Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The Dark Side of Employment: A Human View of Sweatshop and a Comparison With Sweat Index

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 83, 1391 - 1424, 05.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1569636

Abstract

Although working in jobs worthy of human dignity and in workplaces that comply with the standards set by social policy for these jobs are Decried as one of the most basic rights of every human being, it is observed that this right has turned into a commitment only in certain countries of the world. Countries that declare themselves as social states with their constitutions set limits on working life with social policies and punish it within the framework of corporatist understanding if capital crosses these limits. However, in regimes that have not adopted being a social state or have assigned themselves the task of being a social state, but have implemented weak social policies in terms of scope and intensity, the right to humanitarian work and workplace work remains only a goodwill wish.
The work, which is carried out during long working hours, in unsafe /dangerous workplaces, with low wages, precarious, mostly informal, is usually carried out under the roof of sweatshops in the world. The study carried out at this point is based on the development of an index measuring the employment conditions of countries by clarifying the definition of the sweat workshop concept. Within the scope of the study, it was clarified how a workplace can be classified as a sweatshop, the dimension of the concept in employment was revealed, and the degree to which sweatshops provide profit to capital was shown with offers received from two different countries for the same product. The working conditions of the countries have been compared with the developed “Sweat Index” and it has been found that employment conditions in a significant part of the OECD countries face the risk of becoming a sweatshop..

References

  • Anorim, L., Cavalcanti, G., & Cruz, R. (2023). The choice of scaling technique matters for classification performance. Applied Soft Computing, 133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2022.109924.
  • Armbruster-Sandoval, R. (2005). Globalization and cross-border labor solidarity in the Americas : the anti-sweatshop movement and the struggle for social justice. Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Bajaj, V. (2012). Fatal fire in Bangladesh highlights the dangers facing garment workers. N. Y. Times A4 (November 26, 2012).
  • Bender, D. E. (2002). Sweatshop subjectivity and the politics of definition and exhibition, International labor and working-class history, 61.
  • Bender, D. E. (2004). Sweated Work, Weak Bodies: Anti-Sweatshop Campaigns and Languages of Labor. Rutgers University Press.
  • Bender, D. E., & Greenwald, R. A. (2003). Sweatshop USA: the American sweatshop in historical and global perspective. Taylor and Francis Books.
  • Cambridge Learner’s Dictionary, www.dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-turkish/sweatshop., E.T: 24.03.2024.
  • Chau, N. H. (2016). On sweatshop jobs and decent work. Journal of development economics, 121, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.02.002.
  • D’Ambrogio, E. (2014). Workers' conditions in the textile and clothing sector: just an Asian affair? Issues at stake after the Rana Plaza tragedy. European Parliament Briefing Members Research Service Press.
  • Etymology Dictionary, www.etymonline.com/word/sweatshop., E.T. 24.03.2024.
  • Friedman, J. P. (2012). Dictionary of business and economics terms. Barron’s Educational Series.
  • Garwood, S. (2011). Advocacy Across Borders: NGOs, Anti-Sweatshop Activism, and the Global Garment Industry. Kumarian Press.
  • Han, J., Kamber, M., & Pei, J. (2012). Data minin: concepts and techniques. Morgan Kaufman Press.
  • Hanks-Wiesner, M, E. (2020). Kısa dünya tarihi, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • ILO. Fatal occupational injures per 100.000 workers, https://rshiny.ilo.org/dataexplorer19/?lang=en&id=SDG_0111_SEX_AGE_RT_A., E.T. 25.04.2024.
  • ILO. (2001). Stoping forced labor: Global report under the follow-up to the ILO declaration on fundemental principles and rights at Works. ILO Publishing.
  • ILO. (2005). A global alliance against forced labour: Global report under the follow-up to the ILO declaration on fundemental principles and rights at Works. ILO Publishing.
  • ILO. (2017). Global estimates of child labour: results and trends 2012-2016. ILO Publishing.
  • ILO. (2022). Global estimates of modern slavery forced labour and forced marriage. ILO Publishing.
  • ILO. Employment by Sex, Age and Economic Class, https://rshiny.ilo.org/dataexplorer44/?lang=en&id=EMP_2EMP_SEX_AGE_CLA_NB_A., E.T. 20.04.2024.
  • ILO. Informal Employment by Sex, https://rshiny.ilo.org/dataexplorer44/?lang=en&id=EMP_2EMP_SEX_AGE_CLA_NB_A., E.T. 20.04.2024.
  • ILO. Information System on International Labour Standards, https://normlex.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11200:0::NO::P11200_COUNTRY_ID:102893., E.T. 25.04.2024.
  • ILO. Working Poverty Rate (percentage of employed living below 2.15 USD PPP), https://rshiny.ilo.org/dataexplorer44/?lang=en&id=EMP_2EMP_SEX_AGE_CLA_NB_A., E.T. 20.04.2024.
  • ILO. Working poverty rate, https://rshiny.ilo.org/dataexplorer19/?lang=en&id=SDG_0111_SEX_AGE_RT_A., E.T. 25.04.2024.
  • Juszczak, P., Tax, D., & Duin, R. (2002). Feature scaling in support vector data description. 8th Annual Conf. Of The Advanced School For Computing And Imaging.
  • Keklik, A., Başol, O., & Yalçın, E. C. (2020). İş Yaşam Dengesinin Daha İyi Yaşam Endeksi Çerçevesinde Değerlendirilmesi: Oecd Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(1), 20-33.
  • Kumar, A. (2020). Monopsony capitalism: power and production in the twilight of the sweatshop age. Cambridge University Press.
  • Laura, H. (2004). Sweatshop: the history of an American idea. Rutgers University Press.
  • Liu, L., Yong, X., & Shu, B, (2011). Regional differences in labor rights: a survey of rural migrant workers in the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta. Social Science China, 2011-2.
  • Makal, A., & Tekeli, S. (Eds). (2015). Çok uluslu şirketler, uluslararası sendikalar ve sosyal politika. Seyhan Erdoğdu. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Marshall, G. (1999). Sosyoloji sözlüğü. Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Mezzadri, A. (2017). The sweatshop regime: labouring bodies, exploitation and garments made in India. Cambridge University Press.
  • OECD, Average annual wages, https://stats.oecd.org/., E.T. 25.04.2024.
  • OECD, Average usual weekly hours worked on the main job, https://stats.oecd.org/., E.T. 25.04.2024.
  • OECD, Social Expenditure, https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SOCX_AGG. E.T. 25.04.2024.
  • OECD, Strictness of employment protection – individual dismissals (regular contracts), https://stats.oecd.org/., E.T. 25.04.2024
  • OECD, Trade union dataset, https://stats.oecd.org/., E.T. 25.04.2024.
  • OECD. Long (usual weekly) Working Hours, https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=LGHRS_D., E.T. 20.04.2024.
  • Osterhammel, J. (2022). Dönüşen dünya: küresel 19. yüzyıl tarihi. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Öçal, M., & Çicek, Ö. (2021). Neo-liberalizmin gölgesinde istihdam: dünyada istihdamın durumuna insani bir bakış. Journal Of Social Policy Conferences, 80, https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2021.80.000504.
  • Önsal, N. (2017). Endüstri ilişkileri sözlüğü. Türk Metal Sendikası Araştırma ve Eğitim Merkezi Yayınları.
  • Palaz, S. (2010). DÜZGÜN İŞ (DECENT WORK) KAVRAMI VE ÖLÇÜMÜ: TÜRKİYE VE OECD ÜLKELERİNİN BİR KAR ŞILA ŞTIRMASI. Journal of Social Policy Conferences(50), 479-505.
  • Powell, B. (2014). A case against child labor prohibitions, Cato Institute Economics Development, 21.
  • Seyyar, A. (2008). Sosyal siyaset terimleri. Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Skarbek, D., Skarbek, E., Skarbek, B., & Skarbek, E. (2012). Sweatshops, opportunity costs, and non-monetary compensation: evidence from el salvador. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 71(3).
  • Şen, M. (2014). İnsan Hakları Bağlamında Çalışma Hakkı. Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 20(1), 143-162.
  • Turner, B. S. (2020). Sosyoloji sözlüğü, Pinhan Yayıncılık.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu (TDK), www.sozluk.gov.tr., E.T. 24.03.2024.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu (TDK). (2005). Türkçe sözlük. Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
  • UNICEF, Percantage of children aged 5-17 years engaged in child labour, https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-labour/., E.T. 25.04.2024.
  • Visuwords, www.visuwords.com/sweatshop., E.T. 24.03.2024.
  • Wan, X., D. (2011). Comparison between migrant workers in pearl river delta and yangtze river delta, Sun Yat-Sen University Press.
  • Yıldırım, F. (2014). Gri ilişkisel analiz. Dora Publising.
  • Zencirkıran, M., & Baştürk, Ş. (2019). Çalışma ve endüstri sosyolojisi, Dora Yayınları.

İstihdamın Karanlık Yüzü: Ter Atölyelerine (Sweatshop) İnsani Bir Bakış ve Ter İndeksi ile Bir Kıyaslama

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 83, 1391 - 1424, 05.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1569636

Abstract

İnsan onuruna yakışır işlerde ve bu işlerin sosyal politika tarafından konulmuş standartlara uygun işyerlerinde çalışmak her insanın en temel hakları arasında gösterilmekle birlikte dünyanın sadece belirli ülkelerinde bu hakkın bir taahhüt haline dönüştüğü görülmektedir. Anayasaları ile kendilerini birer sosyal devlet olarak ilan eden ülkeler sosyal politikalar ile çalışma hayatına ilişkin sınırları belirlemekte ve sermayenin bu sınırları geçmesi halinde onu korporatist anlayışı çerçevesinde cezalandırmaktadır. Ancak sosyal devlet olmayı benimsememiş veya kendisine sosyal devlet olma ödevini vermekle birlikte kapsam ve yoğunluk anlamında zayıf sosyal politikalar uygulayan rejimlerde insani iş ve işyerinde çalışma hakkı sadece bir iyi niyet temennisi olarak kalmaya devam etmektedir.
Uzun çalışma saatlerinde, güvensiz/tehlikeli işyerlerinde, düşük ücretlerle, güvencesiz çoğunlukla kayıt dışı şekilde gerçekleştirilen çalışma dünyada genellikle ter atölyeleri çatısı altında gerçekleştirilmektedir. Gerçekleştirilen çalışma tam bu noktada ter atölyesi konseptinin tanımını netleştirerek ülkelerin istihdam koşullarını ölçen bir indeks geliştirilmesi üzerine kurgulanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında bir işyerinin ter atölyesi olarak nasıl sınıflandırılabileceği netleştirilmiş, konseptin istihdamdaki boyutu ortaya konmuş, aynı ürün için iki farklı ülkeden alınan teklifler ile ter atölyelerinin sermayeye ne derece kâr sağladığı gösterilmiştir. Geliştirilen “Ter İndeksi” ile ülkelerin çalışma koşulları mukayese edilmiş ve OECD ülkelerinin önemli bir kısmında istihdam koşullarının ter atölyesi olma riski ile karşı karşıya olduğu bulgulanmıştır.

References

  • Anorim, L., Cavalcanti, G., & Cruz, R. (2023). The choice of scaling technique matters for classification performance. Applied Soft Computing, 133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2022.109924.
  • Armbruster-Sandoval, R. (2005). Globalization and cross-border labor solidarity in the Americas : the anti-sweatshop movement and the struggle for social justice. Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Bajaj, V. (2012). Fatal fire in Bangladesh highlights the dangers facing garment workers. N. Y. Times A4 (November 26, 2012).
  • Bender, D. E. (2002). Sweatshop subjectivity and the politics of definition and exhibition, International labor and working-class history, 61.
  • Bender, D. E. (2004). Sweated Work, Weak Bodies: Anti-Sweatshop Campaigns and Languages of Labor. Rutgers University Press.
  • Bender, D. E., & Greenwald, R. A. (2003). Sweatshop USA: the American sweatshop in historical and global perspective. Taylor and Francis Books.
  • Cambridge Learner’s Dictionary, www.dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-turkish/sweatshop., E.T: 24.03.2024.
  • Chau, N. H. (2016). On sweatshop jobs and decent work. Journal of development economics, 121, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.02.002.
  • D’Ambrogio, E. (2014). Workers' conditions in the textile and clothing sector: just an Asian affair? Issues at stake after the Rana Plaza tragedy. European Parliament Briefing Members Research Service Press.
  • Etymology Dictionary, www.etymonline.com/word/sweatshop., E.T. 24.03.2024.
  • Friedman, J. P. (2012). Dictionary of business and economics terms. Barron’s Educational Series.
  • Garwood, S. (2011). Advocacy Across Borders: NGOs, Anti-Sweatshop Activism, and the Global Garment Industry. Kumarian Press.
  • Han, J., Kamber, M., & Pei, J. (2012). Data minin: concepts and techniques. Morgan Kaufman Press.
  • Hanks-Wiesner, M, E. (2020). Kısa dünya tarihi, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • ILO. Fatal occupational injures per 100.000 workers, https://rshiny.ilo.org/dataexplorer19/?lang=en&id=SDG_0111_SEX_AGE_RT_A., E.T. 25.04.2024.
  • ILO. (2001). Stoping forced labor: Global report under the follow-up to the ILO declaration on fundemental principles and rights at Works. ILO Publishing.
  • ILO. (2005). A global alliance against forced labour: Global report under the follow-up to the ILO declaration on fundemental principles and rights at Works. ILO Publishing.
  • ILO. (2017). Global estimates of child labour: results and trends 2012-2016. ILO Publishing.
  • ILO. (2022). Global estimates of modern slavery forced labour and forced marriage. ILO Publishing.
  • ILO. Employment by Sex, Age and Economic Class, https://rshiny.ilo.org/dataexplorer44/?lang=en&id=EMP_2EMP_SEX_AGE_CLA_NB_A., E.T. 20.04.2024.
  • ILO. Informal Employment by Sex, https://rshiny.ilo.org/dataexplorer44/?lang=en&id=EMP_2EMP_SEX_AGE_CLA_NB_A., E.T. 20.04.2024.
  • ILO. Information System on International Labour Standards, https://normlex.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11200:0::NO::P11200_COUNTRY_ID:102893., E.T. 25.04.2024.
  • ILO. Working Poverty Rate (percentage of employed living below 2.15 USD PPP), https://rshiny.ilo.org/dataexplorer44/?lang=en&id=EMP_2EMP_SEX_AGE_CLA_NB_A., E.T. 20.04.2024.
  • ILO. Working poverty rate, https://rshiny.ilo.org/dataexplorer19/?lang=en&id=SDG_0111_SEX_AGE_RT_A., E.T. 25.04.2024.
  • Juszczak, P., Tax, D., & Duin, R. (2002). Feature scaling in support vector data description. 8th Annual Conf. Of The Advanced School For Computing And Imaging.
  • Keklik, A., Başol, O., & Yalçın, E. C. (2020). İş Yaşam Dengesinin Daha İyi Yaşam Endeksi Çerçevesinde Değerlendirilmesi: Oecd Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(1), 20-33.
  • Kumar, A. (2020). Monopsony capitalism: power and production in the twilight of the sweatshop age. Cambridge University Press.
  • Laura, H. (2004). Sweatshop: the history of an American idea. Rutgers University Press.
  • Liu, L., Yong, X., & Shu, B, (2011). Regional differences in labor rights: a survey of rural migrant workers in the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta. Social Science China, 2011-2.
  • Makal, A., & Tekeli, S. (Eds). (2015). Çok uluslu şirketler, uluslararası sendikalar ve sosyal politika. Seyhan Erdoğdu. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Marshall, G. (1999). Sosyoloji sözlüğü. Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Mezzadri, A. (2017). The sweatshop regime: labouring bodies, exploitation and garments made in India. Cambridge University Press.
  • OECD, Average annual wages, https://stats.oecd.org/., E.T. 25.04.2024.
  • OECD, Average usual weekly hours worked on the main job, https://stats.oecd.org/., E.T. 25.04.2024.
  • OECD, Social Expenditure, https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SOCX_AGG. E.T. 25.04.2024.
  • OECD, Strictness of employment protection – individual dismissals (regular contracts), https://stats.oecd.org/., E.T. 25.04.2024
  • OECD, Trade union dataset, https://stats.oecd.org/., E.T. 25.04.2024.
  • OECD. Long (usual weekly) Working Hours, https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=LGHRS_D., E.T. 20.04.2024.
  • Osterhammel, J. (2022). Dönüşen dünya: küresel 19. yüzyıl tarihi. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Öçal, M., & Çicek, Ö. (2021). Neo-liberalizmin gölgesinde istihdam: dünyada istihdamın durumuna insani bir bakış. Journal Of Social Policy Conferences, 80, https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2021.80.000504.
  • Önsal, N. (2017). Endüstri ilişkileri sözlüğü. Türk Metal Sendikası Araştırma ve Eğitim Merkezi Yayınları.
  • Palaz, S. (2010). DÜZGÜN İŞ (DECENT WORK) KAVRAMI VE ÖLÇÜMÜ: TÜRKİYE VE OECD ÜLKELERİNİN BİR KAR ŞILA ŞTIRMASI. Journal of Social Policy Conferences(50), 479-505.
  • Powell, B. (2014). A case against child labor prohibitions, Cato Institute Economics Development, 21.
  • Seyyar, A. (2008). Sosyal siyaset terimleri. Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Skarbek, D., Skarbek, E., Skarbek, B., & Skarbek, E. (2012). Sweatshops, opportunity costs, and non-monetary compensation: evidence from el salvador. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 71(3).
  • Şen, M. (2014). İnsan Hakları Bağlamında Çalışma Hakkı. Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 20(1), 143-162.
  • Turner, B. S. (2020). Sosyoloji sözlüğü, Pinhan Yayıncılık.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu (TDK), www.sozluk.gov.tr., E.T. 24.03.2024.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu (TDK). (2005). Türkçe sözlük. Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
  • UNICEF, Percantage of children aged 5-17 years engaged in child labour, https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-labour/., E.T. 25.04.2024.
  • Visuwords, www.visuwords.com/sweatshop., E.T. 24.03.2024.
  • Wan, X., D. (2011). Comparison between migrant workers in pearl river delta and yangtze river delta, Sun Yat-Sen University Press.
  • Yıldırım, F. (2014). Gri ilişkisel analiz. Dora Publising.
  • Zencirkıran, M., & Baştürk, Ş. (2019). Çalışma ve endüstri sosyolojisi, Dora Yayınları.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Labor Economics and Industrial Relations
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mehmet Öçal 0000-0001-6973-2611

Özge Kutlu 0000-0002-4774-7326

Early Pub Date October 18, 2024
Publication Date November 5, 2024
Submission Date May 28, 2024
Acceptance Date September 12, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 4 Issue: 83

Cite

APA Öçal, M., & Kutlu, Ö. (2024). İstihdamın Karanlık Yüzü: Ter Atölyelerine (Sweatshop) İnsani Bir Bakış ve Ter İndeksi ile Bir Kıyaslama. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 4(83), 1391-1424. https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1569636

muratozverister@gmail.com
dergicalismavetoplum@gmail.com
www.calismatoplum.org