Research Article

Human Resources Strategies in Professional Soccer Clubs: An Empirical Analysis of the “Build vs Buy” Paradox in the Super League

Volume: 9 Number: 2026 October 19, 2026
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Human Resources Strategies in Professional Soccer Clubs: An Empirical Analysis of the “Build vs Buy” Paradox in the Super League

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to examine, within an empirical framework specific to the Turkish Super League, the “player development” (Build) and “transferring ready-made players” (Buy) approaches, which constitute a fundamental strategic dilemma in the management of professional soccer clubs. Seeking to fill a gap in the sports management literature, this research aims to analyse the cost-effectiveness balance of academy investments and transfer policies.

Method: The study used a 10-year InStat dataset covering 2013 to 2023. For the analysis, a total of 3,195 player-season observations were categorised into three main groups: Domestic Academy, Foreign Transfers, and Domestic Free Agents. Comparisons between the groups were evaluated using statistical methods, including average performance scores, career continuity, in-league development curves, and positional breakdowns.

Results: The results indicate that Domestic Academy players do not exhibit a statistically significant difference in performance level compared to foreign transfers (p>0.05), but they are approximately 67% more sustainable in terms of career length. It was determined that academy products outperformed transfer players in league-year development curves starting from the third year, and that they achieved the highest efficiency values, particularly in the centre-back position. Regression analysis results confirm that, when controlling for age and position variables, academy-trained players possess a contribution capacity nearly equivalent to that of foreign transfers.

Conclusion: Within the framework of the Resource-Based View and Human Capital Theory, this study demonstrates that an academy-focused “development” strategy is a rational choice for clubs in terms of long-term sustainability and sporting success. Accordingly, it is recommended that club management develop position-specific transfer policies, optimise contract planning based on empirical data, and that the Turkish Football Federation (TFF) support its academy licensing policies with this data.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

This study is a quantitative analysis based entirely on secondary data and publicly available performance statistics (player minutes, positions, league data, etc.), conducted using the InStat performance database covering the years 2013–2023. The research process does not involve any human participants (surveys, interviews, experiments, etc.), does not interfere with individuals’ personal data, and does not involve any ethically sensitive or protected subjects. In this context, since our study does not involve “human experimentation or research” and the data is anonymised and derived from secondary data sets (data mining), it does not require approval from an ethics committee in accordance with relevant legislation and university/institutional ethics committee guidelines.

References

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  6. Chelladurai, P. (2014). Managing Organizations for Sport and Physical Activity: A Systems Perspective (4th ed.). Routledge.
  7. Cushion, C. J. ve Jones, R. L. (2012). A Bourdieusian analysis of cultural reproduction: socialisation and the ‘hidden curriculum’ in professional football. Sport, Education and Society, 19(3), 276–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2012.666966 .
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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Sports Activity Management

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

October 19, 2026

Submission Date

July 3, 2026

Acceptance Date

October 11, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 9 Number: 2026

APA
Özman, C., Karaman, T., & Özsoy, D. (2026). Human Resources Strategies in Professional Soccer Clubs: An Empirical Analysis of the “Build vs Buy” Paradox in the Super League. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(2026), 1047-1062. https://izlik.org/JA83NE97BS
AMA
1.Özman C, Karaman T, Özsoy D. Human Resources Strategies in Professional Soccer Clubs: An Empirical Analysis of the “Build vs Buy” Paradox in the Super League. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;9(2026):1047-1062. https://izlik.org/JA83NE97BS
Chicago
Özman, Cemal, Taner Karaman, and Damla Özsoy. 2026. “Human Resources Strategies in Professional Soccer Clubs: An Empirical Analysis of the ‘Build Vs Buy’ Paradox in the Super League”. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 9 (2026): 1047-62. https://izlik.org/JA83NE97BS.
EndNote
Özman C, Karaman T, Özsoy D (October 1, 2026) Human Resources Strategies in Professional Soccer Clubs: An Empirical Analysis of the “Build vs Buy” Paradox in the Super League. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 9 2026 1047–1062.
IEEE
[1]C. Özman, T. Karaman, and D. Özsoy, “Human Resources Strategies in Professional Soccer Clubs: An Empirical Analysis of the ‘Build vs Buy’ Paradox in the Super League”, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 2026, pp. 1047–1062, Oct. 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA83NE97BS
ISNAD
Özman, Cemal - Karaman, Taner - Özsoy, Damla. “Human Resources Strategies in Professional Soccer Clubs: An Empirical Analysis of the ‘Build Vs Buy’ Paradox in the Super League”. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 9/2026 (October 1, 2026): 1047-1062. https://izlik.org/JA83NE97BS.
JAMA
1.Özman C, Karaman T, Özsoy D. Human Resources Strategies in Professional Soccer Clubs: An Empirical Analysis of the “Build vs Buy” Paradox in the Super League. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;9:1047–1062.
MLA
Özman, Cemal, et al. “Human Resources Strategies in Professional Soccer Clubs: An Empirical Analysis of the ‘Build Vs Buy’ Paradox in the Super League”. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 2026, Oct. 2026, pp. 1047-62, https://izlik.org/JA83NE97BS.
Vancouver
1.Cemal Özman, Taner Karaman, Damla Özsoy. Human Resources Strategies in Professional Soccer Clubs: An Empirical Analysis of the “Build vs Buy” Paradox in the Super League. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi [Internet]. 2026 Oct. 1;9(2026):1047-62. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA83NE97BS

For the articles to be published in 2026 in the ÇOMÜ Journal of Sports Sciences, an international, peer-reviewed journal covering studies in the field of Sports Sciences, original research and review articles written in English within the scope of the journal will be accepted.

In this context, manuscripts for the 2026 publication period may be submitted until the end of October 2026.

Kind regards,

Editor
Prof. Dr. Hürmüz KOÇ