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Eğimli Bir Kiraz Bahçesinde Toprak Erozyonu ve Kiraz Köklerinin Anatomik Yapısı

Year 2017, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 69 - 77, 01.08.2017

Abstract

            Çanakkale’ nin Lapseki
İlçesi, sahip olduğu coğrafya ve iklim koşulları nedeniyle Türkiye’nin önemli
kiraz üretim merkezlerinden birisidir. Eğimli alanlarda kurulan kiraz bahçelerinde
toprak erozyonu sürdürülebilir arazi yönetimini etkilemektedir. Böyle bir
özelliğe sahip bahçedeki toprak kaybı ağaçların etrafında oluşan tümseklerin
yüksekliği ölçülerek belirlenmiştir. Bu metodla saptanan toprak kaybı yılda
2.14 ton/ha bulunmuştur. Ayrıca kiraz ağacı köklerinde yıllık halkalarda
görülen eksantrik yapının sonucu olarak, ksileme ait trakelerde önemli
farklılaşmaya neden olmaktadır. Özellikle yıllık halkalar daralırken, bitkide
erozyona tepki olarak trake çaplarında belirgin bir artış gözlenmiştir.
Yaklaşımımız meyve bahçelerinde toprak erozyon sürecinin ve büyüklüğünün
anlaşılmasına yeni bir bakış açısı sağlamanın yanısıra, bitkide verim kaybına
neden olan anatomik farklılaşmayı ortaya koymaktadır. 

References

  • Anonymous, 2016. http://www.faostat.fao.org/ [Erisim tarihi: 24 Aralık 2016].
  • Ballesteros-Canovas, J.A., Corona, C., Stoffel, M., Lucia-Vela, A., Bodoque, J.M., 2015. Combining terrestrial laser scanning and root exposure to estimate erosion rates. Plant Soil 394:127–137.
  • Blake, G.R., Hartge, K.H. 1986. Bulk density. In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. 363-375. Agronomy 9. Am. Soc. of Agron., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Bochet, E., Poesen, J., Rubio, J.L., 2000. Mound development as an interaction of individual plants with soil, water erosion and sedimentation processes on slopes. Earth Surf. Proc. Land. 25: 847-867.
  • Bodoque, J.M., Lucía, A., Ballesteros, J.A., Martín-Duque, J.F., Rubiales, J.M., Genova, M., 2011. Measuring medium-term sheet erosion in gullies from trees: A case study using dendrogeomorphological analysis of exposed pine roots in central Iberia. Geomorphology 134: 417 – 425.
  • Browicz, K., 1972. Laurocerasus Duhamel. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. (Ed. Davis, P.H.) 4: 6-8. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh, UK.
  • Buis, E., Temme, A.J.A.M., Veldkamp, A., Boeken, B., Jongmans, A.G., van Breemen, N., Schoorl, J.M., 2010. Shrub mound formation and stability on semi-arid slopes in the Northern Negev Desert of Israel: A field and simulation study. Geoderma 156: 363–371.
  • Carrara, P. E., Carroll, T. R., 1979. The determination of erosion rates from exposed tree roots in the Piceance Basin Colorado. Earth Surf. Proc. 4: 307-317.
  • Doğan, O., Denli, Ö., 1999. Türkiye’nin Yağış–Kuraklık–Erozyon İndisleri ve Kurak Dönemleri. T.C. Başbakanlık Köy Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü Ankara Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Genel Yayın No: 215 Teknik Yayın No: 60. 209 s. Ankara.
  • Ekinci, H., Yiğini, Y., 2007. Lapseki İlçesi arazi kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir tarım bakımından değerlendirilmesi. Lapseki Sempozyumu, 16–21, 23–24 Haziran, Çanakkale.
  • Erpul, G., Deviren Saygın, S., 2012. Ülkemizde toprak erozyonu sorunu üzerine: Ne yapmalı? Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi 1(1): 26-32.
  • Gee, G.W., Or, D., 2002. Particle-size analysis. In: Dane, J.H., Topp, G.C. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 4. Physical Methods. 255-293. SSSA Book Series 5. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Keesstra, S., Pereira, P., Novara, A., Brevik, E.C., Azorin-Molina, C., Parras-Alcantara, L.P., Jordan, A., Cerda, A., 2016. Effects of soil management techniques on soil water erosion in apricot orchards. Sci. Tot. Environ. 551–552: 357–366.
  • Kosmas, C., Danalatos, N.G., Gerontidis, St., 2000. The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under Mediterranean conditions. Catena 40: 3-17.
  • Koutalakis, P., Zaimes, G.N., Iakovoglou, V., Ioannou, K., 2015. Reviewing soil erosion in Greece. Int. J. Environ. Chem. Ecol. Geog. Geophy. Eng. 9(8): 898-903.
  • Kraushaar, S., Herrmann, N., Ollesch, G., Vogel, H.J., Siebert, C., 2014. Mound measurements-quantifying medium-term soil erosion under olive trees in Northern Jordan. Geomorphology 213: 1–12.
  • Loeppert, R.H., Suarez, D.L., 1996. Carbonate and gypsum. In: Sparks, D.L. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods. 437-474. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Malik, I., 2008. Dating of small gully formation and establishing erosion rates in old gullies under forest by means of anatomical changes in exposed tree roots (Southern Poland). Geomorphology 93: 421-436.
  • Nelson, R.E., Sommers, L.E., 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In: Page, A. L., Miller, R. H., and Keeney, D. R. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Agronomy 9: 539–580. Am. Soc. of Agron., Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Nimmo, J.R., Perkins, K.S., 2002. Aggregate stability and size distribution. In: Dane, J.H., Topp, G.C. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 4, Physical Methods: 317–328. SSSA Book Series 5. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Özden, A., Öncü, E., 2016. Kiraz üretim işletmelerinde etkinlik analizleri: Çanakkale İli Lapseki İlçesi örneği. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 53(2): 213-221.
  • Parlak, M., 2012. Determination of soil erosion over different land uses by mini rainfall simulator. J. Food Agri. Environ. 10 (3&4 ): 929-933.
  • Parlak, M., 2014. Çanakkale–Lapseki’de farklı arazi kullanım şekillerinin sıçrama erozyonuna etkileri. ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 2(2): 67–72.
  • Perez-Rodriguez, R., Marques, M.J., Bienes, R., 2007. Use of dendrochronological method in Pinus halepensis to estimate the soil erosion in the South East of Madrid (Spain). Sci. Tot. Environ. 378: 156 – 160.
  • Pimentel, D., 2006. Soil erosion: A food and environmental threat. Dev. Sustainability 8: 119–137.
  • Pimentel, D., Harvey, C., Resosudarmo, P., Sinclair, K., Kurz, D., Mc Nair, M., Crist, S., Sphpritz, L., Fitton, L., Saffouri, R., Blair, R., 1995. Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits. Sci. 267: 1117–1123.
  • Schertz, D.L., Nearing, M.A., 2005. Erosion tolerance/soil loss tolerances. In: Lal, R. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Soil Science. 640-642. CRC Press.
  • Stoffel M., Corona, C., Ballesteros-Canovas, J.A., Bodoque, J.M., 2013. Dating and quantification of erosion processes based on exposed roots. Earth-Sci. Rev. 123: 18-34.
  • Vandekerckhove, L., Muys, B., Poesen, J., De Weerdt, B., Coppe, N., 2001. A method for dendrochronological assessment of medium-term gully erosion rates. Catena 45: 123–161.
  • Vanwalleghem, T., Amateb, J.I., Molinab, M.G., Fernández, D.S., Gomeza, J.A., 2011. Quantifying the effect of historical soil management on soil erosion rates in Mediterranean olive orchards. Agri. Ecol. Environ. 142: 341– 351.
  • Vanwalleghem, T., Laguna, A., Giraldez, J.V., Jimenez-Hornero, F.J., 2010. Applying a simple methodology to assess historical soil erosion in olive orchards. Geomorphology 114: 294–302.
  • Verheijen, F.G.A., Jones, R.J.A., Rickson, R.J., Smith, C.J., 2009. Tolerable versus actual soil erosion rates in Europe. Earth-Sci. Rev. 94: 23–38.
  • Yiğitbaş, E., Mirici, A., Gönlügür, U., Bakar, C., Tunç, İ.O., Şengün, F., Işıkoğlu, Ö., 2015. Dumanlı Köyü’ nde (Çanakkale- Türkiye) asbest maruziyetinin tıbbi jeoloji açısından değerlendirilmesi: Disiplinler arası bir çalışma. MTA Dergisi 151: 251-262.

Soil Erosion in Steep Sweet Cherry Orchard and Anatomical Structure of Sweet Cherry Roots

Year 2017, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 69 - 77, 01.08.2017

Abstract

Lapseki town of Canakkale with available
geographical and climate conditions is a significant sweet cherry production
center of Turkey.  Sweet cherry orchards
are commonly established over steep terrains and soil erosion over these
terrains greatly influences sustainable land management. Soil loss from such an
orchard was determined through measuring the height of mounds around the tress.
The total annual soil loss was calculated as 2.14 ton/ha/year. The eccentric
structure observed in annual rings of sweet cherry tree roots resulted in
significant differentiations in trachea of xylems. Especially with narrowing
annual rings, remarkable increases were observed in trachea diameters as a
response to erosion. Current approach provided a new perspective for
understanding erosion process and size and put forth yield-reducing anatomical
differentiations in plants. 

References

  • Anonymous, 2016. http://www.faostat.fao.org/ [Erisim tarihi: 24 Aralık 2016].
  • Ballesteros-Canovas, J.A., Corona, C., Stoffel, M., Lucia-Vela, A., Bodoque, J.M., 2015. Combining terrestrial laser scanning and root exposure to estimate erosion rates. Plant Soil 394:127–137.
  • Blake, G.R., Hartge, K.H. 1986. Bulk density. In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. 363-375. Agronomy 9. Am. Soc. of Agron., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Bochet, E., Poesen, J., Rubio, J.L., 2000. Mound development as an interaction of individual plants with soil, water erosion and sedimentation processes on slopes. Earth Surf. Proc. Land. 25: 847-867.
  • Bodoque, J.M., Lucía, A., Ballesteros, J.A., Martín-Duque, J.F., Rubiales, J.M., Genova, M., 2011. Measuring medium-term sheet erosion in gullies from trees: A case study using dendrogeomorphological analysis of exposed pine roots in central Iberia. Geomorphology 134: 417 – 425.
  • Browicz, K., 1972. Laurocerasus Duhamel. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. (Ed. Davis, P.H.) 4: 6-8. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh, UK.
  • Buis, E., Temme, A.J.A.M., Veldkamp, A., Boeken, B., Jongmans, A.G., van Breemen, N., Schoorl, J.M., 2010. Shrub mound formation and stability on semi-arid slopes in the Northern Negev Desert of Israel: A field and simulation study. Geoderma 156: 363–371.
  • Carrara, P. E., Carroll, T. R., 1979. The determination of erosion rates from exposed tree roots in the Piceance Basin Colorado. Earth Surf. Proc. 4: 307-317.
  • Doğan, O., Denli, Ö., 1999. Türkiye’nin Yağış–Kuraklık–Erozyon İndisleri ve Kurak Dönemleri. T.C. Başbakanlık Köy Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü Ankara Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Genel Yayın No: 215 Teknik Yayın No: 60. 209 s. Ankara.
  • Ekinci, H., Yiğini, Y., 2007. Lapseki İlçesi arazi kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir tarım bakımından değerlendirilmesi. Lapseki Sempozyumu, 16–21, 23–24 Haziran, Çanakkale.
  • Erpul, G., Deviren Saygın, S., 2012. Ülkemizde toprak erozyonu sorunu üzerine: Ne yapmalı? Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi 1(1): 26-32.
  • Gee, G.W., Or, D., 2002. Particle-size analysis. In: Dane, J.H., Topp, G.C. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 4. Physical Methods. 255-293. SSSA Book Series 5. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Keesstra, S., Pereira, P., Novara, A., Brevik, E.C., Azorin-Molina, C., Parras-Alcantara, L.P., Jordan, A., Cerda, A., 2016. Effects of soil management techniques on soil water erosion in apricot orchards. Sci. Tot. Environ. 551–552: 357–366.
  • Kosmas, C., Danalatos, N.G., Gerontidis, St., 2000. The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under Mediterranean conditions. Catena 40: 3-17.
  • Koutalakis, P., Zaimes, G.N., Iakovoglou, V., Ioannou, K., 2015. Reviewing soil erosion in Greece. Int. J. Environ. Chem. Ecol. Geog. Geophy. Eng. 9(8): 898-903.
  • Kraushaar, S., Herrmann, N., Ollesch, G., Vogel, H.J., Siebert, C., 2014. Mound measurements-quantifying medium-term soil erosion under olive trees in Northern Jordan. Geomorphology 213: 1–12.
  • Loeppert, R.H., Suarez, D.L., 1996. Carbonate and gypsum. In: Sparks, D.L. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods. 437-474. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Malik, I., 2008. Dating of small gully formation and establishing erosion rates in old gullies under forest by means of anatomical changes in exposed tree roots (Southern Poland). Geomorphology 93: 421-436.
  • Nelson, R.E., Sommers, L.E., 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In: Page, A. L., Miller, R. H., and Keeney, D. R. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Agronomy 9: 539–580. Am. Soc. of Agron., Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Nimmo, J.R., Perkins, K.S., 2002. Aggregate stability and size distribution. In: Dane, J.H., Topp, G.C. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 4, Physical Methods: 317–328. SSSA Book Series 5. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Özden, A., Öncü, E., 2016. Kiraz üretim işletmelerinde etkinlik analizleri: Çanakkale İli Lapseki İlçesi örneği. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 53(2): 213-221.
  • Parlak, M., 2012. Determination of soil erosion over different land uses by mini rainfall simulator. J. Food Agri. Environ. 10 (3&4 ): 929-933.
  • Parlak, M., 2014. Çanakkale–Lapseki’de farklı arazi kullanım şekillerinin sıçrama erozyonuna etkileri. ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 2(2): 67–72.
  • Perez-Rodriguez, R., Marques, M.J., Bienes, R., 2007. Use of dendrochronological method in Pinus halepensis to estimate the soil erosion in the South East of Madrid (Spain). Sci. Tot. Environ. 378: 156 – 160.
  • Pimentel, D., 2006. Soil erosion: A food and environmental threat. Dev. Sustainability 8: 119–137.
  • Pimentel, D., Harvey, C., Resosudarmo, P., Sinclair, K., Kurz, D., Mc Nair, M., Crist, S., Sphpritz, L., Fitton, L., Saffouri, R., Blair, R., 1995. Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits. Sci. 267: 1117–1123.
  • Schertz, D.L., Nearing, M.A., 2005. Erosion tolerance/soil loss tolerances. In: Lal, R. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Soil Science. 640-642. CRC Press.
  • Stoffel M., Corona, C., Ballesteros-Canovas, J.A., Bodoque, J.M., 2013. Dating and quantification of erosion processes based on exposed roots. Earth-Sci. Rev. 123: 18-34.
  • Vandekerckhove, L., Muys, B., Poesen, J., De Weerdt, B., Coppe, N., 2001. A method for dendrochronological assessment of medium-term gully erosion rates. Catena 45: 123–161.
  • Vanwalleghem, T., Amateb, J.I., Molinab, M.G., Fernández, D.S., Gomeza, J.A., 2011. Quantifying the effect of historical soil management on soil erosion rates in Mediterranean olive orchards. Agri. Ecol. Environ. 142: 341– 351.
  • Vanwalleghem, T., Laguna, A., Giraldez, J.V., Jimenez-Hornero, F.J., 2010. Applying a simple methodology to assess historical soil erosion in olive orchards. Geomorphology 114: 294–302.
  • Verheijen, F.G.A., Jones, R.J.A., Rickson, R.J., Smith, C.J., 2009. Tolerable versus actual soil erosion rates in Europe. Earth-Sci. Rev. 94: 23–38.
  • Yiğitbaş, E., Mirici, A., Gönlügür, U., Bakar, C., Tunç, İ.O., Şengün, F., Işıkoğlu, Ö., 2015. Dumanlı Köyü’ nde (Çanakkale- Türkiye) asbest maruziyetinin tıbbi jeoloji açısından değerlendirilmesi: Disiplinler arası bir çalışma. MTA Dergisi 151: 251-262.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Agricultural Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehmet Parlak

İsmail Taş

Şamil Koyuncu

Engin Gür

İsmet Uysal

Publication Date August 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Parlak, M., Taş, İ., Koyuncu, Ş., Gür, E., et al. (2017). Eğimli Bir Kiraz Bahçesinde Toprak Erozyonu ve Kiraz Köklerinin Anatomik Yapısı. ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 69-77.