Ovalardan Dağlara Doğru Yerleşim Modeli Karbondioksit Toksisitesini Önleyebilir

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 4, 348 - 360, 31.07.2023

Fatih Kara

Öz

Karbondioksitin (CO2) molekül ağırlığı havayı oluşturan temel moleküllerin ağırlığından daha fazla olduğu için, CO2 aşağı doğru çökerek zeminde birikme eğilimi gösterir. Şehirlerde, özellikle fosil yakıtlardan açığa çıkan büyük miktarlardaki CO2, şehrin üzerinde birikerek CO2 bakımından zengin bir tabaka oluşturur (kentsel CO2 kafesi). Solunan havadaki yüksek CO2 konsantrasyonları halk sağlığı açısından ciddi bir endişe kaynağıdır. Buna karşılık CO2 bitki fotosentezi için gerekli bir molekül olup bitki büyümesini destekleyici özellik gösterir. Ovaların tarım için, sağlam kayalık zeminlerin yerleşim için kullanılması ilkesine dayanan ve Kahramanmaraş’ta meydana gelen son depremlerin ardından gündeme gelen “ovalardan dağlara doğru yerleşim modeli” depreme bağlı riskleri azaltmaya dönük bir proje olmakla birlikte, kentsel CO2 yükünün yamaçlardan ovalara doğru ineceği dikkate alındığında, aynı zamanda insan sağlığı ve tarımsal verimlilik açısından da faydalı sonuçlar doğurabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Karbondioksit, Toksisite, Ova, Dağ, Deprem

Teşekkür

Bu makalede detaylandırılmaya ve bilimsel olarak temellendirilmeye çalışılan, yamaçlarda yaşayan insanlarla ovalarda yetişen bitkiler arasında gerçekleşecek CO2 ve O2 değiş tokuşunun her iki taraf için de oldukça faydalı olacağı görüşü, jeoloji mühendisi Prof. Dr. İlyas Yılmazer tarafından yerel ve ulusal medya organlarında yıllardır dile getirilmektedir. Kendisine hem bu fikri halka ve bilim dünyasına aşıladığı için, hem de bu makalenin yazılması sırasında sunduğu değerli katkılar için teşekkür ediyorum.

Kaynakça

• Allen, J.G., MacNaughton, P., Satish, U., Santanam, S., Vallarino, J., Spengler, J.D. (2016). “Associations of cognitive function scores with carbon dioxide, ventilation, and volatile organic compound exposures in office workers: A controlled exposure study of green and conventional office environments”. Environmental Health Perspectives. 124:6, 805–812.
• Balling Jr., R.C., Cerveny, R.S., Idso, C.D. (2001). “Does the urban CO2 dome of Phoenix, Arizona contribute to its heat island?” Geophysical Research Letters. 28:24, 4599-4601.
• De Pascale, S., Maggio, A. (2008). “Plant stress management in semiarid greenhouses”. Acta Hortic. 797:205-215.
• Dembicki, H. (2017). “Interpreting Crude Oil and Natural Gas Data”. Practical Petroleum Geochemistry for Exploration and Production. (135-188). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
• Eliseeva, O.V. (1964). “On the determination of maximum permissible carbon dioxide concentrations in the air of apartment buildings and public buildings”. Gig Sanit. 29: 10-15.
• Goromosov, M.S. (1968). The Physiological Basis of Health Standards for Dwellings; World Health Organization. Cenevre, İsviçre. https://apps.who.int/iris/ handle/10665/39749 (Son Erişim Tarihi: 17.03.2023).
• Gratani, L., Varone, L. (2005). “Daily and seasonal variation of CO2 in the city of Rome in relationship with the traffic volume”. Atmospheric Environment. 39:14, 2619-2624.
• Hong, T., Kim, J., Lee, M. (2018). “Integrated task performance score for the building occupants based on the CO2 concentration and indoor climate factors changes”. Appl. Energy, 228, 1707–1713.
• Idso, C.D., Idso, S.B., Balling Jr., R.C. (1998). “The urban CO2 dome of Phoenix, Arizona”. Physical Geography. 19:2, 95-108.
• Idso, S.B., Idso, C.D., Balling Jr., R.C. (2002). “Seasonal and diurnal variations of near-surface atmospheric CO2 concentrations within a residential sector of the urban CO2 dome of Phoenix, AZ, USA”. Atmospheric Environment, 36:10, 1655-1660.
• Jacobson, T.A., Kler, J.S., Hernke, M.T., Braun, R.K., Meyer, K.C., Funk, W.E. (2019). “Direct human health risks of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide”. Nat Sustain. 2: 691–701.
• Kiel, M., Eldering, A., Roten, D.D., Lin, J.C., Feng, S., Lei, R., Lauvaux, T., Oda, T., Roehl, C.M., Blavier, J.-F., Iraci, L.T. (2021). “Urban-focused satellite CO2 observations from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3: A first look at the Los Angeles megacity”. Remote Sensing of Environment. 258: 112314.
• Lichtfouse, E., Lichtfouse, M., Jaffrezic, A. (2003). “δ13C values of grasses as a novel indicator of pollution by fossil-fuel-derived greenhouse gas CO2 in urban areas”. Environmental Science and Technology. 37:1, 87-89.
• Lowther, S.D., Dimitroulopoulou, S., Foxall, K., Shrubsole, C., Cheek, E., Gadeberg, B., Sepai, O. (2021). “Low Level Carbon Dioxide Indoors - A Pollution Indicator or a Pollutant?” A Health-Based Perspective. Environments. 8:11, 125.
• Menzel, A., Fabian, P. (1999). “Growing season extended in Europe”. Nature, 397: 659.
• Moriwaki, R., Kanda, M., Nitta, H. (2006). “Carbon dioxide build-up within a suburban canopy layer in winter night”. Atmospheric Environment. 40:8, 1394-1407.
• Mui, K.W., Shek, K.W. (2005). “Influence of in-tunnel environment to in-bus air quality and thermal condition in Hong Kong”. Science of The Total Environment. 347:1–3, 163–174.
• Nasrallah, H.A., Balling Jr., R.C., Madi, S.M., Al-Ansari, L. (2003). “Temporal variations in atmospheric CO2 concentrations in Kuwait City, Kuwait with comparisons to Phoenix, Arizona, USA”. Environmental Pollution, 121:2, 301-305.
• Permentier, K., Vercammen, S., Soetaert, S., Schellemans, C. (2017). “Carbon dioxide poisoning: a literature review of an often forgotten cause of intoxication in the emergency department”. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 10:1, 14.
• Rogers, H.H., Runion, G.B., Prior, S.A., Torbert, H.A. (1999). “Response of Plants to Elevated Atmospheric CO2: Root Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Soil Carbon”. Carbon Dioxide and Environmental Stress. (215-244). Newyork: Academic Press.
• Satish, U., Mendell, M.J., Shekhar, K., Hotchi, T., Sullivan, D., Streufert, S., Fisk, W.J. (2012). “Is CO2 an indoor pollutant? Direct effects of low-to-moderate CO2 concentrations on human decision-making performance”. Environmental Health Perspectives. 120:12, 1671–1677.
• Soegaard, H., Moller-Jensen, L. (2003). “Towards a spatial CO2 budget of a metropolitan region based on textural image classification and flux measurements”. Remote Sensing of Environment. 87:2-3, 283-294.
• Tezcan, A., Atılgan, A., Öz, H. (2011). “Seralarda karbondioksit düzeyi, karbondioksit gübrelemesi ve olası etkileri”. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 6:1, 44-51.
• Umezawa, T., Matsueda, H., Oda, T., Higuchi, K., Sawa, Y., Machida, T., Niwa, Y., Maksyutov, S. (2020). “Statistical characterization of urban CO2 emission signals observed by commercial airliner measurements”. Sci Rep. 10:7963, 1-9.
• Velasco, E., Pressley, S., Allwine, E., Westberg, H., Lamb, B. (2005). “Measurements of CO2 fluxes from the Mexico City urban landscape”. Atmospheric Environment. 39:38, 7433-7446.
• Wargocki, P., Porras-Salazar, J.A., Contreras-Espinoza, S., Bahnfleth, W. (2020). “The relationships between classroom air quality and children’s performance in school”. Build Environ. 173, 106749.
• Widory, D., Javoy, M. (2003). “The carbon isotope composition of atmospheric CO2 in Paris”. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 215:1-2, 289-298.
• Yan-chun, C. (2014). “The Higher the Place, the Stronger the Wind?” Hong Kong Observatory. https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/education/weather/wind-andpressure/00449-the-higher-the-place-the-stronger-the-wind.html (December 2014 - Son Erişim Tarihi: 17.03.2023).
• Yılmazer, İ., Yılmazer, Ö., Gökçekuş, H., (1999). “Practical engineering approaches to mitigate earthquake disasters”. Proceedings of the International Conference on Earthquake Hazard and Risk in the Mediterranean Region, by Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus, October 18-22 ’99, pp. 409-416.
• Yılmazer, İ. (2002). Deprem Sorununa Kalıcı Çözüm. İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 104 s.
• Yılmazer, İ., Yılmazer, Ö. (2002). “Earthquake zones can be used as natural resources: Turkey”. International Environmental Conference on Environmental Problems of the Mediterranean Region. Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus, 12-15 April, p. 412.
• Yılmazer, İ., Yılmazer, O., Özvan, A., Biçek, C. (2004). “Why the earthquake disasters occur only in fertile soil grounds?: Turkey”. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Eastern Mediterranean Geology. Thessaloniki, Greece, 14-20 April 2004, pp. 667–669.
• Yılmazer, O., Yılmazer, I., Leventeli, Y. (2020). “The Importance of Effective Land Use Planning for Reduction in Earthquake Catastrophe”. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 13, 1-7.
• Yılmazer, O., Kırkayak, Y., Yılmazer, I. (2021). “A Practical and Effective Solution to Earthquake (EQ) Catastrophe”. International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. 12:2, 1-17.
• Yılmazer, İ., Yılmazer, Ö., Leventeli, Y. (2022). “Depremler Kayada Yıkmaz ve Ovalar Stratejik Ürün Kaynağıdır”. Geosound. 55:1, 165-189.
• Zimnoch, M., Florkowski, T., Necki, J.M., Neubert, R.E.M. (2004). “Diurnal variability of δ13C and δ18O of atmospheric CO2 in the urban atmosphere of Krakow, Poland”. Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies. 40:2, 129-143.