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Türkiye’de Sendikalaşmanın Emeğin Gelir Payı Üzerindeki Etkisi: 1990-2022

Year 2023, Volume: 3 Issue: 78, 2229 - 2252, 19.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1325641

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de sendikalaşmanın emeğin toplam gelirdeki payı üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Çalışmada 1990-2022 dönemi için analizler yapılmıştır. Üç alternatif emek payı göstergesi hesaplanmış ve iki model kullanılarak sendikalaşma oranının bu göstergeler üzerindeki etkisi tahmin edilmiştir. Birinci model, kontrol değişkenleri olarak, çalışan başına reel GSYH’nin logaritması ile ihracat ve ithalat toplamının GSYH’ye oranını da içermektedir. Bunlardan birincisi teknolojik değişmenin ikincisi küreselleşmenin göstergesidir. İkinci modelde, net asgari ücretteki değişim, enflasyon ve ekonomik büyüme de kontrol değişkenleri olarak yer almaktadır. Ekonometrik yöntem olarak ARDL modelleri kullanılmış, modeldeki değişkenler arasında eşbütünleşme olup olmadığı sınır testi kullanılarak incelenmiş ve bu ilişkinin varlığı belirlendikten sonra uzun dönem katsayıları hesaplanmıştır. Bulgular Türkiye’de sendikalaşma oranının emek payı üzerinde pozitif etkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca küreselleşmenin ve teknolojik değişmenin emek payını negatif etkilediğine ilişkin kanıtlar bulunmuştur. Ek olarak, enflasyonun emek payı üzerinde negatif ve net asgari ücretteki değişmenin pozitif etkisi olduğuna ilişkin bulgular elde edilmiştir. Bulgular Türkiye’de son 30 yılda emek payında yaşanan düşüşün büyük ölçüde sendikalaşma oranındaki gerilemeyle açıklanabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Emek payını arttırmak ve gelir dağılımını iyileştirmek için öncelikle sendikalaşmanın önündeki engellerin kaldırılması gerekmektedir

References

  • Gelir Dağılımı İlişkisi: Türkiye Ekonomisi Üzerine Kantil Regresyon Analizi”, Çalışma ve Toplum, 74, 1797-1832.
  • Arpaia, A., Perez, E. ve Pichelmann, K. (2009) Understanding Labour Income Share Dynamics in Europe, European Commission Economic Papers, No. 379.
  • Barber, W. J. (2021) İktisadi Düşünce Tarihi (çev. İ. Durdu), İstanbul: Vakıfbank Kültür Yayınları.
  • Bengtsson, E. (2014) “Do Unions Redistribute Income from Capital to Labour? Union Density and Wage Shares Since 1960”, Industrial Relations Journal, 45 (5), 389-408.
  • Blanchard, O. J. (1997) “The Medium Run”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1997 (2), 89-158.
  • Blanchard, O. ve Giavazzi, F. (2003) “Macroeconomic Effects of Regulation and Deregulation in Goods and Labor Markets”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118 (3), 879-907.
  • Çelik, A. ve Lordoğlu, K. (2006) “Türkiye'de Resmi Sendikalaşma İstatistiklerinin Sorunları Üstüne”, Çalışma ve Toplum, 9, 11-30.
  • Dünhaupt, P. (2017) “Determinants of Labour’s Income Share in the Era of Financialisation”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 41 (1), 283-306.
  • Engle, R. F. ve Granger, C. W. J. (1987) “Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing”, Econometrica, 55 (2), 251-276.
  • Fichtenbaum, R. (2009) “The Impact of Unions on Labor's Share of Income: A Time-Series Analysis”, Review of Political Economy, 21 (4), 567-588.
  • Fichtenbaum, R. (2011) “Do Unions Affect Labor’s Share of Income: Evidence Using Panel Data”, The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 70 (3), 784-810.
  • Gollin, D. (2002) “Getting Income Shares Right”, Journal of Political Economy, 110 (2), 458-474.
  • Gouzoulis, G. (2021) “Finance, Discipline and the Labour Share in the Long-Run: France (1911–2010) and Sweden (1891–2000)”, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 59 (2), 568-594.
  • Granger, C. W. J. ve Newbold, P. (1974) “Spurious Regressions in Econometrics”, Journal of Econometrics, 2 (2), 111-120.
  • Jaumotte, F. ve Tytell, I. (2007) How Has The Globalization of Labor Affected the Labor Income Share in Advanced Countries?, IMF Working Paper, No. WP/07/298.
  • Johansen, S. (1988) “Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors”, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12 (2-3), 231-254.
  • Jones, C. I. (2016) “The Facts of Economic Growth”, Taylor, J. B. ve Uhlig, H. (der.) Handbook of Macroeconomics (Volume 2) içinde, Amsterdam: North Holland, 3-69.
  • Kripfganz, S. ve Schneider, D. C. (2020) “Response Surface Regressions for Critical Value Bounds and Approximate p-values in Equilibrium Correction Models”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 82 (6), 1456-1481.
  • Kristal, T. (2010) “Good Times, Bad Times: Postwar Labor’s Share of National Income in Capitalist Democracies”, American Sociological Review, 75 (5), 729-763.
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005) “The Saving and Investment Nexus for China: Evidence from Cointegration Tests”, Applied Economics, 37 (17), 1979-1990.
  • Oyvat, C. (2011) “Globalization, Wage Shares and Income Distribution in Turkey”, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 4 (1), 123-138.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin Y. ve Smith, R. J. (2001) “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16 (3), 289-326.
  • Philips, A. Q. (2018) “Have Your Cake and Eat It Too? Cointegration and Dynamic Inference from Autoregressive Distributed Lag Models”, American Journal of Political Science, 62 (1), 230-244.
  • Piketty, T. (2022) Eşitsizlikler Ekonomisi (çev. C. Özpınar), İstanbul: Epsilon Yayınevi.
  • Stockhammer, E. (2009) Determinants of Functional Income Distribution in OECD Countries, IMK Study, No. 5/2009.
  • Tunalı, H. ve Özdemir, O. (2017) “Türkiye’de Finansallaşmanın Emek Payı Üzerindeki Etkisi Üstüne Bir Deneme”, İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 67 (1), 57-116.
  • Woldridge, J. M. (2016) Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach, Boston: Cengage Learning.
  • Young, A. T. ve Zuleta, H. (2018) “Do Unions Increase Labor Shares? Evidence from US Industry-Level Data”, Eastern Economic Journal, 44 (4), 558-575.

The Impact of Unionization on Labor’s Share of Income in Turkey: 1990-2022

Year 2023, Volume: 3 Issue: 78, 2229 - 2252, 19.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1325641

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of unionization on the share of labor in total income in Turkey. In the study, analyzes were performed for the period 1990-2022. Three alternative labor share indicators were calculated and the effect of unionization rate on these indicators was estimated using two models. The first model includes the logarithm of real GDP per worker and the ratio of the sum of exports and imports to GDP as control variables. The first of these is the indicator of technological change and the second is the indicator of globalization. In the second model, the change in the net minimum wage, inflation and economic growth are also included as control variables. ARDL models were used as econometric method, whether there is cointegration between the variables in the model was examined using the bounds test, and the long-run coefficients were calculated after determining the existence of this relationship. The findings show that unionization rate has a positive effect on the labor share in Turkey. It was also found evidence that globalization and technological change negatively affect the labor share. In addition, it was obtained findings that inflation has a negative impact on the labor share and a positive impact of the change in the net minimum wage. The findings indicate that the decrease in the labor share in Turkey in the last 30 years can be explained to a large extent by the decline in the unionization rate. In order to increase the labor share and improve income distribution, first of all, the obstacles to unionization must be removed.

References

  • Gelir Dağılımı İlişkisi: Türkiye Ekonomisi Üzerine Kantil Regresyon Analizi”, Çalışma ve Toplum, 74, 1797-1832.
  • Arpaia, A., Perez, E. ve Pichelmann, K. (2009) Understanding Labour Income Share Dynamics in Europe, European Commission Economic Papers, No. 379.
  • Barber, W. J. (2021) İktisadi Düşünce Tarihi (çev. İ. Durdu), İstanbul: Vakıfbank Kültür Yayınları.
  • Bengtsson, E. (2014) “Do Unions Redistribute Income from Capital to Labour? Union Density and Wage Shares Since 1960”, Industrial Relations Journal, 45 (5), 389-408.
  • Blanchard, O. J. (1997) “The Medium Run”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1997 (2), 89-158.
  • Blanchard, O. ve Giavazzi, F. (2003) “Macroeconomic Effects of Regulation and Deregulation in Goods and Labor Markets”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118 (3), 879-907.
  • Çelik, A. ve Lordoğlu, K. (2006) “Türkiye'de Resmi Sendikalaşma İstatistiklerinin Sorunları Üstüne”, Çalışma ve Toplum, 9, 11-30.
  • Dünhaupt, P. (2017) “Determinants of Labour’s Income Share in the Era of Financialisation”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 41 (1), 283-306.
  • Engle, R. F. ve Granger, C. W. J. (1987) “Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing”, Econometrica, 55 (2), 251-276.
  • Fichtenbaum, R. (2009) “The Impact of Unions on Labor's Share of Income: A Time-Series Analysis”, Review of Political Economy, 21 (4), 567-588.
  • Fichtenbaum, R. (2011) “Do Unions Affect Labor’s Share of Income: Evidence Using Panel Data”, The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 70 (3), 784-810.
  • Gollin, D. (2002) “Getting Income Shares Right”, Journal of Political Economy, 110 (2), 458-474.
  • Gouzoulis, G. (2021) “Finance, Discipline and the Labour Share in the Long-Run: France (1911–2010) and Sweden (1891–2000)”, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 59 (2), 568-594.
  • Granger, C. W. J. ve Newbold, P. (1974) “Spurious Regressions in Econometrics”, Journal of Econometrics, 2 (2), 111-120.
  • Jaumotte, F. ve Tytell, I. (2007) How Has The Globalization of Labor Affected the Labor Income Share in Advanced Countries?, IMF Working Paper, No. WP/07/298.
  • Johansen, S. (1988) “Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors”, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12 (2-3), 231-254.
  • Jones, C. I. (2016) “The Facts of Economic Growth”, Taylor, J. B. ve Uhlig, H. (der.) Handbook of Macroeconomics (Volume 2) içinde, Amsterdam: North Holland, 3-69.
  • Kripfganz, S. ve Schneider, D. C. (2020) “Response Surface Regressions for Critical Value Bounds and Approximate p-values in Equilibrium Correction Models”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 82 (6), 1456-1481.
  • Kristal, T. (2010) “Good Times, Bad Times: Postwar Labor’s Share of National Income in Capitalist Democracies”, American Sociological Review, 75 (5), 729-763.
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005) “The Saving and Investment Nexus for China: Evidence from Cointegration Tests”, Applied Economics, 37 (17), 1979-1990.
  • Oyvat, C. (2011) “Globalization, Wage Shares and Income Distribution in Turkey”, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 4 (1), 123-138.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin Y. ve Smith, R. J. (2001) “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16 (3), 289-326.
  • Philips, A. Q. (2018) “Have Your Cake and Eat It Too? Cointegration and Dynamic Inference from Autoregressive Distributed Lag Models”, American Journal of Political Science, 62 (1), 230-244.
  • Piketty, T. (2022) Eşitsizlikler Ekonomisi (çev. C. Özpınar), İstanbul: Epsilon Yayınevi.
  • Stockhammer, E. (2009) Determinants of Functional Income Distribution in OECD Countries, IMK Study, No. 5/2009.
  • Tunalı, H. ve Özdemir, O. (2017) “Türkiye’de Finansallaşmanın Emek Payı Üzerindeki Etkisi Üstüne Bir Deneme”, İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 67 (1), 57-116.
  • Woldridge, J. M. (2016) Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach, Boston: Cengage Learning.
  • Young, A. T. ve Zuleta, H. (2018) “Do Unions Increase Labor Shares? Evidence from US Industry-Level Data”, Eastern Economic Journal, 44 (4), 558-575.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Employment
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Orhan Karaca This is me 0000-0001-8660-5892

Publication Date July 19, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 3 Issue: 78

Cite

APA Karaca, O. (2023). Türkiye’de Sendikalaşmanın Emeğin Gelir Payı Üzerindeki Etkisi: 1990-2022. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 3(78), 2229-2252. https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1325641

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