Human Resources Strategies in Professional Soccer Clubs: An Empirical Analysis of the “Build vs Buy” Paradox in the Super League
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to examine, within an empirical framework specific to the Turkish Super League, the “player development” (Build) and “transferring ready-made players” (Buy) approaches, which constitute a fundamental strategic dilemma in the management of professional soccer clubs. Seeking to fill a gap in the sports management literature, this research aims to analyse the cost-effectiveness balance of academy investments and transfer policies.
Method: The study used a 10-year InStat dataset covering 2013 to 2023. For the analysis, a total of 3,195 player-season observations were categorised into three main groups: Domestic Academy, Foreign Transfers, and Domestic Free Agents. Comparisons between the groups were evaluated using statistical methods, including average performance scores, career continuity, in-league development curves, and positional breakdowns.
Results: The results indicate that Domestic Academy players do not exhibit a statistically significant difference in performance level compared to foreign transfers (p>0.05), but they are approximately 67% more sustainable in terms of career length. It was determined that academy products outperformed transfer players in league-year development curves starting from the third year, and that they achieved the highest efficiency values, particularly in the centre-back position. Regression analysis results confirm that, when controlling for age and position variables, academy-trained players possess a contribution capacity nearly equivalent to that of foreign transfers.
Conclusion: Within the framework of the Resource-Based View and Human Capital Theory, this study demonstrates that an academy-focused “development” strategy is a rational choice for clubs in terms of long-term sustainability and sporting success. Accordingly, it is recommended that club management develop position-specific transfer policies, optimise contract planning based on empirical data, and that the Turkish Football Federation (TFF) support its academy licensing policies with this data.
Keywords
- Build vs buy paradox
- academy development
- transfer management
- human resource planning
- sport management
Ethical Statement
References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Sports Activity Management
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Cemal Özman
*
0000-0003-2812-1106
Türkiye
Taner Karaman
0000-0002-1468-4234
Türkiye
Damla Özsoy
0000-0001-5079-7300
Türkiye
Publication Date
October 19, 2026
Submission Date
July 3, 2026
Acceptance Date
October 11, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 9 Number: 2026