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İşgücü Piyasaları ve Sosyal Güvenlikte Dönüşüm Ekseninde Kadınların Emeklilik Güvencesi

Year 2011, Volume: 2 Issue: 29, 165 - 190, 01.01.2011

Şenay Gökbayrak

Abstract

Bu çalışma, değişen işgücü piyasası koşulları ve refah devletinin dönüşüm sürecinin, kadınların yaşlılık güvencesi üzerindeki etkilerini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Birçok ülkede, refah devletinin dönüşümü kapsamında yaşlılık döneminde gelir güvencesi sağlamada kamu emeklilik programlarının rolü azaltılırken, özel emeklilik programlarının rolü önem kazanmaktadır. Ancak bu süreç yaşlılık döneminde kadınların gelir güvencesini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bu duruma refah devletinin toplumsal cinsiyetçi yapısı, toplumsal cinsiyetçi işbölümü, kadınların düşük istihdam oranları, işgücü piyasalarında toplumsal cinsiyetçi tabakalaşma ve kadınların a-tipik istihdam biçimleri neden olmaktadır. Güvencesiz istihdam biçimlerinde yoğunlaşan kadınların büyük bir bölümü, emeklilik güvencesine erişememektedir. Türkiye’de işgücü piyasası ve sosyal güvenlik sisteminde var olan cinsiyet eşitsizliği, sosyal güvenlik ve işgücü piyasasında yaşanan dönüşüm sürecinin emeklilik döneminde toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğini artırmasına ve zamanlar arası transferine neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle, yaşlılık döneminde cinsiyete dayalı ayrımcılığı azaltmak ve ortadan kaldırmak için, kadın dostu istihdam ve sosyal güvenlik politikalarının uygulanması önem taşımaktadır.

Keywords

Refah devletinin dönüşümü kadın işgücü emeklilik reformları özel emeklilik programları

References

  • Alper, Y. (2002), “Sosyal Güvenlikte Yeni Bir Adım: Bireysel Emeklilik”, Çimento İşveren Dergisi, 2(16): 12-32.
  • Arenas De Mesa, A. ve Bertranou, F. (1997), “Learning from Social Security Reforms: Two Different Cases, Chile and Argentina”, World Development, 25(3): 329-348.
  • Arza, C. (2008), “Pension Reform in Latin America. Distributional Principles, Inequalities and Alternative Policy Options”, Journal of Latin American Studies, 40 : 1-28.
  • Bahle, T. (2003), “ The changing institutionalization of social services in England and Wales, France and Germany: is welfare state on retreat?”, Journal of European Social Policy, 13(1):5-20.
  • Barbier C.J, “Citizenship and the activation of social protection: a comparative approach”, The Changing Face of Welfare içinde(eds:Anderson, vd), 2005: 113-134.
  • Bardasi, E. ve Jenkins S. (2010), “The Gender Gap in Private Pension”, Bulletin of Economics Research, 62(4): 343-363.
  • Barr, N. (2006), “Pensions: Overview of The Issues” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 22(1): 1-14.
  • Barr, N. ve Diamond, P. (2006), “The Economics of Pension”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 22(1): 15-39.
  • Barr, N. ve Diamond, P.(2009), “Reforming pensions: Principles, analytical errors and policy directions”, International Social Security Review, 62(2): 5-29.
  • Behrendt, C. (2000), “Private Pension – a viable alternative? Their Distribution Effects in a Comparative Perspective”, International Social Security Review, 53(3): 3-26.
  • Bonoli, G. (2004), The Politics of Pension Reform: Institutions and Policy Change in Western Europe, Cambridge University Press.
  • Bonoli, G.(2006), “The Politics of New Social Policies: Providing Coverage against New Social Risks in Mature Welfare State”, The Welfare Reader içinde (eds: Christopher Pierson ve Francis G. Castels, Polity Press, Second Edition: 389-407.
  • Clark, G. L ve Whiteside, N. (2005), “Introduction”,Pension Security in the 21st Century içinde (eds: Gordon L. Clark ve Noel Whiteside), Oxford University Press: 1-20.
  • Daly, M ve Lewis, J. (2000), “The Concept of social care and analysis of contemporary welfare states”, British Journal of Sociology, 51(2): 281-298.
  • Dixon, J. ve Kouzmin, A. (2001), “The Market Appropriation of Statutory Social Security: Global Experience and Governance Issues”, The Marketization of Social Security içinde (eds: John Dixon ve Mark Hyde), Quorum Books 27-42.
  • EGM (2008), Bireysel Emeklilik Sistemi 2007 Gelişim Raporu.
  • Elson, D. (1999), “Labor Markets as Gendered Institutions: Equality, Efficiency and Empoverment Issues”, World Development, 27(3): 611-627.
  • Esping-Andersen, G. (1990), The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Princeton.
  • Esping –Andersen, Gosta (2006), “Toplumsal Riskler ve Refah Devletleri”, Sosyal Politika Yazıları içinde (der: Ayşe Buğra-Çağlar Keyder), İletişim Yayınları:33-54.
  • Foster, L.(2010), “Towards a new political economy of pensions? The implications for women “, Critical Social Policy, 30(1): 27-47.
  • Frericks, P.; Maier, R.; De Graaf, W. (2007), “European Pension Reforms: Individualization, Privatization and Gender Gaps”,Social Politics, 14(2): 212-237.
  • Frericks, P. ve Maier, R. (2008), “The gender pension gap: Effects of norms and reform policies”, Pension Reform in Europe içinde (eds:Camila Arza ve Martin Kohli),Routledge : 175-195.
  • Gillion, C, vd. (2000), Social Security Pensions: Develeopment and Reform, International Labour Office, Geneva
  • Ginn, J; Street, D; Arber, S. (2001), Women, Work and Pensions: International Issues and prospects, Open University Press.
  • Ginn, J. (2004),“European Pension Privatisation: Taking Account of Gender”, Social Policy & Society, 3(2):123-134.
  • Gökbayrak, Ş. (2008), “Refah Devleti Hizmetlerinin Sunumunda Özelleştirme Uygulamaları” I. Ulusal Çalışma İlişkileri Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı,Sakarya Üniversitesi:779-799.
  • Gökbayrak, Ş. (2010), Refah Devletinin Dönüşümü ve Özel Emeklilik Programları, Siyasal Kitabevi, Ankara,.
  • Gough, O. (2004), “Why do employees, particularly women reject Occupational Pension Schemes ?”, Employee Relations, 26(5): 480-494.
  • Groezen, B; Kiiver, H; Unger, B. (2009), “Explaning Europeans preferences for pension provision”, European Journal of Political Economy, 25: 237-246
  • Güzel, A.; Okur, A.R; Caniklioğlu N. (2009), Sosyal Güvenlik Hukuku, Beta Yayınları, 12. Bası, İstanbul.
  • Hyde, M; Dixon, J; Drover, G. (2003), “Welfare Retrenchment or Collective Responsibility ? The Privatisation of Public Pensions in Western Europe”, Social Policy&Society, 2(3): 189-197.
  • Jefferson, T. (2009), “Women and Retirement Pension: A Research Review”, Feminist Economics, 15(4): 115-145.
  • Kar, M. ve Elveren, A.Y. (2008), “Özel Emeklilik Sistemlerinde Cinsiyete Dayalı Gelir Farkı: Türkiye Örneği”, TİSK Akademi, 3(5):68-99.
  • Kildal,N.(2001), Workfare Tendencies in Scandinavian Welfare Policies, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • Kleinman, M. “Kriz mi Ne Krizi? Avrupa Refah Devletlerinde Süreklilik ve Değişim”, Sosyal Politika Yazıları içinde (der: Ayşe Buğra ve Çağlar Keyder), İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul: 195-229.
  • Korpi, W. (2006), “The Power Resources Model”, The Welfare Reader içinde (eds: Christopher Pierson ve Francis G. Castels, Polity Press, Second Edition: 76-88.
  • Korpi, W. (2010), “Class and gender inequalities in different types of welfare states: The Social Citizenship Indicator Program”, International Journal of Social Welfare, 19:14-24.
  • KSSGM (2010), Türkiye’de Kadının Durumu, Ankara.
  • Larsen, J. E. (2005) “The active society and activation policy: ideologies, contexts and effects”, The Changing Face of Welfare içinde(eds:Anderson, vd) : 135-150.
  • Leitner, S. (2001), “Sex and Gender Discrimination within EU Pension Systems”, Journal of European Social Policy, 11(2): 99-115.
  • Lindbeck,A .(2008), Prospects for The Welfare State, Institute for International Economic Studies, Stockholm University Seminar Paper:755.
  • Marshall, T.H. (2006), “Citizenship and Social Class”, The Welfare Reader içinde (eds: Christopher Pierson ve Francis G. Castels, Polity Press, Second Edition: 32-41.
  • McIntosh, M. (2006), “Feminism and Social Policy”, The Welfare Reader içinde (eds: Christopher Pierson ve Francis G. Castels, Polity Press, Second Edition: 120-133.
  • Mead, L. W. (2006), “The New Politics of The New Poverty”, The Welfare State Reader içinde (eds: Christopher Pierson ve Francis G. Castels), Polity Press, Second Edition: 107-160.
  • Mesa-Lago, C. (2006), “Private and Public Pension Systems Compared: An Evaluation of Latin American Experience”, Review of Political Economy, 18(3): 317-334.
  • OECD (2009), Pensions at Glance 2009: Retirement – Income Systems in OECD Countries, OECD.
  • Özşuca, Ş.(2003), “Küreselleşme ve Sosyal Güvenlik Krizi”, Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 58(2):,133-157.
  • Pateman, C. (2006), “The Patriarchal Welfare State”, The Welfare Reader içinde (eds: Christopher Pierson ve Francis G. Castels, Polity Press, Second Edition: 134-151.
  • Pierson, P. (2006), “The New Politics of Welfare State”, The Welfare Reader içinde (eds: Christopher Pierson ve Francis G. Castels, Polity Press, Second Edition:348-357.
  • Queisser, M. ve Whitehouse, E. (2006), “Comparing The Pension Promises of 30 OECD Countries”, International Social Security Review, 59(3): 49-77.
  • Queisser, M; Whitehouse, E; Whiteford, P. (2007), “The Public-Private Mix in OECD Countries”, Industrial Relations Journal, 38(6): 542-568.
  • Seeleib – Kaiser, M. (2008), “Welfare State Transformation in Comparative Perspective: Shifting Boundaries of Public and Private Social Policy?”, Welfare State Transformations : Comparative Perspectives içinde (ed: Martin Seeleib- Kaiser),Palgrave Macmillan: 1-14.
  • Şakar, M. (2008), “Sosyal Sigortalar mı ? Bireysel Emeklilik Sistemi mi?”, Yaklaşım Dergisi, Sayı: 186.
  • Taylor-Gooby,P.(2002), “The Silver Age of the Welfare State: Perspective of Resilience”, Journal of Social Policy, 31(4) : 597-621.
  • Toksöz, G. (2007), Türkiye’de Kadın İstihdamının Durumu, Uluslar arası Çalışma Örgütü, Ankara.
  • TUİK ( 2010a), İstatistik Göstergeler 1923-2009, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Ankara.
  • TUİK (2010b), Hanehalkı İşgücü Araştırması 2010 Kasım Dönemi Sonuçları Haber Bülteni, Sayı:31
  • Tuncay, C. ve Ekmekçi, Ö. (2009), Yeni Mevzuat Açısından Sosyal Güvenlik Hukuku’nun Esasları, Legal Yayıncılık, II. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • World Bank. (1994), Averting Old Age Crisis: Policies to Protect The Old and Promote Growth, A World Bank Policy Research Report, Oxford University Press.

Year 2011, Volume: 2 Issue: 29, 165 - 190, 01.01.2011

Şenay Gökbayrak

Abstract

This stud y is aimed at analyzing the effects of changing labour market conditions and welfare state transformation on women old-age security. In many countries under the transformation of welfare state, while the roles of the public pension programs have reduced, private pension programs have gained important role at old-age income security. But this process creates more adverse effects on women income security. Gender roles in welfare state, gender division of labour, low employment rates of women; gender segmentation in labour markets and a-typical employment patterns of women are the main reasons of this situation. Under unsecured employment conditions of women, many women cannot access to old-age security. This study indicate that transformation of labour market and social security system increase the gender gaps in old age-security and transport the gender inequality from present to future time as a result of existing gender inequality in social security and labour market in Turkey. Therefore it is important to implement women friendly employment and social security policies to reduce and eliminate the gender discriminations in old-age security.

Keywords

Welfare state transformation women labour pension reforms private pension programs

References

  • Alper, Y. (2002), “Sosyal Güvenlikte Yeni Bir Adım: Bireysel Emeklilik”, Çimento İşveren Dergisi, 2(16): 12-32.
  • Arenas De Mesa, A. ve Bertranou, F. (1997), “Learning from Social Security Reforms: Two Different Cases, Chile and Argentina”, World Development, 25(3): 329-348.
  • Arza, C. (2008), “Pension Reform in Latin America. Distributional Principles, Inequalities and Alternative Policy Options”, Journal of Latin American Studies, 40 : 1-28.
  • Bahle, T. (2003), “ The changing institutionalization of social services in England and Wales, France and Germany: is welfare state on retreat?”, Journal of European Social Policy, 13(1):5-20.
  • Barbier C.J, “Citizenship and the activation of social protection: a comparative approach”, The Changing Face of Welfare içinde(eds:Anderson, vd), 2005: 113-134.
  • Bardasi, E. ve Jenkins S. (2010), “The Gender Gap in Private Pension”, Bulletin of Economics Research, 62(4): 343-363.
  • Barr, N. (2006), “Pensions: Overview of The Issues” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 22(1): 1-14.
  • Barr, N. ve Diamond, P. (2006), “The Economics of Pension”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 22(1): 15-39.
  • Barr, N. ve Diamond, P.(2009), “Reforming pensions: Principles, analytical errors and policy directions”, International Social Security Review, 62(2): 5-29.
  • Behrendt, C. (2000), “Private Pension – a viable alternative? Their Distribution Effects in a Comparative Perspective”, International Social Security Review, 53(3): 3-26.
  • Bonoli, G. (2004), The Politics of Pension Reform: Institutions and Policy Change in Western Europe, Cambridge University Press.
  • Bonoli, G.(2006), “The Politics of New Social Policies: Providing Coverage against New Social Risks in Mature Welfare State”, The Welfare Reader içinde (eds: Christopher Pierson ve Francis G. Castels, Polity Press, Second Edition: 389-407.
  • Clark, G. L ve Whiteside, N. (2005), “Introduction”,Pension Security in the 21st Century içinde (eds: Gordon L. Clark ve Noel Whiteside), Oxford University Press: 1-20.
  • Daly, M ve Lewis, J. (2000), “The Concept of social care and analysis of contemporary welfare states”, British Journal of Sociology, 51(2): 281-298.
  • Dixon, J. ve Kouzmin, A. (2001), “The Market Appropriation of Statutory Social Security: Global Experience and Governance Issues”, The Marketization of Social Security içinde (eds: John Dixon ve Mark Hyde), Quorum Books 27-42.
  • EGM (2008), Bireysel Emeklilik Sistemi 2007 Gelişim Raporu.
  • Elson, D. (1999), “Labor Markets as Gendered Institutions: Equality, Efficiency and Empoverment Issues”, World Development, 27(3): 611-627.
  • Esping-Andersen, G. (1990), The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Princeton.
  • Esping –Andersen, Gosta (2006), “Toplumsal Riskler ve Refah Devletleri”, Sosyal Politika Yazıları içinde (der: Ayşe Buğra-Çağlar Keyder), İletişim Yayınları:33-54.
  • Foster, L.(2010), “Towards a new political economy of pensions? The implications for women “, Critical Social Policy, 30(1): 27-47.
  • Frericks, P.; Maier, R.; De Graaf, W. (2007), “European Pension Reforms: Individualization, Privatization and Gender Gaps”,Social Politics, 14(2): 212-237.
  • Frericks, P. ve Maier, R. (2008), “The gender pension gap: Effects of norms and reform policies”, Pension Reform in Europe içinde (eds:Camila Arza ve Martin Kohli),Routledge : 175-195.
  • Gillion, C, vd. (2000), Social Security Pensions: Develeopment and Reform, International Labour Office, Geneva
  • Ginn, J; Street, D; Arber, S. (2001), Women, Work and Pensions: International Issues and prospects, Open University Press.
  • Ginn, J. (2004),“European Pension Privatisation: Taking Account of Gender”, Social Policy & Society, 3(2):123-134.
  • Gökbayrak, Ş. (2008), “Refah Devleti Hizmetlerinin Sunumunda Özelleştirme Uygulamaları” I. Ulusal Çalışma İlişkileri Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı,Sakarya Üniversitesi:779-799.
  • Gökbayrak, Ş. (2010), Refah Devletinin Dönüşümü ve Özel Emeklilik Programları, Siyasal Kitabevi, Ankara,.
  • Gough, O. (2004), “Why do employees, particularly women reject Occupational Pension Schemes ?”, Employee Relations, 26(5): 480-494.
  • Groezen, B; Kiiver, H; Unger, B. (2009), “Explaning Europeans preferences for pension provision”, European Journal of Political Economy, 25: 237-246
  • Güzel, A.; Okur, A.R; Caniklioğlu N. (2009), Sosyal Güvenlik Hukuku, Beta Yayınları, 12. Bası, İstanbul.
  • Hyde, M; Dixon, J; Drover, G. (2003), “Welfare Retrenchment or Collective Responsibility ? The Privatisation of Public Pensions in Western Europe”, Social Policy&Society, 2(3): 189-197.
  • Jefferson, T. (2009), “Women and Retirement Pension: A Research Review”, Feminist Economics, 15(4): 115-145.
  • Kar, M. ve Elveren, A.Y. (2008), “Özel Emeklilik Sistemlerinde Cinsiyete Dayalı Gelir Farkı: Türkiye Örneği”, TİSK Akademi, 3(5):68-99.
  • Kildal,N.(2001), Workfare Tendencies in Scandinavian Welfare Policies, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • Kleinman, M. “Kriz mi Ne Krizi? Avrupa Refah Devletlerinde Süreklilik ve Değişim”, Sosyal Politika Yazıları içinde (der: Ayşe Buğra ve Çağlar Keyder), İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul: 195-229.
  • Korpi, W. (2006), “The Power Resources Model”, The Welfare Reader içinde (eds: Christopher Pierson ve Francis G. Castels, Polity Press, Second Edition: 76-88.
  • Korpi, W. (2010), “Class and gender inequalities in different types of welfare states: The Social Citizenship Indicator Program”, International Journal of Social Welfare, 19:14-24.
  • KSSGM (2010), Türkiye’de Kadının Durumu, Ankara.
  • Larsen, J. E. (2005) “The active society and activation policy: ideologies, contexts and effects”, The Changing Face of Welfare içinde(eds:Anderson, vd) : 135-150.
  • Leitner, S. (2001), “Sex and Gender Discrimination within EU Pension Systems”, Journal of European Social Policy, 11(2): 99-115.
  • Lindbeck,A .(2008), Prospects for The Welfare State, Institute for International Economic Studies, Stockholm University Seminar Paper:755.
  • Marshall, T.H. (2006), “Citizenship and Social Class”, The Welfare Reader içinde (eds: Christopher Pierson ve Francis G. Castels, Polity Press, Second Edition: 32-41.
  • McIntosh, M. (2006), “Feminism and Social Policy”, The Welfare Reader içinde (eds: Christopher Pierson ve Francis G. Castels, Polity Press, Second Edition: 120-133.
  • Mead, L. W. (2006), “The New Politics of The New Poverty”, The Welfare State Reader içinde (eds: Christopher Pierson ve Francis G. Castels), Polity Press, Second Edition: 107-160.
  • Mesa-Lago, C. (2006), “Private and Public Pension Systems Compared: An Evaluation of Latin American Experience”, Review of Political Economy, 18(3): 317-334.
  • OECD (2009), Pensions at Glance 2009: Retirement – Income Systems in OECD Countries, OECD.
  • Özşuca, Ş.(2003), “Küreselleşme ve Sosyal Güvenlik Krizi”, Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 58(2):,133-157.
  • Pateman, C. (2006), “The Patriarchal Welfare State”, The Welfare Reader içinde (eds: Christopher Pierson ve Francis G. Castels, Polity Press, Second Edition: 134-151.
  • Pierson, P. (2006), “The New Politics of Welfare State”, The Welfare Reader içinde (eds: Christopher Pierson ve Francis G. Castels, Polity Press, Second Edition:348-357.
  • Queisser, M. ve Whitehouse, E. (2006), “Comparing The Pension Promises of 30 OECD Countries”, International Social Security Review, 59(3): 49-77.
  • Queisser, M; Whitehouse, E; Whiteford, P. (2007), “The Public-Private Mix in OECD Countries”, Industrial Relations Journal, 38(6): 542-568.
  • Seeleib – Kaiser, M. (2008), “Welfare State Transformation in Comparative Perspective: Shifting Boundaries of Public and Private Social Policy?”, Welfare State Transformations : Comparative Perspectives içinde (ed: Martin Seeleib- Kaiser),Palgrave Macmillan: 1-14.
  • Şakar, M. (2008), “Sosyal Sigortalar mı ? Bireysel Emeklilik Sistemi mi?”, Yaklaşım Dergisi, Sayı: 186.
  • Taylor-Gooby,P.(2002), “The Silver Age of the Welfare State: Perspective of Resilience”, Journal of Social Policy, 31(4) : 597-621.
  • Toksöz, G. (2007), Türkiye’de Kadın İstihdamının Durumu, Uluslar arası Çalışma Örgütü, Ankara.
  • TUİK ( 2010a), İstatistik Göstergeler 1923-2009, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Ankara.
  • TUİK (2010b), Hanehalkı İşgücü Araştırması 2010 Kasım Dönemi Sonuçları Haber Bülteni, Sayı:31
  • Tuncay, C. ve Ekmekçi, Ö. (2009), Yeni Mevzuat Açısından Sosyal Güvenlik Hukuku’nun Esasları, Legal Yayıncılık, II. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • World Bank. (1994), Averting Old Age Crisis: Policies to Protect The Old and Promote Growth, A World Bank Policy Research Report, Oxford University Press.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Şenay Gökbayrak This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 2 Issue: 29

Cite

APA Gökbayrak, Ş. (2011). İşgücü Piyasaları ve Sosyal Güvenlikte Dönüşüm Ekseninde Kadınların Emeklilik Güvencesi. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 2(29), 165-190.
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