Second Career Teachers: Reasons for Career Change and Adaptation

Abstract

This study aims to conduct an in-depth study on the teachers who began their first careers in jobs outside teaching and then started teaching as a second career. In the study, the phenomenological design, one of the qualitative research designs, was used.   Criteria sampling method was chosen as the sampling type. The study group consists of 16 teachers with different majors working in public schools.  The interview method was used as the data collection tool. Content analysis was used for the analysis of the data. As a result of the study, difficult working conditions, difficulties experienced by individuals in fulfilling family responsibilities, failure to cope with the stress of work, problems women face and seeking spiritual satisfaction have been found to be effective in people's decisions to change their careers. Although they have working experience, second career teachers may experience adaptation problems experienced by beginner teachers since teaching career requires a different specialty. The areas where second career teachers experience the most difficulties in the course of adaptation to teaching career are classroom management, healthy communication with students, teaching lessons in a manner appropriate to students' levels, healthy communication with parents and methods and techniques. 

Keywords

• Career change,Second career,İnternal causes,External causes,Career adaptability

İkinci Kariyer Öğretmenleri: Kariyer Değiştirme Nedenleri ve Uyum Durumları

Abstract

Bu araştırma, ilk kariyerlerine eğitim dışı sektörlerde başlayıp daha sonra öğretmenlik kariyerine geçen kişiler hakkında derinlemesine inceleme yapmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma desenlerinden fenomenoloji deseni kullanılmıştır.  Örneklem türü olarak ölçüt örnekleme yöntemi seçilmiştir. Çalışma grubu kamuda farklı branşlarda çalışan 16 öğretmenden oluşmaktadır.  Veri toplama aracı olarak görüşme yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Kişilerin mevcut kariyerlerini değiştirmelerinde; çalışma şartlarının ağır olması, aile olmanın gerektirdiği sorumlulukları yerine getirmekte zorlanma,  işin stresini taşıyamama, kadın olmaktan kaynaklı sorunlar yaşama ve manevi tatmin arayışının etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Her ne kadar iş tecrübeleri olsa da öğretmenlik kariyerinin farklı bir uzmanlık gerektirmesi nedeniyle ikinci kariyer öğretmenleri, acemi öğretmenlerin yaşadığı uyum sorunlarını yaşayabilmektedirler. İkinci kariyer öğretmenleri, öğretmenlik kariyerine uyum sürecinde en çok, sınıf yönetimi, öğrencilerle sağlıklı iletişim kurabilme, öğrenci seviyesine uygun ders işleyebilme, velilerle sağlıklı iletişim kurabilme ve yöntem teknikler konusunda zorlandıkları söylenebilir.

Keywords

• Kariyer değiştirme,İkinci kariyer,İçsel nedenler,Dışsal nedenler,Kariyer uyumu

References

1. -Ahn, J. (2016). The experience of career change driven by a sense of calling: An interpretive phenomenological analysis approach. (Unpublished thesis). State University, Colorado.
2. Akturan, U., & Esen, A. (2013). Fenomenoloji. İçinde, T, Baş & U. Akturan (Ed.), Nitel araştırma yöntemleri, (2. Baskı). (ss.84-98). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
3. Anthony, G., & Ord, K. (2008). Change-of-career secondary teachers: Motivations, expectations and intentions. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 36(4), 359-376.
4. Australian Education Union (2008). Beginning teacher survey 2007: Results and report. Retrieved Jully, 18, 2018, from http://www.aeufederal.org.au/Publications/ 2008/Btsurvey07res.pdf
5. Babbie, E. R. (2006). The practice of social research. Belmont: Wadsworth.
6. Bakioğlu, A., & Koç, M.H. (2017). Lise öğretmenlerinin mesleki değerlere ilişkin görüşlerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(3), 270-296.
7. Bakkenes, I., Vermunt, J.D., & Wubbels, T. (2010). Teacher learning in the context of educational ınnovation: Learning activities and learning outcomes of experienced teachers. Learning and Instruction 20(6), 533–548. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2009.09.001.
8. Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (Fourth Edition). Needham Heights, MA: A Pearson Education Company.

9. Carless, S.A., & Bernath, L. (2007). Antecedents of intent to change careers among psychologists. Journal of Career Development, 33(3), 183-200.
10. Carless, S.A., & Arnup, J.L. (2011).A longitudinal study of the determinants and outcomes of career change. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78(1), 80-91.
11. Chambers, D. (2002). The real world and the classroom: Second-career teachers. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 75(4), 212-217.
12. Donaldson, M. L. (2012). The promise of older novices: Teach for America teachers’ age of entry and subsequent retention in teaching and schools. Teachers College Record, 114(10), 1-37.
13. Donohue, R. (2007). Examining career persistence and career change intent using the career attitudes and strategies inventory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70(2), 259-276.
14. European Trade Union Committee for Education. (2001). Teacher shortage in Europe. Brussels: General assemblee.
15. Evans, L. (2011). The motivations to enter teaching by age-related career stage and certification path. Sociological Spectrum, 31(5), 606-633. doi: 10.1080/02732173.2011.589786
16. Feldman, D.C. (2002). Second careers and multiple careers, in Cooper, C. and Burke, R. (Ed.) The new world of work. (pp.84-98). Oxford: Blackwell.
17. Freidus, H. (1994, April). Supervision of second-career teachers: What’s our line? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
18. Grier, J.M., & Johnston, C.C. (2012). STEM professionals entering teaching: Navigating multiple identities. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 23(1), 19- 44. doi: 10.1007/s10972-011-9260-1
19. Halladay, P. (2008). Mid-career changers: An investigation of non-traditional entrants into teaching. Unpublished doctorate dissertation, Michigan State University. Retrieved Jully, 10, 2018, from http://magic.lib.msu.edu
20. Hart Research Associates (2010). Career changers in the classroom: A national portrait. Washington: Peter. D. Hart Research Associates, Inc. Retrieved June, 18, 2018, from http://woodrow.org/wp/wpcontent/uploads/2013/06/CareerChangersClassroom_0210.pdf.
21. Ingersoll, R. M., & Strong, M. (2011). The impact of induction and mentoring programs for beginning teachers: A critical review of the research. Review of Educational Research, 81(2), 201-233. doi:10.3102/0034654311403323.
22. Kanchier, C., & Unruh, W.R. (1989). Occupational change what makes changers different. Journal of Career Development, 15(3), 174-187.
23. Kariru, A. N., Odhuno, E., & Kambona, O. O. (2013). Career change intentions of eco-tourism and hospitality management university graduates, Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Culture, 1(1), 15-22.
24. Koç, M. H. (2018). Teachers tendency toward a career change: A qualitative study. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 10(3), 58-71.
25. Mayotte, G.A. (2003). Stepping stones to success: Previously developed career competencies and their benefits to career switchers transitioning to teaching. Teaching and Teacher Education, 19(7), 681 -695.
26. McKenzie, P., Rowley, G., Weldon, P., & Murphy, M. (2011). Staff in Australia’s Schools 2010: Main report on the survey. Melbourne, Australia: Australian Council for Educational Research
27. McGinley, S. (2012) Towards an ıntegrated career change model in the hotel ındustry: a grounded theory approach. Unpublished master’s thesis, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania.
28. Murtagh, N., Lopes, P.N., & Lyons, E. (2011). Decision-making in voluntary career change: an other-than-rational perspective. The Career Development Quarterly, 59(3), pp.249-263.
29. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (2005). Teachers matter: Attracting, developing and retaining effective teachers. Paris: OECD Publishing.
30. Phanse, R., & Kaur, R. (2015). An exploratory study on “self-renewal” in mid-life voluntary career changes for managers. Journal of Management Research and Analysis, 2(3), 204-213.
31. Powell, R. (1997). Teaching alike: A cross-case analysis of first-career and secondcareer beginning teachers' instructional convergence. Teaching and Teacher Education, 13(3), 341-356.
32. Powers, F.W. (2002). Second-career teachers: Perceptions and mission in their new careers. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 12(3), 303-318. doi: 10.1080/09620210200200095
33. Priyadharshini, E., & Robinson-Pant, A. (2003). The attractions of teaching: An investigation into why people change careers to teach. Journal of Education for Teaching: International Research and Pedagogy, 29 (2), 95–112.
34. Savickas, M. L. (1997). Career adaptability: An ıntegrative construct for life Span, life-space theory. The Career Development Quarterly, 45 , 247-259.
35. Savickas, M. L. (2002). Career construction: A developmental theory of vocational behavior. Career Choice and Development (Fourth Edition). In D. B. Associates (Ed.), (pp. 149-206). San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
36. Savickas, M. L., & Porfeli, E. J. (2012). Career adapt-abilities scale: construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80, 661-673.
37. Savickas, M. L. (2013). The theory and practice of career construction. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 147–186). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
38. Shropshire, J., & Kadlec, C. (2012). I’m leaving the IT field: the impact of stress, job insecurity, and burnout on IT professionals. International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Research, 2(1), 6-16.
39. Teixiera, M.A.P., & Gomes, W. B. (2000). Autonomous career change among professionals: an empirical phenomenological study. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 31(1), 78-96.
40. Tigchelaar, A., Brouwer, N., & Korthagen, F. (2008). Crossing horizons: Continuity and change during second-career teachers’ entry into teaching. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24 (6), 1530-1550.
41. Tigchelaar, A., Brouwer, N., & Vermunt, J.D. (2010). Tailor-made: Towards a pedagogy for educating second-career teachers. Educational Research Review, 5, 164–183.
42. Van der Heijden, B.I.J.M., van Dam, K., & Hasselhorn, H.M. (2009). Intention to leave nursing. Career Development International, 14(7), 616-635.
43. Varadharajan, M. (2011-2012). Understanding the experiences of second career beginning teachers. Unpublished doctorate dissertation, University of Technology Sydney, Avustralya.
44. Watt, H.M.G., & Richardson, P. W. (2008). Motivations, perceptions, and aspirations concerning teaching as a career for different types of beginning teachers. Learning and Instruction, 18(5), 408-428.
45. Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., Klusmann, U., Kunter, M., Beyer, B., Trautwein, U., & Baumert, J. (2012). Motivations for choosing teaching as a career: An international comparison using the FIT-Choice scale. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(6), 791-805.
46. Williams, J.J., & Forgasz, H. (2009). The motivations of career change students in teacher education. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 37(1), 95-108.
47. Williams, J. (2013). Constructing new professional identities: Career changers in teacher education. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers
48. Wilson, E., & Deaney, R. (2010). Changing career and changing identity: How do teacher career changers exercise agency in identity construction. Social Psychology of Education, 13(2), 169-183. doi: 10.1007/s11218-010-9119-x.
49. Wise, A.J. & Millward, L.J. (2005). The experiences of voluntary career change in 30-somethings and implications for guidance. Career Development International, 10(5), 400-417.
50. Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
51. Zeichner, K. M., & Schulte, A. K. (2001). What we know and don’t know from peer-reviewed research about alternative teacher certification programmes. Journal of Teacher Education, 52, 266–282.