Investigation of the Potential Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Effects of Cotinus coggygria Scop.

Abstract

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activities (ABTS•+ and DPPH• scavenging effects), and α-glucosidase inhibition effects of different parts of Cotinus coggygria Scop. (green leaves, red leaves, branches, and the heartwood) collected at different times. Methods: The total phenolic content of the extracts was determined using the method developed by Folin and Denis and modified by Singleton. The total flavonoid content was determined according to the method developed by Lar'kina and colleagues. To test the antioxidant capacities of the extracts, DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging capacity assays were conducted; and to test their antidiabetic effects, α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition assay was performed. Results: It was found that the heartwood extract had the highest values in terms of total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. In the antioxidant activity assays, similar to the results of the total phenolic and total flavonoid content determinations, the heartwood extract also showed the highest content. However, it was observed that all other extracts also exhibited high antioxidant activity, especially against the ABTS•+. In the α-glucosidase inhibition assay conducted to examine the antidiabetic effects of the extracts, it was found that, in addition to red and green leaves, other extracts also possessed antidiabetic activity. Conclusion: The antioxidant and antidiabetic effects of extracts obtained from different parts of C. coggygria, a species used in traditional medicine for its various therapeutic effects, have been scientifically evaluated, proven, and compared. Key Words: α-glucosidase inhibition, ABTS•+, Cotinus coggygria Scop., DPPH•, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content

Keywords

• α-glucosidase inhibition
• ABTS•+
• Cotinus coggygria Scop.
• DPPH•
• total flavonoid content
• total phenolic content

Cotinus coggygria Scop.'un Potansiyel Antioksidan ve Antidiyabetik Etkilerinin İncelenmesi

Öz

ÖZ Amaç: Cotinus coggygria Scop. türünün farklı zamanlarda toplanan farklı kısımlarının (yeşil renkli yapraklar, kırmızı renkli yapraklar, ince dallar ve gövde iç kısmı) toplam fenolik madde, toplam flavonoit madde, antioksidan (ABTS•+ ve DPPH• süpürücü etki) ve α-glukozidaz inhibisyon etkileri açısından değerlendirilmesi ve karşılaştırılması bu çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Yöntemler: Ekstrelerin toplam fenolik madde miktarı Folin ve Denis tarafından geliştirilen, Singleton tarafından modifiye edilen yöntem kullanılarak tayin edilmiştir. Toplam flavonoit madde miktarı ise Lar’kina ve arkadaşları tarafından geliştirilen yönteme göre tayin edilmiştir. Ekstrelerin antioksidan kapasitelerinin test edilmesi amacıyla DPPH• ve ABTS•+ süpürücü kapasite tayini deneyleri; antidiyabetik etkilerinin test edilmesi amacıyla α-glukozidaz enzim inhibisyonu deneyleri yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Toplam fenolik madde, toplam flavonoit madde bakımından en yüksek değerlere gövde ekstresinin sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Antioksidan aktivite deneylerinde de toplam fenolik madde ve toplam flavonoit madde miktar tayini deneylerinin sonuçlarıyla benzer şekilde en yüksek etkiye gövde ekstresinin sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Bununla beraber diğer bütün ekstrelerin de özellikle ABTS•+’ye karşı yüksek antioksidan etki gösterdiği gözlenmiştir. Ekstrelerin antidiyabetik etkilerinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılan α-glukozidaz inhibisyonu deneylerinde ise başta kırmızı ve yeşil yaprak olmak üzere diğer ekstrelerin de antidiyabetik etkiye sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Halk arasında çeşitli tıbbi etkilerinden dolayı kullanılan C. coggygria türünün farklı kısımlarından elde edilen ekstrelerin antioksidan ve antidiyabetik etkileri bilimsel olarak değerlendirilmiş, kanıtlanmış ve karşılaştırılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• α-glukozidaz inhibisyonu
• ABTS•+
• Cotinus coggygria Scop.
• DPPH•
• toplam fenolik içerik
• toplam flavonoit içerik

References

1. Bachhawat, J. A., Shihabudeen, M. S., & Thirumurugan K. (2011). Screening of fifteen Indian ayurvedic plants for alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity and enzyme kinetics. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3:267-74.
2. Blois, M.S. (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 181, 1199-1200.
3. Cha, M., C., Park, J. H., Choi, Y. H., Choi, C. W., Hong, K. S., Choi, S. U., & Ryu, S. Y. (2009). Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors from the Branches Extract of Cotinus coggygria. Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
4. Davis, P. H., Coode, M. J. E., & Cullen, J. (1982). Cotinus Adans. In: Davis PH editor. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 2, Edinburgh, University Press. https://bizimbitkiler.org.tr/yeni/demos/technical/ 2024
5. Deniz, F. S. S., Salmas, R. E., Emerce, E., Cankaya, I. I. T., Yusufoglu, H. S., & Orhan, I. E. (2020). Evaluation of collagenase, elastase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of Cotinus coggygria Scop. through in vitro and in silico approaches” South African Journal of Botany, 132, 277-288.
6. Dias, M. C., Pinto, D. C. G. A., & Silva, A. M. S. (2021). Plant Flavonoids: Chemical Characteristics and Biological Activity. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 26(17), 5377.
7. Folin O., & Denis, W. (1912). On phosphotungstic-phosphomolybdic compounds as colour reagents. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 12, 239-243.
8. Georgieva, L., & Mihaylova, D. (2015). Screening of total phenolic content and radical scavenging capacity of Bulgarian plant species. International Food Research Journal, 22.

9. Karagöz, A., Artun, F. T., Özcan, G., Melikoğlu, G., Anıl, S., Kültür, Ş., & Sütlüpınar, N. (2015). In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity of some plant methanol extracts. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 29(6), 1184-1189.
10. Lar'kina, M. S., Kadyrova, T. V., Ermilova, E. V., & Krasnov, E. A. (2009). Quantitative determination of flavonoids from the aerial part of greater knapweed (Centaurea scabiosa L.). Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 43, 320-323.
11. Marcetic, M., Bozic, D., Milenkovic, M., Malesevic, N., Radulovic, S., & Kovacevic, N. (2013). Antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of young shoots of the smoke tree, Cotinus coggygria Scop. Phytotherapy Research, 27(11), 1658-1663.
12. Matić, S., Stanić, S., Bogojević, D., Vidaković, M., Grdović, N., Dinić, S., Solujić, S., Mladenović, M., Stanković, N., & Mihailović, M. (2013). Methanol extract from the stem of Cotinus coggygria Scop., and its major bioactive phytochemical constituent myricetin modulate pyrogallol-induced DNA damage and liver injury. Mutation research, 755(2), 81–89.
13. Niciforovic, N., Mihailovic, V., Maskovic, P., Solujic, S., Stojkovic, A., & Pavlovic Muratspahic, D. (2010). Antioxidant activity of selected plant species; potential new sources of natural antioxidants. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(11), 3125-3130.
14. Özbek, H., Yuca, H., Gözcü, S., Dursunoğlu, B., Özenver, N., Güvenalp, Z., & Demirezer, L. Ö. (2019). Phenolic Compounds from Cotinus coggygria Scop. FABAD Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 44.
15. Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C., (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 26, 1231-1237.
16. Saeed, M. E. M., Meyer, M., Hussein, A., & Efferth, T. (2016). Cytotoxicity of South-African medicinal plants towards sensitive and multidrug-resistant cancer cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 186, 209-223.
17. Slinkard, K., & Singleton, V. L. (1977). Total phenol analysis: Automation and comparison with manual methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 28, 49-55.
18. Valianou, L., Stathopoulou, K., Karapanagiotis, I., Magiatis, P., Pavlidou, E., Skaltsounis, A. L., & Chryssoulakis, Y. (2009). Phytochemical analysis of young fustic (Cotinus coggygria heartwood) and identification of isolated colourants in historical textiles. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 394(3), 871–882.