddeleri içeriğindeki değişimler üzerine potasyumlu gübrelemenin etkisi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 10 (1): 25–29.
  • Gamon, J.A., Penuelas, J., Field, C.B., 1992. A narrow–waveband spectral index that tracks diurnal changes in photosynthetic efficiency. Remote Sensing of Environment. 41: 35–44.
  • Gamon, J.A., Surfus, J.S., 1999, Assessing leaf pigment content and activity with a reflectometer. New Phytologist. 143: 105–117.
  • Garnier, E., Laurent, G., 1994. Leaf anatomy, specific mass and water content in congeneric annual and perennial grass species. New Phytologist. 128: 725–736.
  • Güneş, M., Aktaş, M., 2008. Su stresinde yetiştirilen genç mısır bitkisinde potasyum uygulamasının gelişme ve verim üzerine etkisi. HR. Ü. Z.F. Dergisi. 12 (2): 33–36.
  • Hofner, G.N., Krantz, B.A., 1951. Deficiency Symptoms of Corn and Small Grains. In: Hunger Signs in Crops. The American Society of Agronomy and the National Fertilizer Association, Washington, D.C
  • Jackson, R.D., Pinter Jr. P.J., Reginato, R.J., Idso, S.B., 1980. Hand–Held Radiometry, A Set of Notes Developed for Use at the Workshop on Hand–Held Radiometry, February 25–26, Phoenix, Ariz.
  • Kacar, B., Katkat, A.V., 2006. Bitki Besleme. Nobel Yayın No: 849. Fen ve Biyoloji Yayın Dizisi:29 ISBN 975–591–834–5. 2. Basım, 589 s. Ankara.
  • Kacar, B., Katkat, A.V., Öztürk, Ş., 2009. Bitki Fizyolojisi. Nobel Yayın No: 848, 556 s. Ankara.
  • Karakullukçu, E., Adak, M.S., 2008. Bazı nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) çeşitlerinin tuza toleranslarının belirlenmesi. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 14 (4): 313–319.
  • Kaya, C., Higgs, D., Kirnak, H., 2001. The effects of high salinity and supplementary phosphorus and potassium on physiology and nutrition development of spinach. Bulg. J. Plant Physiol. 27 (3–4): 47–59.
  • Kaya, C., Higgs, D., 2003. Supplementary potassium nitrate ımproves salt tolerance in bell pepper plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 26 (7): 1367–1382.
  • Kaya, C., Tuna, A.L., 2005. The role and ımportance of potassium in the plant grown under salt stress. Int. Potash Institute. Optimizing Crop Nutrition, Potassium in Soil, Plant and Agro Ecosystem. http://www.ipipotash.org/en/speech/index.php?o=270.
  • Ke, W., Zhangquan, S., Renchao, W., 1993. Study on the feasibility of estimating potassium content by rice spectral http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL–ZJNY1993S1017.htm [20.01.2014]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural University.
  • Krezhova, D., Iliev, I., Yanev, T., Kirova, E., 2009. Assessment of the effect of salinity on the early growth stage of soybean plants (Glycine max L.). 4th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies. 397–402. JUN 11–13, 2009. Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Larcher, W., 1995. Physiological Plant Ecology. 3rd Ed.P 1–506. Springer–Verlag, New York.
  • Leone, A.P., Mementi, M., Sorrentino, G., 2000. Reflectance spektrometry to study crop response to soil salinity. Ital. J. Agron. 4 (2): 75–85.
  • Malkoç, M., Aydın, A., 2003. Mısır (Zea Mays L.) ve fasulye (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.)’nin gelişimi ve bitki besin maddeleri içeriğine farklı tuz uygulamalarının etkisi. Atatürk Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg. 34 (3): 211–216.
  • Penuelas, J., Gamon, J.A., Fredeen, A.L., Merino, J., Field, C.B., 1994. Reflectance indices associated with physiological changes in nitrogen– and water–limited sunflower leaves. Remote Sens. Environ. 48 :135–146.
  • Penuelas, J., Baret, F., Filella, I., 1995. Semi–Empirical indices to assess carotenoids/chlorophyll a ratio from leaf spectral reflectance. Photosynthetica. 31: 221–230.
  • Penuelas, J., Pinol, J., Ogaya, R., Fiella, I., 1997. Estimation of plant water concentration by the reflectance water index WI (R900/R970). Int. J. of Remote Sensing. 18: 2869–2875.
  • Penuelas, J., Inoue, Y., 1999. Reflectance indices indicative of changes in water and pigment content of peanut and wheat leaves. Photosynthetica. 36: 335–360.
  • Shani, U., Dudley, L.M., 2001. Field studies of crop response to water and salt stress.Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 65: 1522–1528.
  • Shi–lai, Y., Lie, D., Shao–lan, H., Yong–qiang, Z., Sha–sha, M., 2010. A Spectrum based models for monitoring leaf potassium content of Citrus sinensis (L) cv. Jincheng Orange. Scientia Agricultura Sinica. http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL–ZNYK201004017.htm [25.01.2012].
  • Smart, D.R., Whiting, M.L., Stockert, C., 2007. Remote sensing of grape K deficiency symptoms using leaf level hyperspectral reflectance. Western Nutrient Management Conference. Vol. 7. Salt Lake City, UT.
  • Strachan, I.B., Pattey, E., Boisvert, J.B., 2002. Impact of nitrogen and environmental conditions on corn as detected by hyperspectral reflectance. Remote Sensing of Environment. 80 (2): 213–224.
  • Taban, S., Katkat, A.V., 2000. Effect of salt stress on growth and mineral elements concentrations in shoot and root of maize plant. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 6 (2): 119–122.
  • Tucker, C.J., 1980. Remote sensing of leaf water content in the near infrared. Remote Sensing of Environment. 10: 23–32.
  • Turhan, H., Genç, L., Bostancı, Y.B., Sümer, A., Kavdır, Y., Türkmen, O.S., Killi, D., 2006. Tuz stresinin ayçiçeği (Helianthus Annuus L.) üzerine etkilerinin yansıma teknikleri yardımıyla belirlenmesi. 1.Uzaktan Algılama–CBS Çalıştay ve Paneli. 27–29 Kasım. İTÜ. İstanbul.
  • Umar, S., 2006. Alleviating adverse effects of water stress on yield of sorghum, mustard and groundnut by potassium application. Pak. J. Bot. 38 (5): 1373–1380.
  • Yağmur, B., Kavak, S., Uğur, A., Bozokalfa, M.K., Eşiyok, D., 2003. Potasyum uygulamalarının savoy lahanasında (Brassica oleracea L. var. sabauda) verim ve kalite özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg. 40 (2):113–120.
  • Yağmur, M., Kaydan, D., Okut, N., 2006. Potasyum uygulamasının tuz stresindeki arpanın fotosentetik pigment içeriği, ozmotik potansiyel, K+/Na+ oranı ile bitki büyümesindeki etkileri. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 12 (2): 188–194.
  • Yakıt, S., Tuna, A.L., 2006. Tuz stresi altındaki mısır bitkisinde ( Zea Mays L. ) stres parametreleri üzerine Ca, Mg ve K’nın etkileri. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 19 (1): 59–67.
  • Yurtseven, E., Kesmez, G.D., Unlukara, A., 2005. The effects of water salinity and potassium levels on yield, fruit quality and water consumption of a native central anatolian tomato species (Lycopersicon esculantum). Agricultural Water Management. 78: 128–135.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA58HE35HV
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Kürşad Demirel This is me

Gökhan Çamoğlu This is me

Melis İnalpulat

Fatih Kahrıman This is me

Levent Genç This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Demirel, K., Çamoğlu, G., İnalpulat, M., Kahrıman, F., et al. (2014). Tuz ve Potasyum Uygulamalarının Mısırın Yaprak Su Durumu ile Bazı Agronomik ve Yansıma Özelliklerine Etkileri. ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 1-9.