Acute Effects of Air Pollution on Match Performance in Professional Football: An Integrated Analysis of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants in Iğdır, Turkey
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the acute relationship between ambient air pollution and match performance in professional football players during official home matches in a highly polluted region.
Method: This study examined the relationship between ambient air pollutants and match performance using aggregated team-level performance data from 11 official home matches of Iğdır FK during the 2025–2026 competitive season. Hourly concentrations of PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, and O₃ were obtained from the Turkish Ministry of Environment’s continuous monitoring network. Mean pollutant levels were calculated over a four-hour window beginning one hour before kickoff to reflect actual pre-match and in-game exposure. Physical performance variables (including total distance, sprint distance, and high-speed runs) were extracted from the SportsBase tracking platform. Descriptive statistics, Spearman correlations, and group comparison analyses were conducted using R software.
Results: Higher PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ concentrations were significantly associated with increased first-half sprint distance (ρ = 0.61, p = 0.047; ρ = 0.75, p = 0.008, respectively), whereas O₃ levels showed a strong negative relationship with sprint performance (ρ = –0.74, p = 0.010). Group analyses revealed greater sprint distance under high PM₂.₅ and low O₃ conditions (p = 0.014). Other pollutants, including NO₂ and SO₂, demonstrated weaker or borderline associations with performance metrics.
Conclusion: Air pollution exerts pollutant-specific, time-dependent influences on elite football performance. While particulate exposure may elicit short-term compensatory effects, ozone consistently impairs high-intensity activity. Integrating environmental monitoring into match preparation could enhance athlete safety and contextualize performance analytics in polluted regions.
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Supporting Institution
Ethical Statement
References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Sports Training, Exercise Physiology, Sports Science and Exercise (Other)
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Kaan Kaya
*
0000-0003-0892-645X
Türkiye
Selçuk Tarakcı
0000-0003-3841-9571
Türkiye
Ahmet Atlı
0000-0002-7516-2675
Türkiye
Publication Date
September 12, 2026
Submission Date
July 14, 2026
Acceptance Date
August 28, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 9 Number: 2026