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Zor Zamanlarda Sosyal Güvenliği Yeniden Düşünmek Sosyal Güvenlik ve Gelirin Yeniden Dağılımı

Year 2022, Volume: 1 Issue: 72, 107 - 142, 20.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1060783

Abstract

Bu çalışma, güvencesizlik ve eşitsizliğin önemli ölçüde arttığı günümüz koşullarında sosyal güvenlik sistemlerinin gelirin yeniden dağılım işlevini etkileyen değişkenleri analiz etme amacı taşımaktadır. Son kırk yıldır uygulanmakta olan minimalist sosyal politikalar, küresel düzeyde güvencesizlik, yoksulluk ve eşitsizliğin artmasına neden olmuştur. Yaşanmakta olan pandemi var olan eşitsizliklerin bir yandan daha da artmasına neden olurken, diğer yandan güvencesizliği ve eşitsizliği yönetilebilir olmaktan çıkarmaktadır. Ortaya çıkan güvencesizlik, eşitsizlik ve yoksulluk krizinin çözümü için, sosyal güvenlik sistemlerinin gelirin yeniden dağılım işlevini güçlendirici yönde yeni bir güvence anlayışı gerekmektedir. Sosyal güvenliğin gelirin yeniden dağılım işlevini belirleyen değişkenler, sosyal güvenlik politikalarının istihdam, sağlık ve eğitim politikalarıyla birlikte bütünsel bir anlayışla ele alınması gerektiğini göstermektedir. Bu çerçeve yapı içerisinde sosyal güvenlik sistemlerinin gelirin yeniden dağılım işlevini güçlendirici yönde yeni bir anlayışın, toplumsal uzlaşı temelinde acil olarak yaşama geçirilme ihtiyacı bulunmaktadır.

References

  • Adema,W; Fron,P; Ladaique, M. (2014), “How much do OECD countries spend on social protection and how redistributive are their tax/benefit systems? “, International Social Security Review, 67(1) :1-25.
  • Alper, Y; Arıcı, K.; Özşuca,Ş.T; Aydın, U.; Gökbayrak, Ş., (2015), Tamamlayıcı Emeklilikte Bir Başarı Öyküsü OYAK, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Antonelli, M. A ve De Bonis, W. (2019) “The efficiency of social public expenditure in European countries: a two-stage analysis”, Applied Economics, 51(1): 47-60.
  • Arjona, R.; Ladaique, M.; Pearson, M. (2003), “Growth, inequality and social protection”, Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de Politiques, 29:119-139.
  • Atkinson, A. B. (1995), “Is the welfare state necessarily an obstacle to economic growth?”, European Economic Review, 39(3): 723-730
  • Baldacci,E.; Clements,B.; Gupta,S.; Cui,Q. (2008), “Social Spending, Human Capital, and Growth in Developing Countries”, World Development, 36(8): 1317–1341.
  • Bellettini, G. ve Ceroni, C. B. (2000), “Social security expenditure and economic growth: An empirical assessment”, Research in Economics, 54(3): 249–275.
  • Benabou, R.( 2000), “Unequal societies: Income distribution and the social contract”, American Economic Review, 90(1): 96-129.
  • Berg,A.; Ostry; J.D; Tsangarides; G. ; Yakhshilikov,Y. (2018), “Redistribution, inequality, and growth: new evidence”, Journal of Economic Growth, 23:259–305.
  • Bonnet,F.; Ehmke,E.; Krzysztof ,H. (2010), “Social security in times of crisis”, International Social Security Review, 63(2):47-70
  • Bonoli, G. (2003), “Two Worlds of Pension Reform in Western Europe”, Comparative Policies, 35(4): 399-416.
  • Brewer,M ve Gardiner,L.; (2020), “The initial impact of COVID-19 and policy responses on household incomes”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 36(1):187-199.
  • Brown, G ve Susskind,D.; (2020), “International cooperation during the COVID-19 pandemic”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 36(1): 64–76.
  • Caminada,K.; Goudswaard,K.; Wang,C.; Wang; J., (2019), “Has the redistributive effect of social transfers and taxes changed over time across countries? “ International Social Security Review, 72(1): 3-31.
  • Cammeraat, E.; (2020), “The relationship between different social expenditure schemes and poverty, inequality and economic growth”, International Social Security Review, 73(3):101-123.
  • Cichon, M.(2013), “The Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202): Can a six-page document change the course of social history?” International Social Security Review, 66 ( 3-4): 21-43.
  • Cingano, F. (2014), Trends in Income Inequality and its Impact on Economic Growth, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 163, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en
  • Dabla-Norris,E.; Kochhar,K.; Ricka,F.; Suphaphiphat,N.; Tsounta,E. (2015), Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality: A Global Perspective, International Monetary Fund.
  • Damon, J. (2016), The socio-economic impact of social security, International Social Security Association, Geneva.
  • Darby,J.; Melitz,J.; Masten,I. (2008), “Social Spending and Automatic Stabilizers in the OECD” ,Economic Policy, 23(56): 715-756
  • Deacon, Bob (2007), Global Social Policy and Governance, University of Sheffield, UK
  • Detlef J., (2018), “Distribution regimes and redistribution effects during retrenchment and crisis: A cui bono analysis of unemployment replacement rates of various income categories in 31 welfare states”, Journal of European Social Policy, 28(5) 433–451
  • Diamond, P. ve Lodge,G. (2014), “Dynamic Social Security after the crisis: Towards a new welfare state?”, International Social Security Review, 67(3-4):37-59.
  • Dias,M.C; Joyce,R.; Postel-Vinay,F.; Xu,X (2020), “The Challenges for Labour Market Policy during the COVID-19 Pandemic”, Fiscal Studies, 41(2):371–382.
  • Easterly, W. (2007), “Inequality does cause underdevelopment: Insights from a new instrument”, Journal of Development Economics, 84(2): 755–776.
  • Esping-Anderson, G. (1990), The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Polity Press.
  • Esping-Andersen, G. (2015), “Welfare regimes and social stratification”, Journal of European Social Policy, 25(1): 124–134.
  • Eurofound (2020), Living, working and COVID-19, COVID-19 series, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
  • Euzéby A.; (2010), “Economic crisis and social protection in the European Union: Moving beyond immediate responses”, International Social Security Review, 63(2): 71-86.
  • Fişek, A. G; Özşuca, Ş; Şuğle, M. A. (1999), Sosyal Sigortalar Kurumu Tarihi: 1946-1996, Ankara, Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı Yayını.
  • Fişek, A. Gürhan (1992): Ülkenin Geleceğine İpotek: Çocuk Emeği, Petrol-İş’92 Yıllığı s.490
  • Gechert,S.;Paetz,C.; Villanueva,P.; (2020), “The macroeconomic effects of social security contributions and benefits”, Journal of Monetary Economics,10(2): 1-14.
  • Gerard,F.; Imbert,C.; Orkin,K.; (2020). “Social protection response to the COVID-19 crisis: Options for developing countries”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy,36(1): 281-296.
  • Goudswaard, K ve Caminada, K. (2010), “The redistributive effect of public and private social programmes: A cross-country empirical analysis,” International Social Security Review, 63(1): 1-19.
  • Gökbayrak, Ş. (2009), “Refah Devletinin Dönüşümü ve Bakım Hizmetlerinin Görünmez Emekçileri Göçmen Kadınlar”, Çalışma ve Toplum, 21(2),55-81.
  • Gökbayrak, Ş. (2010), Refah Devletinin Dönüşümü ve Özel Emeklilik Programları, Siyasal Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Gökbayrak, Ş., (2015), “New Social Protection Policies in Turkey :Reductive or Reproductive of Inequality?” , Employment and Equity içinde (eds: Berrin CeylanYAtaman and Risa L.. Lieberwitz), International Labour Organization: 79-94.
  • Gökbayrak, Şenay. (2017), “Değişen Refah Devletleri ve Sosyal Yardımlar”, Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 7 (1): 71-90.
  • Güzel, A.; Okur, A.R; Caniklioğlu N. (2009), Sosyal Güvenlik Hukuku, Beta Yayınları, 12. Bası, İstanbul.
  • Hagemejer, K. ve Mc. Kinnon, R. (2013), “The role of national social protection floors in extending social security to all”, International Social Security Review, 66 (3-4): 3-19.
  • Hannah,A.; Brown, J.T.; Gibbons,A., (2020), “Welfare capabilities: Evaluating distributional inequalities and welfare policy in advanced democracies”, Journal of European Social Policy, 30(3),293–305.
  • ILO (2019a), World Social Protection Report 2017– 2019, International Labour Office – Geneva. ILO (2019b), The Global Labour Income Share and Distribution, Data Production and Analysis Unit, ILO Department of Statistics.
  • ILO (2019c).,ILO Centenary Declaration for The Future of Work, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_711674.pdf
  • ILO, (2020a), World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2020, International Labour Office – Geneva.
  • ILO (2020b), Global Wage Report 2020–21: Wages and minimum wages in the time of COVID-19, International Labour Office – Geneva.
  • ILO (2021), World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2021, International Labour Office – Geneva.
  • Korpi,W.; Palme, J.; (1998), “The paradox of redistribution and strategies of equality:Welfare institutions, inequality and poverty in the western countries”, American Sociological Review, 63(5): 661-687.
  • Kuypers, S.; Figari,F.; Verbist,G.; ( 2021), Redistribution from a joint income-wealth perspective Results from 16 European OECD countries, OECD Social, Employment And Migration Working Papers No. 257
  • Kyriacou, A.P.; Muinelo-Gallo, L; l Roca-Sagalés, O.,(2018), “Redistributive efficiency in 28 developed economies”, Journal of European Social Policy, 28(4):370–385.
  • Leach , M.; MacGregor,H.; Scoones,I.; Wilkinson, A.; (2021), “Post-pandemic transformations: How and why COVID-19 requires us to rethink development”, World Development, 138 (105233): 1-11.
  • Nicola, M.; Alsafib,Z.; Sohrabic,C.; Kerwand,A.; Al-Jabird,A.; Iosifidisc,C.; Aghae,M.; Aghaf,R.; (2020), “The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review”, International Journal of Surgery,78: 185–193.
  • O’Donoghue,C.; Sologon,D.M.; Kyzyma,I.; McHale,J. (2020), “Modelling the Distributional Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis”, Fiscal Studies, 41(2): 321–336.
  • OECD (2018), The Future of Social Protection: What Works for Non-standard Workers?, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264306943-en
  • OECD (2019a), Can Social Protection Be an Engine for Inclusive Growth?, Development Centre Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/9d95b5d0-en
  • OECD (2019b), Under Pressure: The Squeezed Middle Class, OECD Publishing, Paris,.https://doi.org/10.1787/689afed1-en
  • Okun, A. M. (1975), Equality and efficiency: The big tradeoff, Washington, DC, Brookings Institution.
  • Orosz, Á. (2018), “The impact of the 2008 economic and financial crisis on the public spending devoted to social protection in the EU”, Eastern Journal of European Studies, 9(2):187-203.
  • Otto,A. ve Oorschot,W. (2019), “Welfare reform by stealth? Cash benefit recipiency data and its additional value to the understanding of welfare state change in Europe”, Journal of European Social Policy, 29(3): 307–324.
  • Özşuca,Ş. (1990), Türkiye’de Sosyal Güvenlik Sisteminin Ekonomi Üzerindeki Etkileri (1965-1988), Gazi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Paukert, F. (1969). “ Social Security and Income Redistribution: A Comparative Study”, International Labour Review, 425: 425-450.
  • Peterman, W.B ve Somme, K.; (2019), “How Well Did Social Securıty Mitigate The Effects of The Great Recession”, International Economic Review, 60(3):1433-1466 .
  • Razavi,S.,; Behrendt,C., Bierbaum,M.; Orton,I.; Tessier,L.; (2020), “Reinvigorating the social contract and strengthening social cohesion: Social protection responses to COVID‐19”, International Social Security Review, 73(3): 55-80.
  • Saez,E. ve Zucman, G. (2020), “The Rise of Income and Wealth Inequality in America: Evidence from Distributional Macroeconomic Accounts”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 34(4): 3–26.
  • Schmit,C.;Lierse,H.; Obinger,H., (2020), “Funding social protection: Mapping and explaining welfare state financing in a global perspective”, Global Social Policy ,20(2):143– 164.
  • Shibata, I., (2020), The Distributional Impact of Recessions: the Global Financial Crisis and the Pandemic Recession, IMF Working Paper.
  • Soares, S. ve Berg, J. (2021), “Transitions in the labour market under COVID-19: Who endures, who doesn't and the implications for inequality”, International Labour Review ,upcoming.
  • Talas, C. (1997),Toplumsal Ekonomi: Çalışma Ekonomisi, İmge Kitabevi Yayınları Ankara.
  • Thewissen, S., (2014), “Is it the income distribution or redistribution that affects growth?”, Socio-Economic Review , 12: 545–571.
  • Wang,C.; Caminada,K.; Goudswaard,K. (2012), “The redistributive effect of social transfer programmes and taxes: A decomposition across countries”, International Social Security Review, 65(3):27-48.
  • Walker, P. vd (2020)., Report 12: The global impact of COVID‐19 and strategies for mitigation and suppression. London, Imperial College COVID‐19 Response Team.
  • Weber,T; Hurley,j.; Bisello,M.; Aumayr-Pintar,C.; Cabrita,J.; Demetriades, S.; Patrini, V.; Riso,S Llave, O,V.; (2020), COVID-19:Policy responses across Europe, Eurofound.
  • Yeates, N. (2011), “Sosyal Politika ve Uluslarüstü Yönetişim”, Sosyal Politika: Kuramlar ve Uygulamalar içinde (Çeviri Editörü: Şenay Gökbayrak), Siyasal Kitapevi Yayınları, Ankara:388-398.
Year 2022, Volume: 1 Issue: 72, 107 - 142, 20.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1060783

Abstract

References

  • Adema,W; Fron,P; Ladaique, M. (2014), “How much do OECD countries spend on social protection and how redistributive are their tax/benefit systems? “, International Social Security Review, 67(1) :1-25.
  • Alper, Y; Arıcı, K.; Özşuca,Ş.T; Aydın, U.; Gökbayrak, Ş., (2015), Tamamlayıcı Emeklilikte Bir Başarı Öyküsü OYAK, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Antonelli, M. A ve De Bonis, W. (2019) “The efficiency of social public expenditure in European countries: a two-stage analysis”, Applied Economics, 51(1): 47-60.
  • Arjona, R.; Ladaique, M.; Pearson, M. (2003), “Growth, inequality and social protection”, Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de Politiques, 29:119-139.
  • Atkinson, A. B. (1995), “Is the welfare state necessarily an obstacle to economic growth?”, European Economic Review, 39(3): 723-730
  • Baldacci,E.; Clements,B.; Gupta,S.; Cui,Q. (2008), “Social Spending, Human Capital, and Growth in Developing Countries”, World Development, 36(8): 1317–1341.
  • Bellettini, G. ve Ceroni, C. B. (2000), “Social security expenditure and economic growth: An empirical assessment”, Research in Economics, 54(3): 249–275.
  • Benabou, R.( 2000), “Unequal societies: Income distribution and the social contract”, American Economic Review, 90(1): 96-129.
  • Berg,A.; Ostry; J.D; Tsangarides; G. ; Yakhshilikov,Y. (2018), “Redistribution, inequality, and growth: new evidence”, Journal of Economic Growth, 23:259–305.
  • Bonnet,F.; Ehmke,E.; Krzysztof ,H. (2010), “Social security in times of crisis”, International Social Security Review, 63(2):47-70
  • Bonoli, G. (2003), “Two Worlds of Pension Reform in Western Europe”, Comparative Policies, 35(4): 399-416.
  • Brewer,M ve Gardiner,L.; (2020), “The initial impact of COVID-19 and policy responses on household incomes”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 36(1):187-199.
  • Brown, G ve Susskind,D.; (2020), “International cooperation during the COVID-19 pandemic”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 36(1): 64–76.
  • Caminada,K.; Goudswaard,K.; Wang,C.; Wang; J., (2019), “Has the redistributive effect of social transfers and taxes changed over time across countries? “ International Social Security Review, 72(1): 3-31.
  • Cammeraat, E.; (2020), “The relationship between different social expenditure schemes and poverty, inequality and economic growth”, International Social Security Review, 73(3):101-123.
  • Cichon, M.(2013), “The Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202): Can a six-page document change the course of social history?” International Social Security Review, 66 ( 3-4): 21-43.
  • Cingano, F. (2014), Trends in Income Inequality and its Impact on Economic Growth, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 163, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en
  • Dabla-Norris,E.; Kochhar,K.; Ricka,F.; Suphaphiphat,N.; Tsounta,E. (2015), Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality: A Global Perspective, International Monetary Fund.
  • Damon, J. (2016), The socio-economic impact of social security, International Social Security Association, Geneva.
  • Darby,J.; Melitz,J.; Masten,I. (2008), “Social Spending and Automatic Stabilizers in the OECD” ,Economic Policy, 23(56): 715-756
  • Deacon, Bob (2007), Global Social Policy and Governance, University of Sheffield, UK
  • Detlef J., (2018), “Distribution regimes and redistribution effects during retrenchment and crisis: A cui bono analysis of unemployment replacement rates of various income categories in 31 welfare states”, Journal of European Social Policy, 28(5) 433–451
  • Diamond, P. ve Lodge,G. (2014), “Dynamic Social Security after the crisis: Towards a new welfare state?”, International Social Security Review, 67(3-4):37-59.
  • Dias,M.C; Joyce,R.; Postel-Vinay,F.; Xu,X (2020), “The Challenges for Labour Market Policy during the COVID-19 Pandemic”, Fiscal Studies, 41(2):371–382.
  • Easterly, W. (2007), “Inequality does cause underdevelopment: Insights from a new instrument”, Journal of Development Economics, 84(2): 755–776.
  • Esping-Anderson, G. (1990), The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Polity Press.
  • Esping-Andersen, G. (2015), “Welfare regimes and social stratification”, Journal of European Social Policy, 25(1): 124–134.
  • Eurofound (2020), Living, working and COVID-19, COVID-19 series, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
  • Euzéby A.; (2010), “Economic crisis and social protection in the European Union: Moving beyond immediate responses”, International Social Security Review, 63(2): 71-86.
  • Fişek, A. G; Özşuca, Ş; Şuğle, M. A. (1999), Sosyal Sigortalar Kurumu Tarihi: 1946-1996, Ankara, Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı Yayını.
  • Fişek, A. Gürhan (1992): Ülkenin Geleceğine İpotek: Çocuk Emeği, Petrol-İş’92 Yıllığı s.490
  • Gechert,S.;Paetz,C.; Villanueva,P.; (2020), “The macroeconomic effects of social security contributions and benefits”, Journal of Monetary Economics,10(2): 1-14.
  • Gerard,F.; Imbert,C.; Orkin,K.; (2020). “Social protection response to the COVID-19 crisis: Options for developing countries”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy,36(1): 281-296.
  • Goudswaard, K ve Caminada, K. (2010), “The redistributive effect of public and private social programmes: A cross-country empirical analysis,” International Social Security Review, 63(1): 1-19.
  • Gökbayrak, Ş. (2009), “Refah Devletinin Dönüşümü ve Bakım Hizmetlerinin Görünmez Emekçileri Göçmen Kadınlar”, Çalışma ve Toplum, 21(2),55-81.
  • Gökbayrak, Ş. (2010), Refah Devletinin Dönüşümü ve Özel Emeklilik Programları, Siyasal Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Gökbayrak, Ş., (2015), “New Social Protection Policies in Turkey :Reductive or Reproductive of Inequality?” , Employment and Equity içinde (eds: Berrin CeylanYAtaman and Risa L.. Lieberwitz), International Labour Organization: 79-94.
  • Gökbayrak, Şenay. (2017), “Değişen Refah Devletleri ve Sosyal Yardımlar”, Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 7 (1): 71-90.
  • Güzel, A.; Okur, A.R; Caniklioğlu N. (2009), Sosyal Güvenlik Hukuku, Beta Yayınları, 12. Bası, İstanbul.
  • Hagemejer, K. ve Mc. Kinnon, R. (2013), “The role of national social protection floors in extending social security to all”, International Social Security Review, 66 (3-4): 3-19.
  • Hannah,A.; Brown, J.T.; Gibbons,A., (2020), “Welfare capabilities: Evaluating distributional inequalities and welfare policy in advanced democracies”, Journal of European Social Policy, 30(3),293–305.
  • ILO (2019a), World Social Protection Report 2017– 2019, International Labour Office – Geneva. ILO (2019b), The Global Labour Income Share and Distribution, Data Production and Analysis Unit, ILO Department of Statistics.
  • ILO (2019c).,ILO Centenary Declaration for The Future of Work, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_711674.pdf
  • ILO, (2020a), World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2020, International Labour Office – Geneva.
  • ILO (2020b), Global Wage Report 2020–21: Wages and minimum wages in the time of COVID-19, International Labour Office – Geneva.
  • ILO (2021), World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2021, International Labour Office – Geneva.
  • Korpi,W.; Palme, J.; (1998), “The paradox of redistribution and strategies of equality:Welfare institutions, inequality and poverty in the western countries”, American Sociological Review, 63(5): 661-687.
  • Kuypers, S.; Figari,F.; Verbist,G.; ( 2021), Redistribution from a joint income-wealth perspective Results from 16 European OECD countries, OECD Social, Employment And Migration Working Papers No. 257
  • Kyriacou, A.P.; Muinelo-Gallo, L; l Roca-Sagalés, O.,(2018), “Redistributive efficiency in 28 developed economies”, Journal of European Social Policy, 28(4):370–385.
  • Leach , M.; MacGregor,H.; Scoones,I.; Wilkinson, A.; (2021), “Post-pandemic transformations: How and why COVID-19 requires us to rethink development”, World Development, 138 (105233): 1-11.
  • Nicola, M.; Alsafib,Z.; Sohrabic,C.; Kerwand,A.; Al-Jabird,A.; Iosifidisc,C.; Aghae,M.; Aghaf,R.; (2020), “The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review”, International Journal of Surgery,78: 185–193.
  • O’Donoghue,C.; Sologon,D.M.; Kyzyma,I.; McHale,J. (2020), “Modelling the Distributional Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis”, Fiscal Studies, 41(2): 321–336.
  • OECD (2018), The Future of Social Protection: What Works for Non-standard Workers?, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264306943-en
  • OECD (2019a), Can Social Protection Be an Engine for Inclusive Growth?, Development Centre Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/9d95b5d0-en
  • OECD (2019b), Under Pressure: The Squeezed Middle Class, OECD Publishing, Paris,.https://doi.org/10.1787/689afed1-en
  • Okun, A. M. (1975), Equality and efficiency: The big tradeoff, Washington, DC, Brookings Institution.
  • Orosz, Á. (2018), “The impact of the 2008 economic and financial crisis on the public spending devoted to social protection in the EU”, Eastern Journal of European Studies, 9(2):187-203.
  • Otto,A. ve Oorschot,W. (2019), “Welfare reform by stealth? Cash benefit recipiency data and its additional value to the understanding of welfare state change in Europe”, Journal of European Social Policy, 29(3): 307–324.
  • Özşuca,Ş. (1990), Türkiye’de Sosyal Güvenlik Sisteminin Ekonomi Üzerindeki Etkileri (1965-1988), Gazi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Paukert, F. (1969). “ Social Security and Income Redistribution: A Comparative Study”, International Labour Review, 425: 425-450.
  • Peterman, W.B ve Somme, K.; (2019), “How Well Did Social Securıty Mitigate The Effects of The Great Recession”, International Economic Review, 60(3):1433-1466 .
  • Razavi,S.,; Behrendt,C., Bierbaum,M.; Orton,I.; Tessier,L.; (2020), “Reinvigorating the social contract and strengthening social cohesion: Social protection responses to COVID‐19”, International Social Security Review, 73(3): 55-80.
  • Saez,E. ve Zucman, G. (2020), “The Rise of Income and Wealth Inequality in America: Evidence from Distributional Macroeconomic Accounts”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 34(4): 3–26.
  • Schmit,C.;Lierse,H.; Obinger,H., (2020), “Funding social protection: Mapping and explaining welfare state financing in a global perspective”, Global Social Policy ,20(2):143– 164.
  • Shibata, I., (2020), The Distributional Impact of Recessions: the Global Financial Crisis and the Pandemic Recession, IMF Working Paper.
  • Soares, S. ve Berg, J. (2021), “Transitions in the labour market under COVID-19: Who endures, who doesn't and the implications for inequality”, International Labour Review ,upcoming.
  • Talas, C. (1997),Toplumsal Ekonomi: Çalışma Ekonomisi, İmge Kitabevi Yayınları Ankara.
  • Thewissen, S., (2014), “Is it the income distribution or redistribution that affects growth?”, Socio-Economic Review , 12: 545–571.
  • Wang,C.; Caminada,K.; Goudswaard,K. (2012), “The redistributive effect of social transfer programmes and taxes: A decomposition across countries”, International Social Security Review, 65(3):27-48.
  • Walker, P. vd (2020)., Report 12: The global impact of COVID‐19 and strategies for mitigation and suppression. London, Imperial College COVID‐19 Response Team.
  • Weber,T; Hurley,j.; Bisello,M.; Aumayr-Pintar,C.; Cabrita,J.; Demetriades, S.; Patrini, V.; Riso,S Llave, O,V.; (2020), COVID-19:Policy responses across Europe, Eurofound.
  • Yeates, N. (2011), “Sosyal Politika ve Uluslarüstü Yönetişim”, Sosyal Politika: Kuramlar ve Uygulamalar içinde (Çeviri Editörü: Şenay Gökbayrak), Siyasal Kitapevi Yayınları, Ankara:388-398.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Şenay Gökbayrak This is me 0000-0002-3833-7034

Publication Date January 20, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 1 Issue: 72

Cite

APA Gökbayrak, Ş. (2022). Zor Zamanlarda Sosyal Güvenliği Yeniden Düşünmek Sosyal Güvenlik ve Gelirin Yeniden Dağılımı. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 1(72), 107-142. https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1060783

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