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Covid-19 Pandemisinde İletişimsel İhtiyaçlar, Beklentiler ve Deneyimler Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma: 65 Yaş ve Üzeri Ankara Örneklemi

Year 2021, Issue: 60, 127 - 155, 16.07.2021

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Covid-19 pandemisinde hastalığın olumsuz sonuçlarını ağır derecede yaşama ihtimallerinin yüksekliği nedeniyle öncelikli risk gruplarından biri olarak tanımlanan 65 yaş ve üzeri kişilerin iletişimsel ihtiyaçları, beklentileri, bilgi ve enformasyon kaynakları ve risk enformasyonunu ve bilgilerini değerlendirme biçimleri ele alınmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında Ankara’da ikamet eden 65 yaş ve üzeri toplam 47 kişiyle yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, Riskin Sosyal Artırımı Kuramsal Çerçevesi bağlamında, risk enformasyonunun iletimindeki temel iletişim uğrakları dikkate alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. 65 yaş ve üzeri bireylerin Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinde risklere ilişkin enformasyona geleneksel medyanın yanı sıra yeni medya aracılığı ile de ulaştıkları; kişilerarası iletişimin bu süreçte temel bilgi kaynaklarından biri olarak işlev gördüğü; yakın aile ve özellikle çocukların Covid-19 pandemisiyle ilgili bilgilenme süreçlerinde ayrıcalıklı bir yeri olduğunu belirlenmiştir. Enformasyonun değerlendirilmesinde güven unsurunun temel kriter olarak dikkate alındığı ve tıp alanındaki uzmanlıklara daha yüksek güven atfedildiği ortaya konmuştur. Ayrıca iletişimsel ihtiyaçların ve beklentilerin pandemi süreci içerisinde değişime uğradığı anlaşılmıştır. Pandemi döneminde, dijital iletişim yetkinliklerin geliştirilmesi ihtiyacı belirginlik kazanmıştır. Görüşmelerden elde edilen bulgulardan hareketle, kamuların perspektifini ve risk algısını gözeten; risklerin iletişimsel süreçlerle bağlantısını dikkate alan etkili risk iletişimi çalışmalarının yapılandırılabilmesine katkıda bulunabilecek öneriler sunulmuştur.

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK

Project Number

120K633

Thanks

Makalenin üretilmiş olduğu projedeki desteklerinden ötürü TÜBİTAK'a teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • Ataguba, O. A., & Ataguba, J. E. (2020). Social determinants of health: the role of effective communication in the Covid-19 pandemic in developing countries. Global Health Action, 13(1), 1788263.
  • Austin, L., Fisher Liu, B., & Jin, Y. (2012). How audiences seek out crisis information: Exploring the social-mediated crisis communication model. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 40(2), 188-207.
  • Baker, S. E., & Edwards, R. (Eds.) (2012). How many qualitative interviews is enough. Discussion Paper. NCRM. (Unpublished). Retrieved from http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/2273/4/how_many_interviews.pdf
  • Balog-Way, D., McComas, K., & Besley, J. (2020). The evolving field of risk communication. Risk Analysis,40(1), 2240-2262.
  • Becker, C. (2012). Howard S. Becker, author of tricks of the trade. In Baker & Edwards (Eds.), How many qualitative interviews is enough (pp. 15). Discussion Paper. NCRM. (Unpublished). Retrieved from http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/2273/4/how_many_interviews.pdf
  • Binark, M., Arun, Ö., Özsoy, D., Kandemir, B., Şahinkaya, G. (2020). Covid-19 sürecinde yaşlıların enformasyon arayışı ve enformasyon değerlendirmesi: TÜBİTAK SOBAG 120k613 no’lu araştırma projesi. Yaşlanma Çalışmaları Derneği Yayınları.
  • Bodemer, N., & Wolfgang, G. (2015). Risk perception. In H. Cho, T. Reimer & K. A. McComas (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Risk Communication (pp. 10-23). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Cho, H., Reimer, T., & McComas, K. A. (2015). Explicating communication in risk communication. In H. Cho, T. Reimer & K. A. McComas (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of risk communication (pp. 1-6). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Çınarlı, İ. (2014). Bir kriz iletişimi yönetimi vaka analizi: Kaybolan Malezya havayolları MH370 sefer sayılı uçağı. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, (38), 95-114.
  • Çınarlı, İ. (2016). Kriz iletişimi. İstanbul, Turkey: Beta Yayınları.
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) (2016). Risk communication in the context of Zika virüs. Interim guidance. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/zika/risk-communication/en/
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) (2017). Communicating risk in public health emergencies: a WHO guideline for emergency risk communication (ERC) policy and practice. Geneva: World Health Organization Publication.
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) (2020, 5 February). Munich Security Conference. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/munich-security-conference
  • Dworkin, S.L. (2012). Sample size policy for qualitative studies using in-depth interviews. Arch Sex Behav,41, 1319–1320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-0016-6
  • Glik, D. C. (2007). Risk communication for public health emergencies. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 28, 33–54.
  • Heath, R. L., Palenchar, M. J., & O’Hair, H. D. (2009). Community building through risk communication infrastructures. In R. Heath & D. O’Hair (Eds.), Handbook of risk and crisis communication (pp. 471-487). New York, US: Routledge.
  • Jin, Y., Austin, L., Viyajkumar, S., Jun, H., & Nowak, G. (2019). Communicating about infectious disease threats: Insights from public health information officers. Public Relations Review, 45, 167-177.
  • Karasneh, R., Al-Azzam, S., Muflih, S., Soudah, O., Hawamdeh, S., & Khader, Y. (2020). Media’s effect on shaping knowledge, awareness risk perceptions and communication practices of pandemic Covid-19 among pharmacists. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.04.027
  • Kasperson, R. E., O. Renn, P. Slovic, H. S. Brown, J. Emel, R. Goble, J. X. Kasperson, & S. Ratick. (1988). The social amplification of risk: A conceptual framework. Risk Analysis, 8(2), 177–187.
  • Kasperson, R. E., O. Renn, P. Slovic, H. S. Brown, J. Emel, R. Goble, J. X. Kasperson, & S. Ratick (2005). Social contours of risk: Publics, risk communication and the social amplification of risk. In J. X. Kasperson & R. E. Kasperson (Eds.), The Social Amplification of Risk: A Conceptual Framework (pp. 99-114). London, UK: Earthscan.
  • Kim, D. K. D., & Kreps, G. L. (2020). An analysis of government communication in the United States during the covid‐19 pandemic: Recommendations for effective government health risk communication. World Medical & Health Policy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.363
  • KONDA (2020). Konda Yaşlılık Raporu. Retrieved from https://konda.com.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/KondaYaslilikRaporuEkim2020.pdf
  • Lee, S.T. (2014). Pandemics. In T. L Thompson (Ed.) Encyclopedia of health communication (pp. 1021-1023). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Lightfoot, E., & Moone, R. P. (2020). Caregiving in times of uncertainty: Helping adult children of aging parents find support during the covid-19 outbreak. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 1-11.
  • Lundgren, R. E. McMakin. A. H. (2013). Risk communication: A handbook for communicating enviromental. Safety, and health risks. New York, US: Wiley.
  • Malecki, K., Keating, J. A., & Safdar, N. (2020). Crisis communication and public perception of covid-19 risk in the era of social media, Clinical Infectious Diseases. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa758
  • Maxwell, J. A. (2013). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Murdock, G., Petts, J., & Horlick-Jones, T. (2003). After amplification: Rethinking the role of the media in risk communication. In, N. Pidgeon, R. Kasperson & P. Slovic (Eds.), The social amplification of risk a conceptual framework (pp. 156-178). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Neuman, W. L. (2014). Toplumsal araştırma yöntemleri nicel ve nitel yaklaşımlar (S. Özge, Trans.). I. Cilt. Ankara: Yayınodası.
  • Paek, H.-J. (2014). Risk perceptions. In T.L. Thompson (Ed.), Encylopedia of Health Communication (pp. 1190-1191). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Palenchar, M. (2013). Risk communication. In R. Heath (Ed.), Encylopedia of Public Relations (pp. 805-807). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Palenchar, M. J. (2005). Risk communication. In R. Heath (Ed.), Encylopedia of Public Relations (pp. 752-755). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Renn O. (1991). Risk communication and the social amplification of risk. In R.E. Kasperson, P. J. M. Stallen. (Eds.), Communicating Risks to the Public. Technology, Risk, and Society (An International Series in Risk Analysis), 4, Dordrecht, NL: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1952-5_14
  • Reynolds, B., & Seeger, M. (2005). Crisis and emergency risk communication as an integrative model. Journal of Health Communication, 10, 43-55.
  • Taşdelen, B. (2020). Covid-19 salgın sürecinde yaşlılığa bakış: 280 karakter yaşlılar hakkında ne söylüyor? Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(6).
  • Toppenberg-Pejcic, D., Noyes, J., Allen, T., Alexander, N., Vanderford, M., & Gamhewage, G. (2019). Emergency risk communication: Lessons learned from a rapid review of recent gray literature on Ebola, Zika, and Yellow Fever. Health communication, 34(4), 437-455.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) (2021). İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar, 2020. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Yaslilar-2020-37227
  • Uysal, M. T., & Eren, G. T. (2020). Covid-19 salgın sürecinde sosyal medyada yaşlılara yönelik ayrımcılık: Twitter örneği. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4).
  • Vijaykumar, S., Jin, Y., & Nowak, G. (2015). Social media and the virality of risk: The risk amplification through media spread (RAMS) model. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 12(3), 653-677.

A Qualitative Study On The Communicative Needs, Expectations And Experiences During Covid-19 Pandemic: 65 Years And Over Ankara Sample

Year 2021, Issue: 60, 127 - 155, 16.07.2021

Abstract

This study examines the high-risk group of individuals age 65 and over who most frequently experience the negative consequences of Covid-19. We review their communicative needs and expectations, knowledge and information  sources, and risk information and knowledge patterns. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 47 people aged 65 and over residing in Ankara. We evaluated our results in the context of The Social Amplification of Risk Framework, considering the major communication stations disseminating risk information. We found that during the Covid-19 pandemic, individuals aged 65 and over accessed risk information through new media and traditional media, and interpersonal communication, especially with close family and children, served as a primary information source during the pandemic. The trust factor, particularly regarding medical expertise, was an essential criterion in evaluating information. The communicative needs and expectations changed for this high-risk group. The need for improved digital communication capabilities become apparent during the pandemic crisis. Suggestions that consider public perspectives and risk perceptions while incorporating the relationship between risks and communication processes may contribute to structuring impactful risk communication activities.

Project Number

120K633

References

  • Ataguba, O. A., & Ataguba, J. E. (2020). Social determinants of health: the role of effective communication in the Covid-19 pandemic in developing countries. Global Health Action, 13(1), 1788263.
  • Austin, L., Fisher Liu, B., & Jin, Y. (2012). How audiences seek out crisis information: Exploring the social-mediated crisis communication model. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 40(2), 188-207.
  • Baker, S. E., & Edwards, R. (Eds.) (2012). How many qualitative interviews is enough. Discussion Paper. NCRM. (Unpublished). Retrieved from http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/2273/4/how_many_interviews.pdf
  • Balog-Way, D., McComas, K., & Besley, J. (2020). The evolving field of risk communication. Risk Analysis,40(1), 2240-2262.
  • Becker, C. (2012). Howard S. Becker, author of tricks of the trade. In Baker & Edwards (Eds.), How many qualitative interviews is enough (pp. 15). Discussion Paper. NCRM. (Unpublished). Retrieved from http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/2273/4/how_many_interviews.pdf
  • Binark, M., Arun, Ö., Özsoy, D., Kandemir, B., Şahinkaya, G. (2020). Covid-19 sürecinde yaşlıların enformasyon arayışı ve enformasyon değerlendirmesi: TÜBİTAK SOBAG 120k613 no’lu araştırma projesi. Yaşlanma Çalışmaları Derneği Yayınları.
  • Bodemer, N., & Wolfgang, G. (2015). Risk perception. In H. Cho, T. Reimer & K. A. McComas (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Risk Communication (pp. 10-23). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Cho, H., Reimer, T., & McComas, K. A. (2015). Explicating communication in risk communication. In H. Cho, T. Reimer & K. A. McComas (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of risk communication (pp. 1-6). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Çınarlı, İ. (2014). Bir kriz iletişimi yönetimi vaka analizi: Kaybolan Malezya havayolları MH370 sefer sayılı uçağı. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, (38), 95-114.
  • Çınarlı, İ. (2016). Kriz iletişimi. İstanbul, Turkey: Beta Yayınları.
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) (2016). Risk communication in the context of Zika virüs. Interim guidance. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/zika/risk-communication/en/
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) (2017). Communicating risk in public health emergencies: a WHO guideline for emergency risk communication (ERC) policy and practice. Geneva: World Health Organization Publication.
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) (2020, 5 February). Munich Security Conference. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/munich-security-conference
  • Dworkin, S.L. (2012). Sample size policy for qualitative studies using in-depth interviews. Arch Sex Behav,41, 1319–1320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-0016-6
  • Glik, D. C. (2007). Risk communication for public health emergencies. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 28, 33–54.
  • Heath, R. L., Palenchar, M. J., & O’Hair, H. D. (2009). Community building through risk communication infrastructures. In R. Heath & D. O’Hair (Eds.), Handbook of risk and crisis communication (pp. 471-487). New York, US: Routledge.
  • Jin, Y., Austin, L., Viyajkumar, S., Jun, H., & Nowak, G. (2019). Communicating about infectious disease threats: Insights from public health information officers. Public Relations Review, 45, 167-177.
  • Karasneh, R., Al-Azzam, S., Muflih, S., Soudah, O., Hawamdeh, S., & Khader, Y. (2020). Media’s effect on shaping knowledge, awareness risk perceptions and communication practices of pandemic Covid-19 among pharmacists. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.04.027
  • Kasperson, R. E., O. Renn, P. Slovic, H. S. Brown, J. Emel, R. Goble, J. X. Kasperson, & S. Ratick. (1988). The social amplification of risk: A conceptual framework. Risk Analysis, 8(2), 177–187.
  • Kasperson, R. E., O. Renn, P. Slovic, H. S. Brown, J. Emel, R. Goble, J. X. Kasperson, & S. Ratick (2005). Social contours of risk: Publics, risk communication and the social amplification of risk. In J. X. Kasperson & R. E. Kasperson (Eds.), The Social Amplification of Risk: A Conceptual Framework (pp. 99-114). London, UK: Earthscan.
  • Kim, D. K. D., & Kreps, G. L. (2020). An analysis of government communication in the United States during the covid‐19 pandemic: Recommendations for effective government health risk communication. World Medical & Health Policy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.363
  • KONDA (2020). Konda Yaşlılık Raporu. Retrieved from https://konda.com.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/KondaYaslilikRaporuEkim2020.pdf
  • Lee, S.T. (2014). Pandemics. In T. L Thompson (Ed.) Encyclopedia of health communication (pp. 1021-1023). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Lightfoot, E., & Moone, R. P. (2020). Caregiving in times of uncertainty: Helping adult children of aging parents find support during the covid-19 outbreak. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 1-11.
  • Lundgren, R. E. McMakin. A. H. (2013). Risk communication: A handbook for communicating enviromental. Safety, and health risks. New York, US: Wiley.
  • Malecki, K., Keating, J. A., & Safdar, N. (2020). Crisis communication and public perception of covid-19 risk in the era of social media, Clinical Infectious Diseases. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa758
  • Maxwell, J. A. (2013). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Murdock, G., Petts, J., & Horlick-Jones, T. (2003). After amplification: Rethinking the role of the media in risk communication. In, N. Pidgeon, R. Kasperson & P. Slovic (Eds.), The social amplification of risk a conceptual framework (pp. 156-178). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Neuman, W. L. (2014). Toplumsal araştırma yöntemleri nicel ve nitel yaklaşımlar (S. Özge, Trans.). I. Cilt. Ankara: Yayınodası.
  • Paek, H.-J. (2014). Risk perceptions. In T.L. Thompson (Ed.), Encylopedia of Health Communication (pp. 1190-1191). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Palenchar, M. (2013). Risk communication. In R. Heath (Ed.), Encylopedia of Public Relations (pp. 805-807). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Palenchar, M. J. (2005). Risk communication. In R. Heath (Ed.), Encylopedia of Public Relations (pp. 752-755). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Renn O. (1991). Risk communication and the social amplification of risk. In R.E. Kasperson, P. J. M. Stallen. (Eds.), Communicating Risks to the Public. Technology, Risk, and Society (An International Series in Risk Analysis), 4, Dordrecht, NL: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1952-5_14
  • Reynolds, B., & Seeger, M. (2005). Crisis and emergency risk communication as an integrative model. Journal of Health Communication, 10, 43-55.
  • Taşdelen, B. (2020). Covid-19 salgın sürecinde yaşlılığa bakış: 280 karakter yaşlılar hakkında ne söylüyor? Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(6).
  • Toppenberg-Pejcic, D., Noyes, J., Allen, T., Alexander, N., Vanderford, M., & Gamhewage, G. (2019). Emergency risk communication: Lessons learned from a rapid review of recent gray literature on Ebola, Zika, and Yellow Fever. Health communication, 34(4), 437-455.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) (2021). İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar, 2020. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Yaslilar-2020-37227
  • Uysal, M. T., & Eren, G. T. (2020). Covid-19 salgın sürecinde sosyal medyada yaşlılara yönelik ayrımcılık: Twitter örneği. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4).
  • Vijaykumar, S., Jin, Y., & Nowak, G. (2015). Social media and the virality of risk: The risk amplification through media spread (RAMS) model. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 12(3), 653-677.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Nilüfer Pınar Kılıç 0000-0001-7133-7442

Besime Pınar Özdemir 0000-0002-5801-2878

Senem Gençtürk Hızal 0000-0001-5388-2682

Melike Aktaş 0000-0003-1503-4302

Project Number 120K633
Publication Date July 16, 2021
Submission Date January 18, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 60

Cite

APA Kılıç, N. P., Özdemir, B. P., Gençtürk Hızal, S., Aktaş, M. (2021). Covid-19 Pandemisinde İletişimsel İhtiyaçlar, Beklentiler ve Deneyimler Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma: 65 Yaş ve Üzeri Ankara Örneklemi. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences(60), 127-155.
AMA Kılıç NP, Özdemir BP, Gençtürk Hızal S, Aktaş M. Covid-19 Pandemisinde İletişimsel İhtiyaçlar, Beklentiler ve Deneyimler Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma: 65 Yaş ve Üzeri Ankara Örneklemi. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. July 2021;(60):127-155.
Chicago Kılıç, Nilüfer Pınar, Besime Pınar Özdemir, Senem Gençtürk Hızal, and Melike Aktaş. “Covid-19 Pandemisinde İletişimsel İhtiyaçlar, Beklentiler Ve Deneyimler Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma: 65 Yaş Ve Üzeri Ankara Örneklemi”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, no. 60 (July 2021): 127-55.
EndNote Kılıç NP, Özdemir BP, Gençtürk Hızal S, Aktaş M (July 1, 2021) Covid-19 Pandemisinde İletişimsel İhtiyaçlar, Beklentiler ve Deneyimler Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma: 65 Yaş ve Üzeri Ankara Örneklemi. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 60 127–155.
IEEE N. P. Kılıç, B. P. Özdemir, S. Gençtürk Hızal, and M. Aktaş, “Covid-19 Pandemisinde İletişimsel İhtiyaçlar, Beklentiler ve Deneyimler Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma: 65 Yaş ve Üzeri Ankara Örneklemi”, Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, no. 60, pp. 127–155, July 2021.
ISNAD Kılıç, Nilüfer Pınar et al. “Covid-19 Pandemisinde İletişimsel İhtiyaçlar, Beklentiler Ve Deneyimler Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma: 65 Yaş Ve Üzeri Ankara Örneklemi”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 60 (July 2021), 127-155.
JAMA Kılıç NP, Özdemir BP, Gençtürk Hızal S, Aktaş M. Covid-19 Pandemisinde İletişimsel İhtiyaçlar, Beklentiler ve Deneyimler Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma: 65 Yaş ve Üzeri Ankara Örneklemi. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2021;:127–155.
MLA Kılıç, Nilüfer Pınar et al. “Covid-19 Pandemisinde İletişimsel İhtiyaçlar, Beklentiler Ve Deneyimler Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma: 65 Yaş Ve Üzeri Ankara Örneklemi”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, no. 60, 2021, pp. 127-55.
Vancouver Kılıç NP, Özdemir BP, Gençtürk Hızal S, Aktaş M. Covid-19 Pandemisinde İletişimsel İhtiyaçlar, Beklentiler ve Deneyimler Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma: 65 Yaş ve Üzeri Ankara Örneklemi. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2021(60):127-55.