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DÖNGÜSEL EKONOMİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE TÜRKİYE’DE ATIK İTHALATININ BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: ÇEKİM MODELİ ANALİZİ

Year 2022, Issue: Özel Sayı, 170 - 193, 29.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.35408/comuybd.1151657

Abstract

Sanayileşme ve küreselleşmenin etkisi ile birlikte tüketim ve üretimdeki artış eğilimi, açığa çıkan atık miktarında da artış yaşanmasına neden olmaktadır. Son yıllarda giderek artan ve çevre ve sağlık açısından ciddi olumsuz etkileri bulunan atıkların, ekonomik yarar sağlayacak kanallara yönlendirilmesi gerektiği görüşü ön plana çıkmaktadır. Böylece doğrusal ekonomideki al-yap-kullan-at görüşünün yerini döngüsel ekonomi çerçevesinde al-yap-yeniden yap görüşü almaya başlamıştır. Atıkların azaltılması, geri dönüşümü ve yeniden kullanımı stratejilerinin benimsendiği döngüsel ekonomi çerçevesinde atıkların potansiyel bir ikincil hammadde olması, enerjiye dönüştürülebilmesi ve ikinci el mal ticareti yoluyla ekonomik yararlar sağlayabileceği düşünülmektedir. Küresel boyutta döngüsel ekonominin stratejilerinin sürdürülebilirliği ülkelerin tek başına uyguladıkları politikalarla yeterli olmayacağı için ülkeler arası atık ticaretini gerektirmektedir. Bu kapsamda ülkeler arası atık ticareti ile atıkların, sınıflandırma ve işleme süreçleri açısından karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğe sahip olan ülkelere yönlendirilmesi ve böylece küresel boyutta ekonomik kazanımlar sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada dünya atık ithalatında önemli rol oynayan Türkiye’nin atık ithalatını etkileyen faktörlerin çekim modelinden hareketle belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda Türkiye’nin atık ithalatının belirleyicileri 2006-2020 dönemi verileri kullanılarak, ticaret ortağı olan 63 ülke için çekim modelinden hareketle Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda ihracatçı ülkenin gelir düzeyinin ve nüfusunun artmasının Türkiye’nin atık ithalatını arttırıcı yönde etkilediği, ülkeler arası uzaklığın artmasının, atık ihracatçısı olan ülkelerin karalarla çevrili olmasının ve atık ihracatçısı ülkenin çevresel performansındaki ve yolsuzluğun kontrolündeki iyileşmelerin Türkiye’nin atık ithalatını sınırlandırıcı etkide bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir.

References

  • Anderson, J. E. (1979). A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation. American Economic Review, 6 (1), 106-116.
  • Antweiler, W., Copeland, B. R. ve Taylor, M. S. (2001). Is Free Trade Good for the Environment?. The American Economic Review, 877-908.
  • Baggs, J. (2009). International Trade in Hazardous Waste. Review of International Economics. 17 (1), 1-16.
  • Bayramoğlu Yıldırım, F. (1995). Çevre Terimleri Sözlüğü. Dünya Dinleri ve Ekoloji Dizisi 6, İGDAŞ.
  • Braungart, M. ve McDonough, W. (2002). Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. New York: North Point Press.
  • Bergstrand, J. H. (1985). The Gravity Equation in International Trade: Some Microeconomic Foundations and Empirical Evidence. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 67 (3), 474-481.
  • Brooks, A. L., Wang, S. ve Jambeck, J. R. (2018). The Chinese Import Ban and Its Impact on Global Plastic Waste Trade. Science advances, 4 (6), eatt0131.
  • Chatham House (2020). Erişim: 20 Haziran 2022, circulareconomy.earth.
  • Covaci, G. ve Sanda M. (2015). Determinants of Service Exports of Lithuania: A Gravity Model Approach. SSE Riga Student Research Papers, 1 (166), 1-60.
  • Deardorff, A. V. (1995). Determinants of Bilateral Trade: Does Gravity Work in a Neoclassical World?. Jeffrey A. Frankel (Ed). The Regionalization of the World Economy içinde, s. 7-32, University of Chicago Press.
  • EPI- Enviromental Performans Index 2022 Ranking Country Performance on Sustainability Issues, Erişim: 23 Haziran 2022, https://epi.yale.edu/downloads/epi2022policymakerssummary.pdf
  • Ghayur, A. (2019). Biorefinery as a Catalyst for the Circular Economy. Appita Magazine, 4, 11-13.
  • Ghisellini, P., Cialani, C. ve Ulgiati, S. (2016). A Review on Circular Economy: The Expected Transition to a Balanced Interplay of Environmental and Economic Systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 114, 11-32.
  • Glover, J. N. (2017). A Dirty Dilemma: Determinants of Electronic Waste Importation. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia.
  • Head, K. ve Mayer, T. (2014). Gravity Equations: Workhorse, Toolkit and Cookbook. Gita Gopinath, Elhanan Helpman ve Kenneth Rogoff (Ed.) Handbook of International Economics içinde, s. 131-195. Elsevier.
  • Higashida, K. ve Shunsuke M. (2014). Determinants of Trade in Recyclable Wastes: Evidence from Commodity-Based Trade of Waste and Scrap, Environment & Development Economics, 19 (2), 250-270.
  • Kellenberg, D. (2012). Trading Wastes. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 64, 68-87.
  • Krueger, J. (2001). The Basel Convention and the International Trade in Hazardous Wastes. Yearbook of International Co-operation on Environment and Development, 43-51.
  • Lipman, Z. (2002). A Dirty Dilemma: The Hazardous Waste Trade. Harvard International Review, 23 (4), 67-71.
  • Liu, L., Liang, Y., Song, Q. ve Li, J. (2017). A Review of Waste Prevention Through 3R Under the Concept of Circular Economy in China. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 19 (4), 1314-1323.
  • Liu, Z., Adams, M. ve Walker, T.R. (2018). Are Exports of Recyclables from Developed to Developing Countries Waste Pollution Transfer or Part of the Global Circular Economy?. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 136, 22–23.
  • MacArthur, E. (2013). Towards The Circular Economy: Economic and Business Rationale for an Accelerated Transiton. Erişim: 22 Temmuz 2022, https://www.werktrends.nl/app/uploads/2015/06/Rapport_McKinsey-Towards_A_Circular_Economy.pdf
  • Nanda, V. ve Pring, G. R. (2014). International Environmental Law and Policy for the 21st Century. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2. Baskı.
  • OECD (2018). Improving Markets for Recycled Plastics: Trends, Prospects and Policy Responses. OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • O'Neill, K. (2002). The Changing Nature Of Global Hazardous Waste Management: From Brown To Green?. Globalization and Hazardous Waste Management: From Brown to Green?. GAIA Books, UC Berkeley, California, 1-19.
  • Potting, J., Hekkert, M., Worrell, E. ve Hanemaaijer, A. (2017). Circular Economy: Measuring Innovation in the Product Chain. Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving, (2544), 1-42.
  • Sharpe, S. ve Giurco, D. (2018). From Trash to Treasure: Australia in a Take-Make-Remake World, Australian Quarterly, 89 (1), 19-25.
  • Shin, R. W. ve Strohm, L. A. (1993). Policy Regimes for the International Waste Trade, Policy Studies Review, 12 (3/4), 226-243.
  • Silva, J. M. C. S. ve Tenreyro, S. (2006). The Log of Gravity. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88 (4), 641-658.
  • Tinbergen, J. (1962). Shaping the World Eonomy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy, Twentieth Century Fund, Newyork.
  • Ugalde Hernandez, O. (2021). Determinants of Costa Rica’s International Trade of Wastes and Its Relationship with the Circular Economy. Revista Relaciones Internacionales, 94 (1), 131-146.
  • Utkulu, U. ve Türköz, K. (2020). Döngüsel Ekonomiye Geçiş Sürecinin Uluslararası Ticarete Yansımaları: Türkiye Örneği. Ferhan Sayın (Ed.). Döngüsel Ekonomi Makro ve Mikro İncelemeler içinde, s. 113-142, Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • Yamaguchi, S. (2018). International Trade and the Transition to a More Resource Efficient and Circular Economy: A Concept Paper. OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers 2018/03, 1-22.
  • Yu, M. (2010). Trade, Democracy and the Gravity Equation. Journal of Development Economics, 91, 289-300.
  • Zeynalov, A. (2016). The Gravity of Institutions in a Resource-Rich Country: The Case of Azerbaijan. International Economics and Economic Policy, 14, 239-261.
  • Zhijun, F. ve Nailing, Y. (2007). Putting a Circular Economy into Practice in China. Sustainability Science, 2(1), 95-101.

DETERMINANTS OF WASTE IMPORT IN TURKEY WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY: ANALYSIS OF THE GRAVITY MODEL

Year 2022, Issue: Özel Sayı, 170 - 193, 29.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.35408/comuybd.1151657

Abstract

The increasing trend in production and consumption rates, as well as the effects of industrialization and globalization, all contribute to an increase in the amount of wastes generated. The idea that the growing amount of waste, which has harmful effects on the environment and health, should be channeled into opportunities that will generate economic benefits has gained interest in recent years. As a result, the circular economy's take-make-remake perspective has begun to take the place of the linear economy's take-make-dispose perspective. It is assumed that wastes can be a potential secondary raw material, can be converted into energy, and can provide economic benefits through trade in used goods. These benefits can all be found within the framework of the circular economy, in which waste reduction, recycling, and reuse strategies are adopted. Because of national policies by itself won't be enough to maintain the sustainability of circular economy strategies on a global scale, waste trade between countries is essential. In this context, it is aimed to direct wastes to countries with comparative advantage in terms of classification and processing processes, and thus to provide economic gains on a global scale, with waste trade between countries. Based on the gravity model, the study aims to identify the variables influencing Turkey's import of waste, which is significant in the global import of waste. Using annual data for the period 2006 to 2020, the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) method was used to examine the factors influencing Turkey's imports of waste from 63 trading partners. As a result of the analysis, it has been determined that the growth in the population and income level of the exporting country has an increasing impact on Turkey's imports of waste. The analysis also showed that Turkey's waste imports are constrained by the landlocked countries of the waste exporter countries as well as the improvements in the environmental performance and corruption control of the waste exporter country.

References

  • Anderson, J. E. (1979). A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation. American Economic Review, 6 (1), 106-116.
  • Antweiler, W., Copeland, B. R. ve Taylor, M. S. (2001). Is Free Trade Good for the Environment?. The American Economic Review, 877-908.
  • Baggs, J. (2009). International Trade in Hazardous Waste. Review of International Economics. 17 (1), 1-16.
  • Bayramoğlu Yıldırım, F. (1995). Çevre Terimleri Sözlüğü. Dünya Dinleri ve Ekoloji Dizisi 6, İGDAŞ.
  • Braungart, M. ve McDonough, W. (2002). Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. New York: North Point Press.
  • Bergstrand, J. H. (1985). The Gravity Equation in International Trade: Some Microeconomic Foundations and Empirical Evidence. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 67 (3), 474-481.
  • Brooks, A. L., Wang, S. ve Jambeck, J. R. (2018). The Chinese Import Ban and Its Impact on Global Plastic Waste Trade. Science advances, 4 (6), eatt0131.
  • Chatham House (2020). Erişim: 20 Haziran 2022, circulareconomy.earth.
  • Covaci, G. ve Sanda M. (2015). Determinants of Service Exports of Lithuania: A Gravity Model Approach. SSE Riga Student Research Papers, 1 (166), 1-60.
  • Deardorff, A. V. (1995). Determinants of Bilateral Trade: Does Gravity Work in a Neoclassical World?. Jeffrey A. Frankel (Ed). The Regionalization of the World Economy içinde, s. 7-32, University of Chicago Press.
  • EPI- Enviromental Performans Index 2022 Ranking Country Performance on Sustainability Issues, Erişim: 23 Haziran 2022, https://epi.yale.edu/downloads/epi2022policymakerssummary.pdf
  • Ghayur, A. (2019). Biorefinery as a Catalyst for the Circular Economy. Appita Magazine, 4, 11-13.
  • Ghisellini, P., Cialani, C. ve Ulgiati, S. (2016). A Review on Circular Economy: The Expected Transition to a Balanced Interplay of Environmental and Economic Systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 114, 11-32.
  • Glover, J. N. (2017). A Dirty Dilemma: Determinants of Electronic Waste Importation. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia.
  • Head, K. ve Mayer, T. (2014). Gravity Equations: Workhorse, Toolkit and Cookbook. Gita Gopinath, Elhanan Helpman ve Kenneth Rogoff (Ed.) Handbook of International Economics içinde, s. 131-195. Elsevier.
  • Higashida, K. ve Shunsuke M. (2014). Determinants of Trade in Recyclable Wastes: Evidence from Commodity-Based Trade of Waste and Scrap, Environment & Development Economics, 19 (2), 250-270.
  • Kellenberg, D. (2012). Trading Wastes. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 64, 68-87.
  • Krueger, J. (2001). The Basel Convention and the International Trade in Hazardous Wastes. Yearbook of International Co-operation on Environment and Development, 43-51.
  • Lipman, Z. (2002). A Dirty Dilemma: The Hazardous Waste Trade. Harvard International Review, 23 (4), 67-71.
  • Liu, L., Liang, Y., Song, Q. ve Li, J. (2017). A Review of Waste Prevention Through 3R Under the Concept of Circular Economy in China. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 19 (4), 1314-1323.
  • Liu, Z., Adams, M. ve Walker, T.R. (2018). Are Exports of Recyclables from Developed to Developing Countries Waste Pollution Transfer or Part of the Global Circular Economy?. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 136, 22–23.
  • MacArthur, E. (2013). Towards The Circular Economy: Economic and Business Rationale for an Accelerated Transiton. Erişim: 22 Temmuz 2022, https://www.werktrends.nl/app/uploads/2015/06/Rapport_McKinsey-Towards_A_Circular_Economy.pdf
  • Nanda, V. ve Pring, G. R. (2014). International Environmental Law and Policy for the 21st Century. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2. Baskı.
  • OECD (2018). Improving Markets for Recycled Plastics: Trends, Prospects and Policy Responses. OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • O'Neill, K. (2002). The Changing Nature Of Global Hazardous Waste Management: From Brown To Green?. Globalization and Hazardous Waste Management: From Brown to Green?. GAIA Books, UC Berkeley, California, 1-19.
  • Potting, J., Hekkert, M., Worrell, E. ve Hanemaaijer, A. (2017). Circular Economy: Measuring Innovation in the Product Chain. Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving, (2544), 1-42.
  • Sharpe, S. ve Giurco, D. (2018). From Trash to Treasure: Australia in a Take-Make-Remake World, Australian Quarterly, 89 (1), 19-25.
  • Shin, R. W. ve Strohm, L. A. (1993). Policy Regimes for the International Waste Trade, Policy Studies Review, 12 (3/4), 226-243.
  • Silva, J. M. C. S. ve Tenreyro, S. (2006). The Log of Gravity. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88 (4), 641-658.
  • Tinbergen, J. (1962). Shaping the World Eonomy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy, Twentieth Century Fund, Newyork.
  • Ugalde Hernandez, O. (2021). Determinants of Costa Rica’s International Trade of Wastes and Its Relationship with the Circular Economy. Revista Relaciones Internacionales, 94 (1), 131-146.
  • Utkulu, U. ve Türköz, K. (2020). Döngüsel Ekonomiye Geçiş Sürecinin Uluslararası Ticarete Yansımaları: Türkiye Örneği. Ferhan Sayın (Ed.). Döngüsel Ekonomi Makro ve Mikro İncelemeler içinde, s. 113-142, Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • Yamaguchi, S. (2018). International Trade and the Transition to a More Resource Efficient and Circular Economy: A Concept Paper. OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers 2018/03, 1-22.
  • Yu, M. (2010). Trade, Democracy and the Gravity Equation. Journal of Development Economics, 91, 289-300.
  • Zeynalov, A. (2016). The Gravity of Institutions in a Resource-Rich Country: The Case of Azerbaijan. International Economics and Economic Policy, 14, 239-261.
  • Zhijun, F. ve Nailing, Y. (2007). Putting a Circular Economy into Practice in China. Sustainability Science, 2(1), 95-101.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gizem Mukiyen Avcı 0000-0002-9096-9290

Publication Date September 29, 2022
Submission Date July 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: Özel Sayı

Cite

APA Mukiyen Avcı, G. (2022). DÖNGÜSEL EKONOMİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE TÜRKİYE’DE ATIK İTHALATININ BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: ÇEKİM MODELİ ANALİZİ. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi(Özel Sayı), 170-193. https://doi.org/10.35408/comuybd.1151657

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