Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton.’un Sera Koşullarında Farklı Fotoperiyot ve Gölgeleme Uygulamalarına Tepkisi

Year 2015, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 79 - 89, 01.12.2015

Arda Akçal

Abstract

Bu araştırma, Batı Anadolu‟da doğal yayılış gösteren Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton.‟da ışığın bitki gelişimi ile çiçeklenme özellikleri üzerine olan etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada bitkisel materyal olarak 10–12 cm çevre uzunluğuna sahip sıklamen yumruları kullanılmıştır. Ağustos ayında torf, kokopit ve perlit (3:1:1) karışımından oluşan yetiştirme ortamına yumrular dikilmiştir. Sera koşullarında yetiştirilen bitkiler üzerinde farklı fotoperiyot (Kısa Gün: 8 saat, Uzun Gün: 14, 16, 20 saat) ve gölgeleme (tam güneş ışığı, %20, %40, %60 ve %80) uygulamaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneme süresince; yaprak çıkış zamanı ve çiçeklenme, yaprak ve çiçek sayısı, petiyol ve pedisel uzunluğu, yaprak alanı, bitki boyu; yaprakta stoma iletkenliği, klorofil içeriği, yaş ve kuru biyokütle parametrelerine bakılmış, sera içerisindeki iklimsel veriler kaydedilmiştir. Çalışma sonunda ışığın süresi ve şiddeti bakımından değerlendirmeye alınan bitki gelişim parametrelerine göre, 16 saat fotoperiyot ile %40 gölgeleme uygulamaları altında yetiştirilen bitkilerin uniform bir gelişme gösterdiği ve süs bitkisi olarak daha kompakt bir hale geldiği belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, fotoperiyot uygulamalarının petiyol, pedisel ve bitki boyu ile yaprak yaş ve kuru biyokütlesi üzerinde; gölgeleme uygulamalarının ise yaprak çıkış zamanı üzerindeki etkisi önemli bulunmamıştır

Keywords

Cyclamen hederifolium aiton., Süs bitkisi, Fotoperiyot, Işık şiddeti, Bitki gelişimi

The Response of Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton. to Different Photoperiod and Shade Treatments Under Greenhouse Conditions

Abstract

This research was carried out to determine the effects of light on flowering and plant development of Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton., spreads out naturally in West Anatolia. In this study, cyclamen bulbs with 10–12 cm cicumference, were used as a plant material. Bulbs were planted in peatmoss, cocopeat and perlite (3:1:1) mixture as a substrate in August. Different photoperiod (Short Day: 8 h, Long Day:14 h,16 h, 20 h) and shade (full sun light, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%) treatments were applied on plants, grown under greenhouse conditions. During the experiment, time of leaf emergence and days to flowering, leaf and flower number, petiole and peduncle length, leaf area, plant height, leaf stoma conductance, chlorophyll content, fresh and dry biomass parameters were investigated, climatic datas were also recorded in the greenhouse. At the end of the study, when some developing parameters were considered for light duration and intensity; we concluded that, uniform plant development was obtained by under 16 h photoperiod and 40% shade, were also more compact as an ornamental plant. However, photoperiod treatments had no significant effect on petiole and peduncle length, plant height with leaf fresh and dry biomass; also shade treatments had any significant effect on time of leaf emergence

Keywords

Cyclamen hederifolium aiton., Ornamental plant, Photoperiod, Light intensity, Plant development

References

• Altay, H., Müftüoglu, N.M., 2004. The effects of varying applicatons of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium on the size of cyclamen hederifolium corms grown in peat medium. International Soil Congress (ISC) on “Natural Resource Management for Sustainable Development” June 7–10 2004 Erzurum, Turkey.
• Ball, V., 1991. Ball Redbook. Geo.J. Ball Inc Plublishing. Chicago.
• Boztok, Ş., 2002. Siklamen (Cyclamen persicum)‟de çiçeklenme üzerine giberelik asitin etkisi. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg. 39 (3): 1–8.
• Cheon, I.H., Oh, W., Park, J.H., Kim, K.S., 2006. Long day and high photosynthetic photon flux promote the growth and flowering of Cyclamen persicum. Hort. Environ. Biotechnol. 47: 353– 358.
• Çalış, G., Yürüker, A., Şatana, M.E., Tanker, N., Alaçam, R., Demirdamar, R., Sticher, O., 1996. C. coum ve C. mirabile‟den elde edilen saponozitler ve antimikrobiyal, uterokontraktif etkileri, XI. Bitkisel İlaç Hammaddeleri Toplantısı, A.Ü. Eczacılık Fakültesi, 22–24 Mayıs, s: 2641, Ankara
• Çam, S., 2004. Doğal Çiçek Soğanlarının (Anemon blanda, Eranthis hyemalis, Galanthus elwesii, Muscari muscarimi) büyüme ve gelişme fizyolojisi üzerine bir araştırma, E.Ü Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi. 87 s.
• Davis, P.H., 1978. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh University Press. p.133–134.
• Erwin, J., 1999. Keys to cyclamen production, Minnesota Comercial Flower Growers Association Bulletin. p 3.
• Erwin, J., Mattson, N., Warner, R., 2004. Light effects on annual bedding plants, p. 62–71. In: Fisher, P. and E. Runkle (eds.). Lighting Up ProŞts. Meister Media Worldwide, Willoughby, OH.
• Evans, G.C., 1972. The quantitative analysis of plant growth. Williams Colowes and Sons Ltd.,Blackwell ScientiŞc. Oxford, UK.
• Gerritsen, H.A., 1997. Cyclamen. Ball Red Book. Geo J. Ball Publishing. 16th. Edition: 439–443. Illinois. USA.
• Grey–Wilson, C., 1988. The genus cyclamen. A Kew Magazine Monograph, Christopher Helm, London and Timber Press. Oregon.
• Grey–Wilson, C., 2002. sprenger‟s alpine cyclamen. Plantsman 1: 173–177.
• Grey–Wilson, C., 2003. Cyclamen. A Guide for Gardeners, Horticulturists and Botanists, New Edition. Batsford, London.
• Gökçeoğlu, M., Sukatar, A., 1985. Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton.‟un yumru büyümesi üzerine araştırmalar. Doğa Bilim Dergisi. Cilt 9. Sayı: 2.
• Heo, J.W., Lee, C.W., Murthy, H.N., Paek, K.Y., 2003. Influence of light quality and photoperiod on flowering of Cyclamen persicum mill. cv. 'Dixie White'. Plantgrowth–regul. 40 : 7–10.
• Holcomb, E.J., 2005. Photosynthetic response curves for chrysanthemum grown at different PPF levels. HortScience. 23 (4): 206–208.
• Jones, H., 1992. Plants and Microclimate. A Quantitative Approach to Environment Plant Physiology (second ed.), Cambridge University Press, Great Britain. 264–276.
• Karlsson, M., 2001. Recent findings may make you rethink cyclamen. In: Bedding Plants, Greenhouse Product News. 11 (3): 22–24.
• Karlsson, M., Werner, J., 2001. Temperature affects leaf unfolding rate and flowering of cyclamen. HortScience. 36: 292–294.
• Kaynaş, K., Akçal, A., 2006. Çanakkale koşullarında saksı bitkisi olarak yetiştirilen Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton.‟da farklı işıklanma sürelerinin bitki gelişimi ve çiçeklenmesi üzerine olan etkileri. III. Ulusal Süs Bitkileri Kongresi. 8–10 Kasım 2006, İzmir.
• Keller, P., Lüttge, U., 2005. Photosynthetic light–use by three bromeliads originating from shaded sites (Ananas ananassoides, Ananas comosus cv. Panare) and exposed sites (Pitcairnia pruinosa) in The Medium Orinoco Basin, Venezuela. Biol. Plant. 49: 73–79.
• Konoplyova, A., Petropoulou, Y., Yiotis, C., Psaras, G.K., Manetas, Y., 2008. The Fine structure and photosynthetic cost of structural leaf variegation. Elsevier, Flora. 203:.653–662.
• Koike, Y., 2013. Effects of irradiance level on the growth and photosynthesis of salvia. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development. 4 (5): 479–482.
• Korkut, A., İnan, H., 1995. Saksılı Süs Bitkileri. Hasad Yayımcılık, Kadıköy 81302, İstanbul.
• Kuehny, J.S., Sarmiento, M., Paz, P.M., Branch, P.C., 2005. Effect of light intensity, photoperiod and plant growth retardants on production of zingiberacea as pot plants. proc. V th IS on New Flor. Crops Eds.: A.F.C. Tombolato and G.M. Dias–Tagliacozzo Acta Hort. 683.
• Le Nard, M., De Hertogh, A.A., 2000. Research Need for Flower Bulbs (geophytes). Acta Hort. 570: 121 –127.
• Mascarini, L., Mascarini, A., Goldberg, M., Landini, A., Orden, S., Viella, F., 2001. Effect of greenhouse shading materials on the foiar area and flowering of two Cyclamen persicum hybrids. Proc. 5th IS Protect.Cult. Mild Winter Clim. Eds. Fernández, Martínez & Castilla Acta Hort. 559
• Mathew, B., Özhatay, N., 2001. Türkiye‟nin Siklamenleri, Türkiye‟de Doğal Olarak Yetişen Siklamen Türlerinin Tanıtım Rehberi, Doğal Hayatı Koruma Derneği. İstanbul. s. 32.
• Müftüoğlu, N.M., Altay, H., Türkmen, C., 2006. Kazdağlarında tanınması ve korunması gereken bir değer Cyclamen hederifolium. II. Ulusal Kazdağları Sempozyumu. 89–97. 22–24 Haziran, Çanakkale.
• Nishizawa, T., Ito, A., Shishido, Y., 1999. Effects of light intervals on flower–bud formation, leaf growth, and chlorophyll and carbohydrate concentrations in "Nyoho" Strawberry runner plants during storage under cool conditions. Environment Control in Biology. 37 (1): 43–48.
• Nobel, S., 1976. Water relations and photosynthesis of a desert CAM plant agave deserti, Plant Physiol. 58: 576–582.
• Oh, W., Rhie, Y.H., Park, J.H., Runkle, E.S., Kim, K.S., 2008. Flowering of cyclamen is accelerated by an ıncrease in temperature, photoperiod and daily light ıntegral. j. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol. 83: 559–562.
• Oh., W., Cheon, I.H., Kim, K.S., Runkle, E., 2009. Photosynthetic daily light integral influences flowering time and crop characteristics of Cyclamen persicum. HortScience. 44: 341–344.
• Öztürk, A., Demirsoy, L., 2004. Değişik gölgeleme uygulamalarinin camarosa çilek çeşidinde verim ve büyüme üzerine etkileri. Bahçe Dergisi. 33 (1–2): 39–49.
• Pramuk, L.A., Runkle, E.S., 2005. Photosynthetic Daily light integral during the seedling stage influences subsequent growth and flowering of celosia, impatiens, salvia, tagetes, and viola. HortScience 40: 1336–1339.
• Reich, P.B., Tjoelker, M.G., Walters, M.B., Vanderkle, D.W., Buschena, C., 1998. Close association of RGR, leaf and root morphology, seed mass and shade tolerance in seedlings of nine boreal tree species grown in high and low light. Functional Ecology. 12: 327–338.
• Ren, W.J., Yang, W.Y., Xu, J.W., Fan, G.Q., Wang, L.Y., Guan, H., 2002. Impact of low–light stress on leaf characters in rice after the early heading stage of the plants. J. of Sichuan Agri. Univ. 20: 205–278.
• Rhie, Y.H., Oh, W., Park, J.H., Chun, C., Kim, K.S., 2006. Flowering response of „metis purple‟ cyclamen to temperature and photoperiod according to growth stages. Hort. Environ. Biotechnol. 47: 198–202.
• SAS, 1999. Institute Inc. SAS/Stat user‟s Guide Realease 6.12 Edition, Carry, NC (USA): SAS Institute Inc.
• Smith, H., 1982. Light quality, photoreception, and plant strategy. – Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 33: 481–518.
• Speroni, E., Cervellati, R., Costa, S., Acqua, S.D., Guerra, M.C., Panizzolo, C., Utan, A., Innocenti, G., 2007. analgesic and antiinflammatory activity of cyclamen repandum S. et S. Phytoteraphy Research. 21: 684 –689.
• Suh, J.K., Lee, A.K., Kim, J.H., 2003. Effect of bulb pretreatment, growing media, temperature, light and plant growth regulator on growth and flowering of Oxalis braziliensis. V. International Symposium on New Floricultural Crops. 683: 337–344
• Takamura, T., 2006. Cyclamen In: Anderson, N.O. (Ed.), Flower Breeding and Genetics. Springer, Berlin. pp. 459–478.
• Thomas, B., Vince–Prue, D., 1997. Photoperiodism in Plants. Academic Press. London.
• Vince–Prue, D., 1983. Photomorphogenesis and flowering. In encyclopedia of plant physiology. New Series. Springer–Baerlag, Berlin. 16: 457–490.
• Villegas, E., Perez, M., Lao, M.T., 2006. Influence of lighting levels by shading cloths on Cyclamen persicum quality. Proc. Vth IS on Artificial Lighting Ed. R. Moe Acta Hort. 711
• Wherley, B.G., Gardner, D.S., Metzger, J.D., 2005. Tall Fescue photomorphogenesis as influenced by changes in spectral composition and light intensity. Crop Science. (45): 562–568.
• White, J.W., Warrington, I.J., 1984. Effects of split–night temperatures, light, and chlormequat on growth and carbohydrate status of pelargonium ×hortorum. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 109: 458–463.
• Widmer, R.E., Lyons, R.E., 1985. Cyclamen persicum. In: A.H. Halevy (ed.). Handbook of Flowering, Vol. II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. 382–390.
• Yıldırım, M., Akçal, A., Kaynaş, K., 2009. The response of cyclamen hederifolium to water stress induced by different irrigation levels. African Journal of Biotechnology. 8 (6): 1069–1073.
• Zencirkıran, M., 2002. Geofitler, Uludağ Rotary Derneği Yayınları, No: 1. Bursa, 105 s.