Yeni Medya Çalışmalarının Geleceği ve Büyük Veri Kaynaklı Riskler: Bir Delfi Çalışması

Year 2020, Issue: 58, 37 - 64, 30.07.2020

Esra Bozkanat , Mehmet Fatih Çömlekçi

https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0003

Abstract

Yeni iletişim teknolojileri bağlamında kayda değer gelişmelerin yaşandığı günümüzde, bu araçların teknolojik, ekonomik, toplumsal ve politik anlamda yarattıkları etki birçok disiplinden araştırmacı tarafından incelenmektedir. Özellikle internet, bilgisayar teknolojileri ile dijitalleşmeye bağlı olarak gelişen ve sürekli bir devinim halinde olan yeni medya alanı da bu bağlamda öne çıkmaktadır. Yeni medyanın öncelikli olarak kitle iletişimini ve kişilerarası iletişimi büyük bir dönüşüme uğrattığı düşünüldüğünde, bu alan çerçevesindeki gelecek çalışma ve eğilimlerin tespit edilmesi önem kazanmaktadır. İşte bu çerçevede mevcut çalışmanın amacı yeni medya alanının/çalışmalarının geleceğinde öne çıkması muhtemel konuları alanın uzmanlarından veri toplayarak tespit etmek ve bunları tartışmaya açmaktır. Araştırmada yöntem olarak, belirli bir uzman grubundan ve bir dizi anket yoluyla kontrollü geri bildirim almaya dayanan Delfi metodu kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda yeni medyanın geleceğinde “kişisel verilerin kullanılması/korunması,” “sosyal medya veri analitiği,” “siber güvenlik,” “çevrimiçi arama motoru optimizasyonu,” ve “dijital siyasal iletişim” başlıklarının ön plana çıktığı görülmüştür. Tüm bu başlıkların büyük veri ve bu verinin kullanılması çerçevesinde ortaya çıkan sorunlarla ilintili olmasına bağlı olarak, yeni medyanın geleceği büyük veri kavramı ışığında tartışmaya açılmıştır.

Keywords

Yeni medya, büyük veri, büyük veri analitiği, kişisel mahremiyet, Delfi analizi

Supporting Institution

Yazarlar bu çalışma için finansal destek almadığını beyan etmiştir.

The Future of New Media Studies and Big Data Related Threats: A Delphi Study

Abstract

Today, considering the significant developments in the context of new communication technologies, the impact of these tools in technological, economic, social, and political terms is being studied by interdisciplinary departments. In particular, the new media field, which is in continuous movement due to the digitalization process through the internet and computer technologies, comes to the forefront. The present study aims to identify issues that could be prominent in the future of new media studies by collecting data from experts in the field and open those issues for discussion. The Delphi technique, which is based on receiving controlled feedback from a specific group of experts and through a series of surveys, was used as the research method. As a result of the research, the topics of usage and protection of personal
data, social media data analytics, cybersecurity, search engine optimization, and digital political communication will be prominent in the future of new media studies. All of these topics are related to big data and the problems that arise in its use, so the future of new media studies is discussed in light of this concept.

Keywords

New media, big data, big data analytics, personal privacy, Delphi analysis

References

• Ahmad, W. A. Z. W., Mukhtar, M., & Yahya, Y. (2019, July). Classification of Social Content Management Strategy using Delphi Study. Proceeding of International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICEEI) 380-383. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEEI47359.2019.8988822.
• Alam, M. (2019, December 12). Data for public good [Weblog post]. Retrieved from https://towardsdatascience. com/data-for-public-good-1414cbc99335
• Andrejevic, M. (2007). Surveillance in the digital enclosure. The Communication Review, 10(4), 295-317. https:// doi.org/10.1080/10714420701715365
• Aydemir, B., & Şenerol, H. (2014). İklim değişikliği ve Türkiye turizmine etkileri: Delfi anket yöntemiyle yapılan bir uygulama çalışması. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(31), 381-416.
• Balcı, A. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma, Yöntem, Teknik ve İlkeler. Ankara, Turkey: Pegem Akademi.
• Bertino E., & Ferrari, E. (2018). Big data security and privacy. In S. Flesca, S. Greco, E. Masciari, & D. Saccà (Eds.), A Comprehensive Guide Through the Italian Database Research Over the Last 25 Years (pp. 425-439). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
• Bozgeyikli, H., & Amil, O. (2016). Türkiye’de endüstri ve örgüt psikolojisinin geleceği: Delfi analizi çalışması. İş, Güç: The Journal of Industrial Relations & Human Resources, 18(2). 1-16.
• Cadwalladr, C., & Graham-Harrison, E. (2018). The Cambridge analytica files. The Guardian, 21(2), 6-7.
• Carley, K. M., Cervone, G., Agarwal, N., & Liu, H. (2018) Social cyber-security. In R. Thomson, C. Dancy, A. Hyder, & H. Bisgin (Eds.), Social, Cultural, and Behavioral Modeling (pp. 389-394).
• Cham, Switzerland: Springer. Caspi, D. (1993) Mass Communications (vol. 1, in Hebrew). Ramat-Aviv, Israel: Open University.
• Castells, M. (2000). Toward a sociology of the network society. Contemporary sociology, 29(5), 693-698. https:// doi. org/10.2307/2655234.
• Chang, L. Y., Zhong, L. Y., & Grabosky, P. N. (2018). Citizen co-production of cyber security: Self-help, vigilantes, and cybercrime. Regulation & Governance, 12(1), 101-114. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12125
• Dalkey, N., & Helmer, O. (1963). An experimental application of the Delphi metod to the use of experts. Management Science, 9(3), 458-467.
• Demirtaş, B., & Argan, M. (2015). Büyük veri ve pazarlamadaki dönüşüm: Kuramsal bir yaklaşım. Pazarlama ve Pazarlama Araştırmaları Dergisi. 15(1), 1-21.
• Edosomwan, S., Prakasan, S. K., Kouame, D., Watson, J., & Seymour, T. (2011). The history of social media and its impact on business. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 16(3), 79-91.
• Einstein, M. (2018). Dijital Reklamın Gizli Dünyası (D. Tanla, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: The Kitap-İletişim/Medya.
• Erdem, B. K. (2011). Radikal demokrasi kuramı bağlamında yeni medyanın geleceği: ‘Wikileaks örneği.’ İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi|, 5(40), 5-24.
• Esfahani, H., Tavasoli, K., & Jabbarzadeh, A. (2019). Big data and social media: A scientometrics analysis.  International Journal of Data and Network Science,  3(3), 145-164. https://doi.org/10.5267/j. ijdns.2019.2.007
• Feenberg, A. (2002). Transforming technology: A critical theory revisited. UK: Oxford University Press.
• Freberg, K., Graham, K., McGaughey, K., & Freberg, L. A. (2011). Who are the social media influencers? A study of public perceptions of personality.  Public Relations Review,  37(1), 90-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. pubrev.2010.11.001
• Helbing, D., Frey, B. S., Gigerenzer, G., Hafen, E., Hagner, M., Hofstetter, Y., & Zwitter, A. (2019). Will democracy survive big data and artificial intelligence? In D. Helbing (Ed.), Towards Digital Enlightenment Essays on the Dark and Light Sides of the Digital Revolution (pp. 73-98). Cham: Springer,
• Hendler, J. (2009). Web 3.0 emerging. Computer, 42(1), 111-113. https://doi. org/10.1109/MC.2009.30
• Hunsinger, J. (2020). Degree programs in internet studies or internet research. In J. Hunsinger, M. Allen, & L. Klastrup (Eds.), Second International Handbook of Internet Research (pp. 1-22). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
• Isaak, J., & Hanna, M. J. (2018). User data privacy: Facebook, Cambridge Analytica, and privacy protection. Computer, 51(8), 56-59. https://doi. org/10.1109/MC.2018.3191268
• Işıklı, Ş. (2014). Büyük veri, epistemoloji ve etik tartışmalar. AJIT-e: Bilişim Teknolojileri Online Dergisi, 5(17), 89-122.
• Kalsın, B. (2016). Geçmişten geleceğe internet gazeteciliği: Türkiye örneği. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 5(42), 75-94.
• Kent, M. L., & Saffer, A. J. (2014). A Delphi study of the future of new technology research in public relations. Public Relations Review, 40(3), 568-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.02.008
• Khamis, S., Ang, L., & Welling, R. (2017). Self-branding,‘micro-celebrity’and the rise of Social Media Influencers. Celebrity Studies, 8(2), 191-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2016.1218292
• Kılınç, B., & Kılınç, E. P. (2014). Yeni medya ortamında çocuk birey: Yeni iletişim teknolojileri ve medya pedagojisinin önemi. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1), 9-23.
• Korenich, L., Lascu, D, Manrai, L., & Manrai, A. (2013). Social media: Past, present and future. In L. Moutinho, E. Bigné , & A. K. Manrai (Eds.), The Routledge Companion to the Future of Marketing (pp. 234-249). Oxon, UK: Routledge.
• Kreibich, R., Oertel, B., & Wolk, M. (2011). Futures studies and future-oriented technology analysis principles, metodology and research questions. HIIG Discussion Paper Series No. 2012-05, 1-45. http://dx.doi. org/10.2139/ssrn.2094215
• Kreiss, D., & McGregor, S. C. (2018). Technology firms shape political communication: The work of Microsoft, Facebook, Twitter, and Google with campaigns during the 2016 US presidential cycle.  Political Communication, 35(2), 155-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1364814
• KVKK Kanun Metni. (2016). Kişisel Verilerin Korunması Kanunu https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/ MevzuatMetin/1.5.6698.pdf
• Lehman-Wilzig, S., & Cohen-Avigdor, N. (2004). The natural life cycle of new media evolution: Inter-media struggle for survival in the internet age.  New Media & Society,  6(6), 707-730. https://doi. org/10.1177/146144804042524
• Leiner, B. M., Cerf, V. G., Clark, D. D., Kahn, R. E., Kleinrock, L., Lynch, D. C., Pastel, J., Roberts, L. G., & Wolff, S. (2000). Brief History of the Internet. Retrieved from https://www.internetsociety.org/internet/history-internet/briefhistory-internet/
• Lister, M., Giddings, S., Dovey, J., Grant, I., & Kelly, K. (2008). New Media: A Critical Introduction. New York, USA: Routledge.
• Livingstone, S. (2004).  Media literacy and the challenge of new information and communication technologies. The Communication Review, 7(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714420490280152
• Lyon, D. (2010). Surveillance, power and everyday life. In P. Kalantzis-Cope, & K. Gherab-Martín (Eds.), Emerging Digital Spaces in Contemporary Society (pp. 107-120). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi. org/10.1057/9780230299047_18
• Manovich, L. (2001). The Language of New Media. London, UK: MIT Press.
• Manovich, L. (2003). New media from Borges to HTML. The New Media Reader, 1(2), 13-25.
• Mikhailova, V. M., Kuznetsova, O. A., & Petrova, A. V. (2019). Application of the “Delfı” method as a forecasting tool in market development.  International Research Journal, 3(81), 106-110. https://doi.org/10.23670/ IRJ.2019.81.3.019
• Mortazavi M., & Salah, K. (2015). Privacy and big data. In S. Zeadally, & M. Badra (Eds.), Privacy in a Digital, Networked World Technologies, Implications and Solutions (pp. 37-55). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
• Natale, S. (2016). There are no old media. Journal of Communication, 66(4), 585-603. https://doi.org/10.1111/ jcom.12235
• Naughton, J. (2000). A Brief History of the Future The Origins of the Internet. London, UK: Phoenix.
• Neuman, W. R. (1991). The Future of the Mass Audience. London, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• New Media. (2019). In Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ tr/s%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk/ingilizce/new-media
• O’Reilly, T. (2009). What Is Web 2.0. California, USA: O’Reilly Media, Inc.
• Rad, B. B., & Akbarzadeh, N., Ataei, & P. Khakbiz , Y. (2016). Security and privacy challenges in big data era. International Journal of Control Theory and Applications, 43(9), 437-447.
• Reddy, G. N., & Reddy, G. J. (2014). A study of cyber security challenges and its emerging trends on latest technologies. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(1), 1-5.
• Rowe, G., Wright, G., & Bolger, F. (1991). Delphi: a reevaluation of research and theory. Technological forecasting and social change, 39(3), 235-251.
• Sekayi, D., & Kennedy, A. (2017). Qualitative Delphi method: A four-round process with a worked example. The Qualitative Report, 22(10), 2755-2763.
• Shaw, A. (2015). Dialectics of affordances: Stuart Hall and the future of new media studies. Culture Digitally, 10. Retrieved from http://culturedigitally.org/2015/06/dialectics-of-affordances-stuart-hall-and-the-future-ofnew-media-studies/
• Siapera, E. (2017). Understanding New Media. California, USA: Sage.
• Socha, B., & Eber-Schmid, B. (2014). What is new media.  Retrieved from New Media Institute http://www. newmedia.org/what-is-new-media.html
• Statista, (2020). Global digital population as of January 2020 (in billions). Retrieved from https://www.statista. com/statistics/617136/digital-population-worldwide/
• Sun, Z., Strang, K. D., & Pambel, F. (2018). Privacy and security in the big data paradigm. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2017.1418631
• Szabo, L. V. (2014). The future of communication: From new media to postmedia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 163, 36-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.283
• Şahin, A. E. (2001). Eğitim araştırmalarında Delphi tekniği ve kullanımı. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(20), 215-220.
• Tene, O. (2011). Privacy: The new generations. International Data Privacy Law, 1(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ idpl/ipq003
• Winston, B. (1999) Media Technology and Society. A History: from the Telegraph to the Internet. London & New York: Routledge.
• Yang, K. C., & Kang, Y. (2015). Exploring big data and privacy in strategic communication campaigns: A crosscultural study of mobile social media users’ daily experiences.  International Journal of Strategic Communication, 9(2), 87-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2015.1008635
• Zhang, D. (2018, October). Big data security and privacy protection. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Management and Computer Science (ICMCS 2018). Netherlands: Atlantis Press.
• Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. London, UK: Profile Books.