Research Article
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The optimal time-lag for media’s third-level agenda-setting effect

Year 2024, Issue: 66, 231 - 248, 12.07.2024

Erkan Yüksel Abdullah Koçak Ali Emre Dingin

https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1406846

Abstract

Third-level (or network) agenda-setting research investigates the similarity between the links of thought that occur about issues or people in individuals’ minds and their links in media content. One of the most important questions in this area of research involves the time that is required for the level of importance of an issue on the media agenda to optimally determine the level of importance of that issue on the public agenda. This study examines eight issues that stand out on the agenda based on data from Yüksel et al. (2022). The research monitored the three most-watched television main news bulletins (FOX, Show, ATV), three newspapers with the highest circulation (Sözcü, Sabah, Hürriyet), and the three Internet news sites with the highest reach (ensonhaber.com, mynet.com.tr, milliyet. com.tr) between April 1-September 30, 2021 and identified the media agenda network connections through content analysis. Also, the study conducted two separate surveys between July 1-15, 2021 and October 1-15, 2021 among a sample of 2.401 households in 12 provinces representing the population of Türkiye to measure the links in public thought. The findings indicate six weeks to mostly be the time required for the highest similarity to media network connections to occur in the public mind on a specific issue.

Keywords

Agenda setting third-level agenda setting optimal time-lag public opinion media effects

Ethical Statement

The study was prepared within the scope of the data obtained from the TUBITAK-supported project titled "From Media to Our Minds: Third Stage Agenda Setting Turkey Research", numbered 120R028. Ethics committee permission was received for the project in question within the framework of the decision of Anadolu University Social and Human Sciences Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Board dated 25.11.2020. The document is attached to the author form.

Supporting Institution

This study was supported by TÜBİTAK (SOBAG-1001) within the scope of the project titled "From Media to Our Minds: Third Level Agenda-Setting Research of Turkey ", numbered 120R028.

Project Number

120R028

Thanks

The authors would like to express their gratitude to Prof. Dr. Maxwell McCombs, one of the founding fathers of agenda setting theory. They would also like to thank project team member, researcher Prof. Dr. Nuray Gökçek Karaca and project scholars Aynur Çam, Zeynep Ünel, Çisil İpekçi, Bünyamin Uzun, Gözde Yardım and A. Sinem Mete.

References

  • Cheng, Y., & Chan, C. M. (2015). The third level of agenda setting in contemporary China: Tracking descriptions of moral and national education in media coverage and people’s minds. International Journal of Communication, 9, 1090-1107. google scholar
  • Dearing, J. W. & Everett, M. (1996). Communication concepts 6: Agenda-setting. Sage. google scholar
  • Dingil, A. E. (2018). Üçüncü aşama gündem belirleme araştırması: Sağlık haberleri özelinde medya ve kamuoyu bağlantısı [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Anadolu University. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp google scholar
  • Dingin, A. E. (2019). Kadına yönelik şiddet haberlerinin kamuoyuna etkisi: Üçüncü aşama gündem belirleme çalışması. İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi İletişim Çalışmaları Dergisi, 15, 53-72. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1017779 google scholar
  • Dingin, A. E. (2020). Ekonomi haberlerine yönelik üçüncü aşama gündem belirleme araştırması. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 8 (1), 133-154. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/e-gifder/ issue/53420/649542 google scholar
  • Guo, L., & McCombs, M. (2011a). Network agenda setting: A third level of media effects [Conference presentation]. ICA 2011 Convention, Boston, United States. http://www.leiguo.net/publications/guo_nas_2011_ica.pdf (15.10.2023). google scholar
  • Guo, L., & McCombs, M. (2011b). Toward the third level of agenda setting theory: A network agenda setting model [Conference presentation]. AEJMC 2011 Convention, St. Louis, Missouri, United States. http://www.leiguo.net/publications/guo_nas_2011_aejmc.pdf (15.10.2023). google scholar
  • Guo, L., Chen, Y. K., Vu, H., Wang, Q., Aksamit, R., Guzek, D., ... McCombs, M. (2015). Coverage of the Iraq war in The United States, Mainland China, Taiwan and Poland: A transnational network agenda-setting study. Journalism Studies, 16 (3), 343-362. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2014.885198. google scholar
  • Guo, L., Vu, H. T., & McCombs, M. (2012). An expanded perspective on agenda setting effects: Exploring the third level of agenda setting. Revista de Comunicacion, 11, 51-68. https://revistadecomunicacion.com/pdf/2012/ Art051-068.pdf google scholar
  • İrvan, S. (2001). Gündem belirleme yaklaşımının genel bir değerlendirmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9 (1), 69-106. google scholar
  • Luo, Y., Burley, H., Moe, A., & Sui, M. (2018). A meta-analysis of news media’s public agenda-setting effects 19722015. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 91 (1), 150-172. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/ abs/10.1177/1077699018804500 google scholar
  • McCombs, M., & Valenzuela, S. (2021). Setting the agenda. Polity. google scholar
  • McCombs, M., Danielian, L., & Wanta, W. (1995). Issues in the news and the public agenda: the agenda-setting tradition. T. L. Glasser, & C. T. Salmon (Eds), Public Opinion and the Communication of Consept (pp. 281-300). The Guilford Press. google scholar
  • Nuendorf, K. A. (2002). The content analysis guidebook. Sage. google scholar
  • Roberts, M., Wanta, W., & Dzwo, T. D. (2002). Agenda setting and issue salience online. Communication Research, 29, 452-465. google scholar
  • Severin, W. J., & Tankard, J. W. (1994). İletişim kuramları (A. A. Bir & S. Sever, Trans.). Kibele. google scholar
  • Shoemaker, P. J., Wanta, W., & Leggett, D. (1989). Drug coverage and public opinion, 1972-1986. P. J. Shoemaker (Ed), Communication Campaigns About Drugs (pp. 67-80). LEA. google scholar
  • Stone, G. C., & McCombs, M. E. (1981). Tracing the time lag in agenda-setting. Journalism Quarterly, 58 (1), 51-55. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/107769908105800108 google scholar
  • Vargo, C. J., Guo, L., McCombs, M., & Shaw, D. L. (2014). Network issue agendas on Twitter during the 2012 U.S. presidential election. Journal of Communication, 64 (2), 296-316. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ abs/10.1111/jcom.12089 google scholar
  • Vu, H. T., Guo, L., & McCombs, M. (2014). Exploring ‘the world outside and the pictures in our heads’: A network agenda-setting study. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 91 (4), 669-689. https://journals. sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1077699014550090 google scholar
  • Wanta, W., & Hu, Y. W. (1994). Time-lag differences in the agenta-setting process: An examination of five news media. International Journal of Public Opinion Reserach, 6, 225-240. https://academic.oup.com/ijpor/ article/6/3/225/880876 google scholar
  • Wanta, W., Golan, G., & Lee, C. (2004). Agenda setting and international news: Media influence on public perceptions of foreign nations. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81, 364-377. https://journals. sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/107769900408100209 google scholar
  • Winter, J. P., & Eyal, C. H. (1981). Agenda setting for the civil right issue. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 45 (3), 376383. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2748612 google scholar
  • Y üksel, E., & Dingin, A. E. (2020a). Does “it” work in Turkey? A network agenda-setting research. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 7 (1), 435-450. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/943305 google scholar
  • Y üksel, E., & Dingin, A. E. (2020b). Medya, kamuoyu ve siyaset gündeminde köşe kapmaca. Literatürk. google scholar
  • Y üksel, E., Koçak, A., Dingin, A. E., & Karaca, N. G. (2023). Medyadan zihnimize üçüncü aşama gündem belirleme Türkiye araştırması. Literatürk. google scholar
  • Y üksel, E., Koçak, A., Karaca, N. G., & Dingin, A. E. (2022). Medyadan Zihnimize Üçüncü Aşama Gündem Belirleme Türkiye Araştırması. TÜBİTAK Project No: 120R028. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1h3c1fm4TmYNZ23_ 79ztCT4k1wTxY8AJP/view google scholar

Medyanın üçüncü aşama gündem belirleme etkisi için en uygun zaman aralığı

Year 2024, Issue: 66, 231 - 248, 12.07.2024

Erkan Yüksel Abdullah Koçak Ali Emre Dingin

https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1406846

Abstract

Üçüncü Aşama (Ağ) Gündem Belirleme araştırmalarında, bireylerin zihnindeki konu ya da kişiler hakkındaki düşünce bağlantılarıyla medya içeriklerindeki bağlantılar arasındaki benzerlik sorgulanmaktadır. Bu araştırma alanındaki önemli sorulardan biri de bir konunun medya gündemindeki önemlilik düzeyinin o konunun kamu gündemindeki önemlilik düzeyini optimum seviyede belirleyebilmesi için gereken sürenin ne olduğudur. Bu çalışmada Yüksel ve arkadaşlarının (2022) verilerinden hareketle, gündemde öne çıkan sekiz konu ele alınmıştır. Medya gündemi ağ bağlantıları içerik analiziyle saptanmıştır. Bunun için en fazla izlenen üç televizyon ana haber bülteni (Fox Ana Haber, Show Ana Haber, ATV Ana Haber), en yüksek tiraja sahip üç gazete (Sözcü, Sabah, Hürriyet) ve yüksek erişime sahip üç internet haber sitesi (ensonhaber.com, mynet.com.tr, milliyet.com.tr) 1 Nisan-30 Eylül 2021 tarihleri arasında takip edilmiştir. Ayrıca kamu zihnindeki bağlantıların ölçümü için 1-15 Temmuz 2021 tarihleri arasında ve 1-15 Ekim 2021 tarihleri arasında, Türkiye nüfusunu temsil edecek şekilde 12 İl’de 2.401 kişilik hane örnekleminde iki ayrı anket uygulaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular bir konuya ilişkin kamu zihninde medya ağ bağlantılarıyla en yüksek benzerliğin oluşması için gereken sürenin çoğunlukla altı hafta olduğuna işaret etmektedir.

Keywords

Gündem belirleme üçüncü aşama gündem belirleme optimum zaman aralığı kamuoyu medyanın etkileri

Ethical Statement

Çalışma, TÜBİTAK destekli 120R028 nolu "Medyadan Zihnimize: Üçüncü Aşama Gündem Belirleme Türkiye Araştırması" başlıklı projeden elde edilen veriler kapsamında hazırlanmıştır. Söz konusu proje için Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Bilmisel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Kurulu'nun 25.11.2020 tarihli kararı çerçevesinde etik kurul izni alınmıştır. Belge, yazar formuna eklenmiştir.

Supporting Institution

Bu çalışma TÜBİTAK (SOBAG-1001) tarafından kabul edilen 120R028 numaralı, "Medyadan Zihnimize: Üçüncü Aşama Gündem Belirleme Türkiye Araştırması" başlıklı proje kapsamında desteklenmiştir.

Project Number

120R028

Thanks

Yazarlar, gündem belirleme kuramının kurucu babalarından Prof. Dr. Maxwell McCombs'a şükranlarını sunmak isterler. Ayrıca proje ekibi üyesi araştırmacı Prof. Dr. Nuray Gökçek Karaca ve proje bursiyerleri Aynur Çam, Zeynep Ünel, Çisil İpekçi, Bünyamin Uzun, Gözde Yardım ve A. Sinem Mete'ye teşekkür ederler.

References

  • Cheng, Y., & Chan, C. M. (2015). The third level of agenda setting in contemporary China: Tracking descriptions of moral and national education in media coverage and people’s minds. International Journal of Communication, 9, 1090-1107. google scholar
  • Dearing, J. W. & Everett, M. (1996). Communication concepts 6: Agenda-setting. Sage. google scholar
  • Dingil, A. E. (2018). Üçüncü aşama gündem belirleme araştırması: Sağlık haberleri özelinde medya ve kamuoyu bağlantısı [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Anadolu University. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp google scholar
  • Dingin, A. E. (2019). Kadına yönelik şiddet haberlerinin kamuoyuna etkisi: Üçüncü aşama gündem belirleme çalışması. İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi İletişim Çalışmaları Dergisi, 15, 53-72. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1017779 google scholar
  • Dingin, A. E. (2020). Ekonomi haberlerine yönelik üçüncü aşama gündem belirleme araştırması. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 8 (1), 133-154. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/e-gifder/ issue/53420/649542 google scholar
  • Guo, L., & McCombs, M. (2011a). Network agenda setting: A third level of media effects [Conference presentation]. ICA 2011 Convention, Boston, United States. http://www.leiguo.net/publications/guo_nas_2011_ica.pdf (15.10.2023). google scholar
  • Guo, L., & McCombs, M. (2011b). Toward the third level of agenda setting theory: A network agenda setting model [Conference presentation]. AEJMC 2011 Convention, St. Louis, Missouri, United States. http://www.leiguo.net/publications/guo_nas_2011_aejmc.pdf (15.10.2023). google scholar
  • Guo, L., Chen, Y. K., Vu, H., Wang, Q., Aksamit, R., Guzek, D., ... McCombs, M. (2015). Coverage of the Iraq war in The United States, Mainland China, Taiwan and Poland: A transnational network agenda-setting study. Journalism Studies, 16 (3), 343-362. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2014.885198. google scholar
  • Guo, L., Vu, H. T., & McCombs, M. (2012). An expanded perspective on agenda setting effects: Exploring the third level of agenda setting. Revista de Comunicacion, 11, 51-68. https://revistadecomunicacion.com/pdf/2012/ Art051-068.pdf google scholar
  • İrvan, S. (2001). Gündem belirleme yaklaşımının genel bir değerlendirmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9 (1), 69-106. google scholar
  • Luo, Y., Burley, H., Moe, A., & Sui, M. (2018). A meta-analysis of news media’s public agenda-setting effects 19722015. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 91 (1), 150-172. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/ abs/10.1177/1077699018804500 google scholar
  • McCombs, M., & Valenzuela, S. (2021). Setting the agenda. Polity. google scholar
  • McCombs, M., Danielian, L., & Wanta, W. (1995). Issues in the news and the public agenda: the agenda-setting tradition. T. L. Glasser, & C. T. Salmon (Eds), Public Opinion and the Communication of Consept (pp. 281-300). The Guilford Press. google scholar
  • Nuendorf, K. A. (2002). The content analysis guidebook. Sage. google scholar
  • Roberts, M., Wanta, W., & Dzwo, T. D. (2002). Agenda setting and issue salience online. Communication Research, 29, 452-465. google scholar
  • Severin, W. J., & Tankard, J. W. (1994). İletişim kuramları (A. A. Bir & S. Sever, Trans.). Kibele. google scholar
  • Shoemaker, P. J., Wanta, W., & Leggett, D. (1989). Drug coverage and public opinion, 1972-1986. P. J. Shoemaker (Ed), Communication Campaigns About Drugs (pp. 67-80). LEA. google scholar
  • Stone, G. C., & McCombs, M. E. (1981). Tracing the time lag in agenda-setting. Journalism Quarterly, 58 (1), 51-55. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/107769908105800108 google scholar
  • Vargo, C. J., Guo, L., McCombs, M., & Shaw, D. L. (2014). Network issue agendas on Twitter during the 2012 U.S. presidential election. Journal of Communication, 64 (2), 296-316. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ abs/10.1111/jcom.12089 google scholar
  • Vu, H. T., Guo, L., & McCombs, M. (2014). Exploring ‘the world outside and the pictures in our heads’: A network agenda-setting study. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 91 (4), 669-689. https://journals. sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1077699014550090 google scholar
  • Wanta, W., & Hu, Y. W. (1994). Time-lag differences in the agenta-setting process: An examination of five news media. International Journal of Public Opinion Reserach, 6, 225-240. https://academic.oup.com/ijpor/ article/6/3/225/880876 google scholar
  • Wanta, W., Golan, G., & Lee, C. (2004). Agenda setting and international news: Media influence on public perceptions of foreign nations. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81, 364-377. https://journals. sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/107769900408100209 google scholar
  • Winter, J. P., & Eyal, C. H. (1981). Agenda setting for the civil right issue. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 45 (3), 376383. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2748612 google scholar
  • Y üksel, E., & Dingin, A. E. (2020a). Does “it” work in Turkey? A network agenda-setting research. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 7 (1), 435-450. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/943305 google scholar
  • Y üksel, E., & Dingin, A. E. (2020b). Medya, kamuoyu ve siyaset gündeminde köşe kapmaca. Literatürk. google scholar
  • Y üksel, E., Koçak, A., Dingin, A. E., & Karaca, N. G. (2023). Medyadan zihnimize üçüncü aşama gündem belirleme Türkiye araştırması. Literatürk. google scholar
  • Y üksel, E., Koçak, A., Karaca, N. G., & Dingin, A. E. (2022). Medyadan Zihnimize Üçüncü Aşama Gündem Belirleme Türkiye Araştırması. TÜBİTAK Project No: 120R028. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1h3c1fm4TmYNZ23_ 79ztCT4k1wTxY8AJP/view google scholar
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Communication Theories
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Erkan Yüksel 0000-0003-2487-3589

Abdullah Koçak 0000-0001-6981-8482

Ali Emre Dingin 0000-0003-2781-7160

Project Number 120R028
Publication Date July 12, 2024
Submission Date December 19, 2023
Acceptance Date July 9, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 66

Cite

APA Yüksel, E., Koçak, A., & Dingin, A. E. (2024). The optimal time-lag for media’s third-level agenda-setting effect. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences(66), 231-248. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1406846
AMA Yüksel E, Koçak A, Dingin AE. The optimal time-lag for media’s third-level agenda-setting effect. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. July 2024;(66):231-248. doi:10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1406846
Chicago Yüksel, Erkan, Abdullah Koçak, and Ali Emre Dingin. “The Optimal Time-Lag for media’s Third-Level Agenda-Setting Effect”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, no. 66 (July 2024): 231-48. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1406846.
EndNote Yüksel E, Koçak A, Dingin AE (July 1, 2024) The optimal time-lag for media’s third-level agenda-setting effect. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 66 231–248.
IEEE E. Yüksel, A. Koçak, and A. E. Dingin, “The optimal time-lag for media’s third-level agenda-setting effect”, Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, no. 66, pp. 231–248, July 2024, doi: 10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1406846.
ISNAD Yüksel, Erkan et al. “The Optimal Time-Lag for media’s Third-Level Agenda-Setting Effect”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 66 (July 2024), 231-248. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1406846.
JAMA Yüksel E, Koçak A, Dingin AE. The optimal time-lag for media’s third-level agenda-setting effect. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2024;:231–248.
MLA Yüksel, Erkan et al. “The Optimal Time-Lag for media’s Third-Level Agenda-Setting Effect”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, no. 66, 2024, pp. 231-48, doi:10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1406846.
Vancouver Yüksel E, Koçak A, Dingin AE. The optimal time-lag for media’s third-level agenda-setting effect. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2024(66):231-48.
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