PSYCHIATRIC NEUROSCIENCE AND OPTOGENETICS FROM A TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE: CHALLENGES AND PROMISES IN DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS

Abstract

Optogenetics, a method discovered in the early 2000s, has provided us the means to study molecular and cellular events by controlling them with light in both in vivo and in vitro conditions. Optogenetics is made up of the collaboration between optics and genetic engineering. Wavelength and light intensity can be changed by miliseconds, allowing researchers to modulate gene expression and protein trafficking. Hence, it provides us the opportunity to manipulate cellular events that can't be conducted through other conventional methods. The ability to selectively inhibit neurons and pathways in the brain has led to its widespread use in neuroscience. Optogenetics has helped us understand many concepts such as behavior, pathophysiology of neural pathways and cognition. Through its use in neuroscience, this method has shed light on unclear concepts both in physiology and neuropathology. Insight into the cellular mechanisms behind complex neural pathways and dysfunctions, will pave the way for new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, the role of optogenetics in psychiatric neuroscience studies and in the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders have been reviewed.

Keywords

• Autism
• clinical studies
• depression
• genetics
• optogenetics
• schizophrenia

TRANSLASYONEL PERSPEKTİFTEN PSİKİYATRİK NÖROBİLİM VE OPTOGENETİK: RUHSAL BOZUKLUKLARDA TANILAMA VE TEDAVİ İÇİN ZORLUKLARI VE VADETTİKLERİ

Abstract

Optogenetik, optik bilimi ve genetik mühendisliğin bir araya gelmesiyle elde edilen bir bilim dalıdır. Dalga boyu ve ışık şiddetinin milisaniyelik değişimlerle ayarlanabilmesi ve bu sayede hücresel düzeyde spesifik gen ekspresyonunu ve protein trafiğini modüle edebilmesi sebebiyle optogenetik, diğer geleneksel laboratuvar yöntemlerinin başaramayacağı hücresel düzenlemelere imkan vermiştir. 2000’li yılların başında geliştirilen optogenetik yöntemler, moleküler ve hücresel olayların invivo ve invitro şekilde ışıkla manipüle edilerek araştırılmasına olanak sağlamıştır. Beyindeki spesifik nöronları ve nöral yolakları titizlikle stimüle ve inhibe edebilmesi sebebiyle bu yöntemler nörobilim araştırmalarında yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Optogenetik yöntemler, davranış, nöral yolakların fizyolojisi ve patolojisi, kognisyon gibi pek çok alanı kavramamıza yardımcı olmuştur. Nörobilim alanında fizyoloji ve patolojiyi anlamak için yapılan çalışmalardaki katkılarıyla cevabı uzun zamandır muallak olan sorulara yanıt vermektedir. Karmaşık nöral fonksiyonların ve bozuklukların hücresel düzeyde anlaşılabilmesi, ruhsal ve nörodejeneratif bozukluklarda tanı ve tedavi yaklaşımları geliştirilmesini mümkün kılmaktadır. Bu derleme yazısında optogenetiğin psikiyatrik nörobilim araştırmalarında, ruhsal bozuklukları tanılama ve tedavide güncel kullanımı kısa ve öz bir şekilde anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır.

Keywords

• Depresyon
• genetik
• in vitro
• klinik çalışma
• optogenetik
• otizm
• şizofreni

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