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THE AMERICAN INTERVENTION IN THE 1964 CYPRUS CRISIS AND THE GREEK POLITICAL REACTION (FEBRUARY-AUGUST 1964)

Year 2017, Volume: 17 Issue: 35, 367 - 401, 30.03.2018

Abstract

This work is about the American intervention in the 1964 Cyprus Crisis. In particular,

the study concentrates on the Greek political reaction to the US mediation efforts during

the crisis. The process that brought about the first US involvement in the crisis started in

November 1963, when Makarios sought to change the constitution in order to centralize the

government. This move soon led a civil war on the island and after the war, the guarantor

powers got involved. Believing Makarios’ “independent” actions on the island were a threat

to “peace” in the Mediterranean. The primary objective of the US was to avoid a war between

Turkey and Greece and to secure the Natofication of the island. Both Turkey and Greece

accepted the elimination of Makarios but disagreed on how to achieve it: “Enosis or Enosis

with compensation to Turkey”. Turkey wanted the second option while Greece insisted on the

first. Makarios, on the other hand, achieved the internationalization of the crisis by demanding

help from Soviets. Under Cold War conditions, the Johnson administration, believing that

the second option was the best solution for the interests of all the parties, tried very hard to

find the silver lining between the parties however, they failed to convince the Papandreou

government in Greece. By examining this historical process, it is proposed to analyze the

parameters that led Greece to not accept the US proposals to come to an agreement with

Turkey. This will help reveal why the Cyprus issue remained unresolved in 1964, results of

which affected 1967 and 1974 Crises and still affects the current deadlock.

References

  • TNA: The National Archives, London
  • Foreign and Commonwealth Office Papers (FCO)
  • Foreign Office Papers (FO 371)
  • Cabinet Papers (CAB)
  • War Office Papers (WO)
  • FRUS: Foreign Relations of the Unites States, Washington
  • KAK: Kratiko Arheiou Kyprou, Nicosia
  • Ta Nea
  • Eleftheria
  • Makedonia
  • To Vima
  • Avgi
  • Milliyet
  • The Times
  • The New York Times
  • AKKURT, Aydın, Türk Mukavemet Teşkilâtı 1957-1958 Mücadelesi, Bayrak Matbaacılık İstanbul, 1999.
  • ALASTOS, Doros,, Cyprus Guerrilla: Grivas, Makarios and the British, William Heinemann Ltd, London, 1960.
  • ALEKSANDRAKİ, Menelaos, Theodoropoulos Viron, Lagakos, Evastathios, To Kipriako 1950-1974: Mia Endoskopisi, B Ekdosi, Ekdosi Elliniki Evroekdotiki, Athina, 1987.
  • ARMAOĞLU, Fahir, 20. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi, Cilt I, İşbankası Kültür Yayınları, 1993.
  • ATTALIDES, Michael, Cyprus: Nationalism and International Politics, Q Press, Edinburg, 1978.
  • ANGELOS S. Vlahos, Mia Fora ki Ena Kairo Enas Diplomatis, Tomos D, Vivliopolion tis Esteias, Athina, 1986.
  • AVEROFF-Tossizza, Lost Opportunities: The Cyprus Question, 1950-1963, Aristide D. Caratzas Publishing, New York, 1986.
  • BAHCHELI, Tozun, Greek-Turkish Relations Since 1955, Boulder; Westview Press, 1990.
  • BALL, George, The Past Has another Pattern, Norton, New York, 1982
  • BARUTÇU, Ecmel, Hariciye Koridoru, 21. Yüzyıl Yayınları, Ankara, 1999.
  • BITOU, Yannis, Apo tin Prosini Grammi stous dio Attiles, B. Ekdosi, Athina, 1998.
  • BİTSİOS S. Dimitri, Cyprus: The Vulnerable Republic, Institute for Balkan Studies, Thessaloniki, 1975.
  • BRINKLEY, Douglas, Dean Acheson: The Cold War Years, 1953-1971, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1991.
  • CLOSE, David, Ellada 1945-2004, Met. Georgios Mertikas, Ekdoseis Thyrephen, Thessaloniki, 2004.
  • CLERİDİS, Glafkos, My Depositon, Vol. I, Alithia, Nicosia, 1989.
  • CRAWSHAW, Nancy, Cyprus Revolt: An Account of the Struggle for Union with Greece, George Allen&Unwin, London, 1978.
  • DODD, Clement, The Cyprus Imbroglio, Oethen Press, Cambridge 1988.
  • EHRLICH, Thomas, Cyprus: 1958- 1967, London; Oxford University Press, 1974.
  • GAROUFALIAS E. Petros, Ellas kai Kypros, Tragika Sfalmata-Efkeries pou Hatikan, Ekdoseis Bergadi, Athina, 1982.
  • HASGÜLER, Mehmet, Kıbrıs’ta Enosis ve Taksim’in İflası, Öteki Yayınevi, Ankara 1998.
  • HATZIVASSILIOU, Evanthis, Greece and the cold war: Frontline state, 1952–67, London: Routledge, 2007.
  • HART T. Parker, Two NATO Allies at the Threshold of war: Cyprus, A Firsthand account of crisis management, 1965-1968, Duke University Press, Durham 1990.
  • FIRAT, Melek, 1960-1971 Arası Türk Dış Politikası ve Kıbrıs Sorunu, Siyasal Kitabevi, Ankara, 1997.
  • Joseph S. Joseph, Cyprus: Ethnic Conflict and International Politics: From Independence to the threshold of European Union, Mac Millan Press, 1999.
  • KESER, Ulvi Kıbrıs’ta Yeraltı Faaliyetleri ve Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı (1950-1963), İstanbul: IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, 2007.
  • KIZILYÜREK, Niyazi, Glafkos Klerides: Tarihten Güncelliğe Bir Kıbrıs Yolculuğu, İletişim yay., İstanbul, 2007.
  • KIZILYÜREK, Niyazi, Doğmamış Bir Devletin Tarihi: Birleşik Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti, İletişim yay., İstanbul, 2005.
  • Kızılyürek Niyazi, Bir Hınç ve Şiddet Tarihi Kıbrıs’ta Statü Kavgası ve Etnik Çatışma, Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 2016.
  • KİSSİNGER Henry, Years of Upheaval, George Weidenfeld&Nicolson Press, London, 1982.
  • KRANİDİOTİS Nikos, Apohiroti Politia Kipros 1960-1974, Tomos A, Ekdoseis Hestia, Athina, 1985.
  • MARDAS, Kostas, I Ellada sta diktia ton Vaseon: Apo to dogma Trouman ston A. Papandreou, Triti Ekdosi, Ekdoseis Kastanioti, Athina, 1990.
  • MAYES, Stanley, Makarios: A Biography, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1981.
  • MARKİDES W. Diana, Cyprus 1957-1963 From Colonial Conflict to Constitutional Crisis, The key Role of the Municipal Issue, Minnepolis: University of Minnesota, 2001.
  • NICOLET, Claude, United States Foreign Policy towards Cyprus, 1954-1974: Removing the Greek-Turkish Bone of Contention, Bibliopolis, Zurich, 2001.
  • OBERLING, Pierre, The Road to Bellapais, East European Monographs, New York, 1982
  • OLIVER P., Richmond, Mediating in Cyprus, The Cyprus Communities and the United Nations, Frank Class Publishers, London, 1998.
  • O’Malley, Brendan, Craig, Ian, The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Espionage and the Turkish Invasion, I.B.Tauris Press, London, 2001.
  • PACKARD, Martin, Getting it wrong: Fragments from a Cyprus Diary 1964, Author House, 2008.
  • PAPAGIORGIOU, Spiros, Apo tin Zurihin eis ton Attilan: I Taragmeni Dimokratia kai i Sinkrousis me tous Tourkous (1959-1964), Tomos A, Ekdoseis Ladia, Lefkosia, 1980.
  • PAPAGEİORGİOU, Spirou, Ta Krisima Dokoumenta tou Kipriakou 1959-1967, Tomo B, Ekdoseis G. Ladia, Athina, 1983.
  • POLYVIOS G. Polyvıou, Cyprus: The tragedy and the Challenge, John Swain & Son, London, 1975.
  • REDDAWAY, John, Burdewned With Cyprus: The British Connection, Rüstem yay., Lefkoşa, 2001.
  • RICHMOND, P. Oliver, Mediating in Cyprus, the Cyprus Communities and the United Nations, Frank Class Publishers, London, 1998.
  • RIZAS, Sotiris, Enosis, Partition, Independence: The United States and Britain in Search for Solution to the Cyprus Question, 1963-1967, Vivliorama, Athens, 2000.
  • ŞAHIN, Haluk, Gece Gelen Mektup, Cep Yayınları, Istanbul, 1987.
  • SALIH, Halil Ibrahim, Cyprus: The Impact of Diverse Nationalism on a State, University of Alabama Press Montgomery, 1978.
  • SONYEL, Salahi, Cyprus: The Destruction of a Republic: British Documents 1960 -1965, Eothen Press, UK.
  • STEFANIDIS, Ioannides. Stirring the Greek nation: Political culture, irredentism and anti-Americanism in post-war Greece, 1945–1967. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007.
  • STEARNS, Monteagle, Entangled Allies: US Policy Toward Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, Council of Foreign Relations Press, New York, 1992.
  • SOULIOTI, Stella, Fettered Independence, Minnesota: MEEM, 2006.
  • THEODOROPOULOS, Spiros, Apo to Dogma Trouman sto Dogma Hounta, Ekdoseis Papaziseis, Athina, 1977.
  • USLU, Nasuh, Türk-Amerikan İlişkilerinde Kıbrıs, 21. Yüzyıl Yayınları, Ankara, 2000.
  • VANEZIS, P.N., Makarios Life and Leadership, Aberlard-Schuman, London, 1979.
  • WOODHOUSE, C.M., Modern Greece: A Short History, Faber and Faber, Second Edition, London 1977.
  • WITTNER, S. Lawrance, American Intervention in Greece, Columbia University Press, New York, 1982.
  • XYDIS, G., Stephen, Cyprus: Reluctant Republic, The Hauge: Mouton, 1973.
  • XYDIS, G., Stephen, Cyprus, Conflict and Conciliation: 1954-1958, Ohio University Press, Columbus, Ohio, 1968.
  • ADAMS, T. W., “American Concern in Cyprus”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 401:95, 1972, pp.95-105.
  • BRANDS, H.W., “America Enters the Cyprus Tangle, 1964”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.23/3, 1987, pp 348-362.
  • BÖLÜKBAŞI, Süha., “The Johnson Letter Revisited”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.29/3, 1993, pp.505-525
  • COUFOUDAKIS, Van, “U.S. Foreign Policy and the Cyprus Question: An Interpretation”, Millenium, Vol.5/3, 1976, pp.457-473.
  • DIONYSIOS Chourchoulis and Lykourgos Kourkouvelas, “Greek perceptions of NATO during the Cold War”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2012, pp.497–514.
  • ŞENER, Bülent, “1963-1964 Kıbrıs Krizi: Türk Dış Politikası Tarihinde Askeri, Siyasal ve Hukuksal Boyutlarıyla Bir Zorlayıcı Diplomasi Uygulaması”, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, No.205, 2013, pp.1-34.
  • SAVVIDES, K. Philippos “U.S. Foreign Policy towards Cyprus: Is the “Theory of Continuity”, Still Relevant?” The Journal of Hellenic Diaspora, pp: 31-59.
  • STERN, Laurence, “Bitter Lessons: How We Failed in Cyprus”, Foreign Policy, No: 19, 1975, pp.34-78
  • WARNER, Geoffrey, “The United States and the Cyprus Crisis of 1974, International Affairs Vol.85/I 2009, pp.129-143

AMERIKA’NIN 1964 KIBRIS KRIZI’NE MÜDAHALESI VE YUNANISTAN’IN TEPKISI (ŞUBAT-AĞUSTOS 1964)

Year 2017, Volume: 17 Issue: 35, 367 - 401, 30.03.2018

Abstract

1964 Kıbrıs Krizi’ne Amerika’nın müdahalesini konu edinen bu çalışma, bu süreçte
Amerika’nın arabuluculuk faaliyetlerine yönelik Yunanistan’ın tepkisini incelemeyi amaçlar.
Amerika’nın Kıbrıs krizine müdahil olmasına giden süreç 1963 yılı sonunda Makarios’un
Kıbrıs’ta Türk-Rum ortaklığına dayalı Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti’ni Rum egemenliğine almak
amacıyla anayasada değişiklik yapmak istemesiyle başladı. Makarios’un bu girişimi adada
bir iç savaşa ve ardından da garantör ülkelerin müdahalesine yol açtı. Makarios’un Türkiye
ve Yunanistan arasındaki ilişkileri geren “bağımsız eylemlerinin” Akdeniz’deki “barışı”
tehdit ettiği sonucuna varan Amerika, krize dâhil olarak Türkiye ve Yunanistan arasında
çıkması muhtemel bir savaşa engel olma ve adayı NATO şemsiyesi altına getirmeyi amaçladı.
Kıbrıs’ta Makarios’u ortadan kaldırmayı amaçlayan Papandreou Hükümeti ve Ankara’da
İnönü Hükümeti bu konuda Amerika ile aynı görüşteydi. Ancak temel uzlaşmazlık bunun
nasıl gerçekleştirileceği konusundaydı: Enosis mi yoksa Enosis karşılığında Türkiye’ye
bir taviz vererek mi? Yunanistan birinci Türkiye ikinci seçenekte diretti. Bu süreçte
Makarios’un sorunu BM gündemine taşıması ve Sovyetlerin desteğine başvurması üzerine
kriz uluslararası bir niteliğe dönüştü ve giderek içinden çıkılmaz bir hal almaya başladı.
Soğuk Savaş koşullarında adanın yeni bir Küba’ya dönüşmesi endişesi taşıyan, bu nedenle
ikinci seçeneğin taraflar açısından en iyi seçim olduğuna inanan Amerika, İki ülke arasında
bir uzlaşma sağlayabilmek için oldukça yoğun bir çaba sarf etti. Ancak Yunanistan’da
Papandreou hükümeti tüm girişimlere rağmen ikna edilemedi. Özellikle Amerika’nın krize
aktif olarak dahil olduğu Şubat 1964’ten sürecin başarısızlıkla sonuçlandığı Ağustos 1964’e
kadar olan tarihsel süreci mercek altına alan bu çalışma, Yunanistan’ın Amerikan önerilerine
yönelik olumsuz tutumunun nedenlerini ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir. Altı aylık bu
kritik sürecin anlaşılması, yalnızca sorunun 1964 yılında neden çözümsüz kaldığını değil aynı
zamanda 1967, 1974 krizlerinin hatta günümüzde devan eden çözümsüzlüğün anlaşılmasını
kolaylaştıracaktır.

References

  • TNA: The National Archives, London
  • Foreign and Commonwealth Office Papers (FCO)
  • Foreign Office Papers (FO 371)
  • Cabinet Papers (CAB)
  • War Office Papers (WO)
  • FRUS: Foreign Relations of the Unites States, Washington
  • KAK: Kratiko Arheiou Kyprou, Nicosia
  • Ta Nea
  • Eleftheria
  • Makedonia
  • To Vima
  • Avgi
  • Milliyet
  • The Times
  • The New York Times
  • AKKURT, Aydın, Türk Mukavemet Teşkilâtı 1957-1958 Mücadelesi, Bayrak Matbaacılık İstanbul, 1999.
  • ALASTOS, Doros,, Cyprus Guerrilla: Grivas, Makarios and the British, William Heinemann Ltd, London, 1960.
  • ALEKSANDRAKİ, Menelaos, Theodoropoulos Viron, Lagakos, Evastathios, To Kipriako 1950-1974: Mia Endoskopisi, B Ekdosi, Ekdosi Elliniki Evroekdotiki, Athina, 1987.
  • ARMAOĞLU, Fahir, 20. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi, Cilt I, İşbankası Kültür Yayınları, 1993.
  • ATTALIDES, Michael, Cyprus: Nationalism and International Politics, Q Press, Edinburg, 1978.
  • ANGELOS S. Vlahos, Mia Fora ki Ena Kairo Enas Diplomatis, Tomos D, Vivliopolion tis Esteias, Athina, 1986.
  • AVEROFF-Tossizza, Lost Opportunities: The Cyprus Question, 1950-1963, Aristide D. Caratzas Publishing, New York, 1986.
  • BAHCHELI, Tozun, Greek-Turkish Relations Since 1955, Boulder; Westview Press, 1990.
  • BALL, George, The Past Has another Pattern, Norton, New York, 1982
  • BARUTÇU, Ecmel, Hariciye Koridoru, 21. Yüzyıl Yayınları, Ankara, 1999.
  • BITOU, Yannis, Apo tin Prosini Grammi stous dio Attiles, B. Ekdosi, Athina, 1998.
  • BİTSİOS S. Dimitri, Cyprus: The Vulnerable Republic, Institute for Balkan Studies, Thessaloniki, 1975.
  • BRINKLEY, Douglas, Dean Acheson: The Cold War Years, 1953-1971, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1991.
  • CLOSE, David, Ellada 1945-2004, Met. Georgios Mertikas, Ekdoseis Thyrephen, Thessaloniki, 2004.
  • CLERİDİS, Glafkos, My Depositon, Vol. I, Alithia, Nicosia, 1989.
  • CRAWSHAW, Nancy, Cyprus Revolt: An Account of the Struggle for Union with Greece, George Allen&Unwin, London, 1978.
  • DODD, Clement, The Cyprus Imbroglio, Oethen Press, Cambridge 1988.
  • EHRLICH, Thomas, Cyprus: 1958- 1967, London; Oxford University Press, 1974.
  • GAROUFALIAS E. Petros, Ellas kai Kypros, Tragika Sfalmata-Efkeries pou Hatikan, Ekdoseis Bergadi, Athina, 1982.
  • HASGÜLER, Mehmet, Kıbrıs’ta Enosis ve Taksim’in İflası, Öteki Yayınevi, Ankara 1998.
  • HATZIVASSILIOU, Evanthis, Greece and the cold war: Frontline state, 1952–67, London: Routledge, 2007.
  • HART T. Parker, Two NATO Allies at the Threshold of war: Cyprus, A Firsthand account of crisis management, 1965-1968, Duke University Press, Durham 1990.
  • FIRAT, Melek, 1960-1971 Arası Türk Dış Politikası ve Kıbrıs Sorunu, Siyasal Kitabevi, Ankara, 1997.
  • Joseph S. Joseph, Cyprus: Ethnic Conflict and International Politics: From Independence to the threshold of European Union, Mac Millan Press, 1999.
  • KESER, Ulvi Kıbrıs’ta Yeraltı Faaliyetleri ve Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı (1950-1963), İstanbul: IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, 2007.
  • KIZILYÜREK, Niyazi, Glafkos Klerides: Tarihten Güncelliğe Bir Kıbrıs Yolculuğu, İletişim yay., İstanbul, 2007.
  • KIZILYÜREK, Niyazi, Doğmamış Bir Devletin Tarihi: Birleşik Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti, İletişim yay., İstanbul, 2005.
  • Kızılyürek Niyazi, Bir Hınç ve Şiddet Tarihi Kıbrıs’ta Statü Kavgası ve Etnik Çatışma, Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 2016.
  • KİSSİNGER Henry, Years of Upheaval, George Weidenfeld&Nicolson Press, London, 1982.
  • KRANİDİOTİS Nikos, Apohiroti Politia Kipros 1960-1974, Tomos A, Ekdoseis Hestia, Athina, 1985.
  • MARDAS, Kostas, I Ellada sta diktia ton Vaseon: Apo to dogma Trouman ston A. Papandreou, Triti Ekdosi, Ekdoseis Kastanioti, Athina, 1990.
  • MAYES, Stanley, Makarios: A Biography, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1981.
  • MARKİDES W. Diana, Cyprus 1957-1963 From Colonial Conflict to Constitutional Crisis, The key Role of the Municipal Issue, Minnepolis: University of Minnesota, 2001.
  • NICOLET, Claude, United States Foreign Policy towards Cyprus, 1954-1974: Removing the Greek-Turkish Bone of Contention, Bibliopolis, Zurich, 2001.
  • OBERLING, Pierre, The Road to Bellapais, East European Monographs, New York, 1982
  • OLIVER P., Richmond, Mediating in Cyprus, The Cyprus Communities and the United Nations, Frank Class Publishers, London, 1998.
  • O’Malley, Brendan, Craig, Ian, The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Espionage and the Turkish Invasion, I.B.Tauris Press, London, 2001.
  • PACKARD, Martin, Getting it wrong: Fragments from a Cyprus Diary 1964, Author House, 2008.
  • PAPAGIORGIOU, Spiros, Apo tin Zurihin eis ton Attilan: I Taragmeni Dimokratia kai i Sinkrousis me tous Tourkous (1959-1964), Tomos A, Ekdoseis Ladia, Lefkosia, 1980.
  • PAPAGEİORGİOU, Spirou, Ta Krisima Dokoumenta tou Kipriakou 1959-1967, Tomo B, Ekdoseis G. Ladia, Athina, 1983.
  • POLYVIOS G. Polyvıou, Cyprus: The tragedy and the Challenge, John Swain & Son, London, 1975.
  • REDDAWAY, John, Burdewned With Cyprus: The British Connection, Rüstem yay., Lefkoşa, 2001.
  • RICHMOND, P. Oliver, Mediating in Cyprus, the Cyprus Communities and the United Nations, Frank Class Publishers, London, 1998.
  • RIZAS, Sotiris, Enosis, Partition, Independence: The United States and Britain in Search for Solution to the Cyprus Question, 1963-1967, Vivliorama, Athens, 2000.
  • ŞAHIN, Haluk, Gece Gelen Mektup, Cep Yayınları, Istanbul, 1987.
  • SALIH, Halil Ibrahim, Cyprus: The Impact of Diverse Nationalism on a State, University of Alabama Press Montgomery, 1978.
  • SONYEL, Salahi, Cyprus: The Destruction of a Republic: British Documents 1960 -1965, Eothen Press, UK.
  • STEFANIDIS, Ioannides. Stirring the Greek nation: Political culture, irredentism and anti-Americanism in post-war Greece, 1945–1967. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007.
  • STEARNS, Monteagle, Entangled Allies: US Policy Toward Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, Council of Foreign Relations Press, New York, 1992.
  • SOULIOTI, Stella, Fettered Independence, Minnesota: MEEM, 2006.
  • THEODOROPOULOS, Spiros, Apo to Dogma Trouman sto Dogma Hounta, Ekdoseis Papaziseis, Athina, 1977.
  • USLU, Nasuh, Türk-Amerikan İlişkilerinde Kıbrıs, 21. Yüzyıl Yayınları, Ankara, 2000.
  • VANEZIS, P.N., Makarios Life and Leadership, Aberlard-Schuman, London, 1979.
  • WOODHOUSE, C.M., Modern Greece: A Short History, Faber and Faber, Second Edition, London 1977.
  • WITTNER, S. Lawrance, American Intervention in Greece, Columbia University Press, New York, 1982.
  • XYDIS, G., Stephen, Cyprus: Reluctant Republic, The Hauge: Mouton, 1973.
  • XYDIS, G., Stephen, Cyprus, Conflict and Conciliation: 1954-1958, Ohio University Press, Columbus, Ohio, 1968.
  • ADAMS, T. W., “American Concern in Cyprus”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 401:95, 1972, pp.95-105.
  • BRANDS, H.W., “America Enters the Cyprus Tangle, 1964”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.23/3, 1987, pp 348-362.
  • BÖLÜKBAŞI, Süha., “The Johnson Letter Revisited”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.29/3, 1993, pp.505-525
  • COUFOUDAKIS, Van, “U.S. Foreign Policy and the Cyprus Question: An Interpretation”, Millenium, Vol.5/3, 1976, pp.457-473.
  • DIONYSIOS Chourchoulis and Lykourgos Kourkouvelas, “Greek perceptions of NATO during the Cold War”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2012, pp.497–514.
  • ŞENER, Bülent, “1963-1964 Kıbrıs Krizi: Türk Dış Politikası Tarihinde Askeri, Siyasal ve Hukuksal Boyutlarıyla Bir Zorlayıcı Diplomasi Uygulaması”, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, No.205, 2013, pp.1-34.
  • SAVVIDES, K. Philippos “U.S. Foreign Policy towards Cyprus: Is the “Theory of Continuity”, Still Relevant?” The Journal of Hellenic Diaspora, pp: 31-59.
  • STERN, Laurence, “Bitter Lessons: How We Failed in Cyprus”, Foreign Policy, No: 19, 1975, pp.34-78
  • WARNER, Geoffrey, “The United States and the Cyprus Crisis of 1974, International Affairs Vol.85/I 2009, pp.129-143
There are 81 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Gürhan Yellice This is me

Publication Date March 30, 2018
Submission Date October 4, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 17 Issue: 35

Cite

Chicago Yellice, Gürhan. “THE AMERICAN INTERVENTION IN THE 1964 CYPRUS CRISIS AND THE GREEK POLITICAL REACTION (FEBRUARY-AUGUST 1964)”. Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 17, no. 35 (March 2018): 367-401.