Research Article

Acute Effects of Air Pollution on Match Performance in Professional Football: An Integrated Analysis of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants in Iğdır, Turkey

Volume: 9 Number: 2026 September 12, 2026
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Acute Effects of Air Pollution on Match Performance in Professional Football: An Integrated Analysis of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants in Iğdır, Turkey

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the acute relationship between ambient air pollution and match performance in professional football players during official home matches in a highly polluted region.

Method: This study examined the relationship between ambient air pollutants and match performance using aggregated team-level performance data from 11 official home matches of Iğdır FK during the 2025–2026 competitive season. Hourly concentrations of PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, and O₃ were obtained from the Turkish Ministry of Environment’s continuous monitoring network. Mean pollutant levels were calculated over a four-hour window beginning one hour before kickoff to reflect actual pre-match and in-game exposure. Physical performance variables (including total distance, sprint distance, and high-speed runs) were extracted from the SportsBase tracking platform. Descriptive statistics, Spearman correlations, and group comparison analyses were conducted using R software.

Results: Higher PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ concentrations were significantly associated with increased first-half sprint distance (ρ = 0.61, p = 0.047; ρ = 0.75, p = 0.008, respectively), whereas O₃ levels showed a strong negative relationship with sprint performance (ρ = –0.74, p = 0.010). Group analyses revealed greater sprint distance under high PM₂.₅ and low O₃ conditions (p = 0.014). Other pollutants, including NO₂ and SO₂, demonstrated weaker or borderline associations with performance metrics.

Conclusion: Air pollution exerts pollutant-specific, time-dependent influences on elite football performance. While particulate exposure may elicit short-term compensatory effects, ozone consistently impairs high-intensity activity. Integrating environmental monitoring into match preparation could enhance athlete safety and contextualize performance analytics in polluted regions.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Not applicable

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Scientific Research Publication Ethics Committee of Iğdır University (Decision No: 2026/9). All data analyzed in the study were anonymized and obtained either from publicly accessible environmental monitoring sources or from aggregated match performance statistics provided by authorized data platforms (SportsBase and the Turkish Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change). No identifiable personal data or direct human subject intervention was involved in the research.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Sports Training, Exercise Physiology, Sports Science and Exercise (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

September 12, 2026

Submission Date

July 14, 2026

Acceptance Date

August 28, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 9 Number: 2026

APA
Subak, G. E., Kaya, K., Tarakcı, S., & Atlı, A. (2026). Acute Effects of Air Pollution on Match Performance in Professional Football: An Integrated Analysis of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants in Iğdır, Turkey. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(2026), 750-768. https://izlik.org/JA42LF23ZS
AMA
1.Subak GE, Kaya K, Tarakcı S, Atlı A. Acute Effects of Air Pollution on Match Performance in Professional Football: An Integrated Analysis of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants in Iğdır, Turkey. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;9(2026):750-768. https://izlik.org/JA42LF23ZS
Chicago
Subak, Gülhan Erdem, Kaan Kaya, Selçuk Tarakcı, and Ahmet Atlı. 2026. “Acute Effects of Air Pollution on Match Performance in Professional Football: An Integrated Analysis of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants in Iğdır, Turkey”. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 9 (2026): 750-68. https://izlik.org/JA42LF23ZS.
EndNote
Subak GE, Kaya K, Tarakcı S, Atlı A (September 1, 2026) Acute Effects of Air Pollution on Match Performance in Professional Football: An Integrated Analysis of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants in Iğdır, Turkey. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 9 2026 750–768.
IEEE
[1]G. E. Subak, K. Kaya, S. Tarakcı, and A. Atlı, “Acute Effects of Air Pollution on Match Performance in Professional Football: An Integrated Analysis of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants in Iğdır, Turkey”, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 2026, pp. 750–768, Sept. 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA42LF23ZS
ISNAD
Subak, Gülhan Erdem - Kaya, Kaan - Tarakcı, Selçuk - Atlı, Ahmet. “Acute Effects of Air Pollution on Match Performance in Professional Football: An Integrated Analysis of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants in Iğdır, Turkey”. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 9/2026 (September 1, 2026): 750-768. https://izlik.org/JA42LF23ZS.
JAMA
1.Subak GE, Kaya K, Tarakcı S, Atlı A. Acute Effects of Air Pollution on Match Performance in Professional Football: An Integrated Analysis of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants in Iğdır, Turkey. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;9:750–768.
MLA
Subak, Gülhan Erdem, et al. “Acute Effects of Air Pollution on Match Performance in Professional Football: An Integrated Analysis of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants in Iğdır, Turkey”. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 2026, Sept. 2026, pp. 750-68, https://izlik.org/JA42LF23ZS.
Vancouver
1.Gülhan Erdem Subak, Kaan Kaya, Selçuk Tarakcı, Ahmet Atlı. Acute Effects of Air Pollution on Match Performance in Professional Football: An Integrated Analysis of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants in Iğdır, Turkey. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi [Internet]. 2026 Sep. 1;9(2026):750-68. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA42LF23ZS

For the articles to be published in 2026 in the ÇOMÜ Journal of Sports Sciences, an international, peer-reviewed journal covering studies in the field of Sports Sciences, original research and review articles written in English within the scope of the journal will be accepted.

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Kind regards,

Editor
Prof. Dr. Hürmüz KOÇ