COVID-19 Pandemisinde Belirsizliğe Tahamülsüzlük ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş Arasındaki İlişki: Bilinçli Farkındalığın Aracı Rolü

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı COVID-19 pandemisi sırasında belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkide bilinçli farkındalığın aracı rolünü incelemektir. Çalışmaya Türkiye’den 380 yetişkin katılmıştır. Veriler, Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük Ölçeği, Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği ve Bilinçli Farkındalık Ölçeği'nin Türkçe uyarlamaları ile toplanmıştır. Regresyon temelli arabuluculuk analizi sonuçlarıyla, Türkiye'deki yetişkinler arasında bilinçli farkındalığın belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkiye aracılık ettiğini bulunmuştur. Çalışmanın en önemli sonucu olarak, bilinçli farkındalık hipotez modele dahil edildiğinde, belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlüğün psikolojik iyi oluş ile önceden önemli olan ilişkisi önemsiz hale gelmiştir. Bulgular ve bazı çıkarımlar pandemi temelli psikoloji bağlamında tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

• Belirsizliğe karşı tahammülsüzlük
• Psikolojik iyi Oluş
• bilinçli farkındalık
• COVID-19 pandemisi.

Relationship between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Psychological Wellbeing during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Mindfulness

Abstract

The current study aimed to examine the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and psychological wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic. The participants comprised 380 adults in Turkey. Data were collected through the Turkish adaptations of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, the Flourishing Scale, and the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scales. Results from conducting bootstrapped mediation analysis indicated that mindfulness mediated the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and psychological wellbeing among adults in Turkey. Importantly, the previously significant relationship of intolerance of uncertainty with psychological wellbeing became non-significant once mindfulness was included in the hypothesized model. The findings and some implications were discussed in the context of pandemic psychology.

Keywords

• Intolerance of Uncertainty
• Psychological Wellbeing
• Mindfulness
• COVID-19 Pandemic

References

1. Ahmed, M. Z., Ahmed, O., Aibao, Z., Hanbin, S., Siyu, L., & Ahmad, A. (2020). Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated psychological problems. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102092. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102092
2. Alçay, E.S. (2019). Ergenlerde Problemli İnternet Kullanımı Bilinçli Farkındalık ve Özdüzenleme arasındaki İlişkilerin İncelenmesi [Problematic Internet Use in Adolescents Examining the Relationship between Conscious Awareness and Self-regulation]. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Akdeniz University, Turkey.
3. Alimehdi, M., Ehteshamzadeh, P., Naderi, F., Eftekharsaadi, Z., & Pasha, R. (2016). The effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction on intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety sensitivity among individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Asian Social Science, 12(4), 179-187. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n4p179
4. Arslan, Ü., & Asıcı, E. (2021). The mediating role of solution focused thinking in relation between mindfulness and psychological well-being in university students. Current Psychology, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01251-9
5. Arslan, Ü., & Bayraktar-Uyar, B. (2020). Do career decidedness and career distress influence psychological and subjective wellbeing? The mediating role of mindfulness. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 7(2), 271-280. https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.783328
6. Ashbaugh A.R., Herbert C.F., Saimon, E., Azoulay, N., Olivera-Figueroa, L., & Brune, A. (2013) The Decision to Vaccinate or Not during the H1N1 Pandemic: Selecting the Lesser of Two Evils? PLoS ONE 8(3): e58852. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058852
7. Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., Walsh, E., Duggan, D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2008). Construct Validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Meditating and Nonmeditating Samples. Assessment, 15(3), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107313003
8. Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2020). 2019-nCoV epidemic: Adress mental health care to empower society. The Lancet, 395(10224), 37-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3.

9. Baron, R. M. ve Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction insocial psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
10. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173
11. Berenbaum, H., Bredemeier, K., & Thompson, R., J. (2008). Intolerance of uncertainty: Exploring its dimensionality and associations with need for cognitive closure, psychopathology, and personality, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(1), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.01.004
12. Birrell, J., Meares, K., Wilkinson, A., & Freeston, M. (2011). Toward a definition of intolerance of uncertainty: A review of factor analytical studies of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(7), 1198-1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.009
13. Boelen, P. A., & Reijntjes, A. (2009). Intolerance of uncertainty and social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(1), 130-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.04.007
14. Bränström, R., Duncan, L. G., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2011). The association between dispositional mindfulness, psychological well‐being, and perceived health in a Swedish population‐based sample. British Journal of Health Psychology, 16(2), 300-316.
15. Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological wellbeing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-848.
16. Budner, S. (1962). Intolerance of ambiguity as a personality variable. Journal of Personality, 30(1), 29-50.
17. Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(8), 931-945. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00092-4
18. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi elkitabı istatistik, araştırma deseni spss uygulamaları ve yorum (22 baskı)[ Data analysis handbook for social sciences statistics, research design spss applications and interpretation (22 editions)]. Ankara: Pegem Academy.
19. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Çokluk, Ö. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (4. baskı) [Multivariate statistics for social sciences: SPSS and LISREL applications (4th edition)]. Ankara: Pegem Pegem Academy.
20. Can, A. (2014). SPSS ile bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi (2. baskı) [Quantitative data analysis in the scientific research process with SPSS (2nd edition)]. Ankara: Pegem Academy.
21. Cowling, B. J., Chan, K. H., Fang, V. J., Lau, L. L., So, H. C., Fung, R. O., ... & Ngai, H. Y. (2010). Comparative epidemiology of pandemic and seasonal influenza A in households. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(23), 2175-2184.
22. Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S. & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New wellbeing measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
23. Dugas, M. J., Schwartz, A., & Francis, K. (2004). Brief report: Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28(6), 835-842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-004-0669-0
24. Erguvan, F. M. (2015). Üniversite öğrencilerinin belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük düzeyleri ile psikolojik iyi olma düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Examining the level of intolerance to uncertainty and psychological wellbeing of university students]. [Master Thesis, Sakarya University]. DSpace@SAÜ. https://acikerisim.sakarya.edu.tr/handle/20.500.12619/74677
25. Evans, S., Ferrando, S., Findler, M., Stowell, C., Smart, C., & Haglin, D. (2008). Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 716-721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.07.005
26. Feldman, G., Greeson, J., & Senville, J. (2010). Differential effects of mindful breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and loving-kindness meditation on decentering and negative reactions to repetitive thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48,1002-1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.06.006
27. Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry?. Personality and Individual Differences, 17(6), 791-802. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5
28. Geçgin, F.M. & Sahranç, Ü. (2017). Belirsizliğin hoşgörüsüzlüğü ile psikolojik iyi olma arasındaki ilişkiler [Relationships between intolerance of uncertainty and psychological wellbeing]. Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(4), 739-756. https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.383737
29. Goodwin, R., Haque, S., Neto, F., & Myers, L. B. (2009). Initial psychological responses to Influenza A, H1N1 ("Swine flu"). BMC Infectious Diseases, 9(1), 166-172. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-9-166.
30. Hall, R. C., Hall, R. C., & Chapman, M. J. (2008). The 1995 Kikwit Ebola outbreak: Lessons hospitals and physicians can apply to future viral epidemics. General Hospital Psychiatry, 30(5), 446-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.05.003
31. Hanh, T. N. (1987). The miracle of mindfulness: An introduction to the practice of meditation. Beacon Press.
32. Hanley, A., Warner, A., & Garland, E. L. (2015). Associations between mindfulness, psychological wellbeing, and subjective wellbeing with respect to contemplative practice. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(6), 1423-1436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9569-5
33. Holmes, E. A., O'Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., ... & Ford, T. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry. 7(6), 547-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1.
34. Howell, A. J., Digdon, N. L., Buro, K., & Sheptycki, A. R. (2008). Relations among mindfulness, well-being, and sleep. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(8), 773-777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.08.005
35. Kabat‐Zinn, J. (2003), Mindfulness‐Based Interventions in Context: Past, Present, and Future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10: 144-156. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg016
36. Kabat-Zinn, J. (2009). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. Hachette Books.
37. Kim, M. K., Lee, K. S., Kim, B., Choi, T. K., & Lee, S. H. (2016). Impact of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on intolerance of uncertainty in patients with panic disorder. Psychiatry Investigation, 13(2), 196-202. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2016.13.2.196
38. Kraemer, K. M., O’Bryan, E. M., & McLeish, A. C. (2016). Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and health anxiety. Mindfulness, 7(4), 859-865. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0524-x
39. Liu, N., Zhang, F., Wei, C., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., Sun, L., ... & Liu, W. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Research, 112921. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921.
40. Mantzios, M., Wilson, J. C., Linnell, M., & Morris, P. (2015). The role of negative cognition, intolerance of uncertainty, mindfulness, and self-compassion in weight regulation among male army recruits. Mindfulness, 6(3), 545-552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0286-2
41. Mihashi, M., Otsubo, Y., Yinjuan, X., Nagatomi, K., Hoshiko, M., & Ishitake, T. (2009). Predictive factors of psychological disorder development during recovery following SARS outbreak. Health Psychology, 28(1), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013674
42. Mitmansgruber, H., Smrekar, U., Rabanser, B., Beck, T., Eder, J., & Ellemunter, H. (2016). Psychological resilience and intolerance of uncertainty in coping with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 15(5), 689-695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2015.11.011
43. Neff, K. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
44. Özyeşil, Z., Arslan, C., Kesici, Ş., & Deniz, M. E. (2011). Bilinçli farkındalık ölçeği’ni Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması [The study of adapting the conscious awareness scale to Turkish]. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(160), 224-235.
45. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
46. Remuzzi, A., & Remuzzi, G. (2020). COVID-19 and Italy: What next?. The Lancet, 395(10231), 1225- 1228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30627-9
47. Rubin, G. J., Potts, H. W. W., & Michie, S. (2010). The impact of communications about swine flu (influenza A H1N1v) on public responses to the outbreak: Results from 36 national telephone surveys in the UK. Health Technology Assessment, 14(34), 183-266. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta14340-03
48. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological wellbeing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
49. Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological wellbeing in adult life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(4), 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772395
50. Sarı, S., & Dağ, İ. (2009). Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük Ölçeği, Endişe ile İlgili Olumlu İnançlar Ölçeği ve Endişenin Sonuçları Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması, geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği [The adaptation, validity and reliability of the Intolerance to Uncertainty Scale, Positive Beliefs about Anxiety Scale and the Consequences of Anxiety Scale to Turkish]. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi [Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry], 10, 261-270.
51. Sarıçam, H. (2014). Belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlüğün mutluluğa etkisi [The effect of intolerance to uncertainty on happiness]. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi [Journal of Social Sciences], 4(8), 1-12.
52. Satıcı B., Sarıçalı, M., Satıcı, S. A. & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Intolerance of uncertainty and mental wellbeing: Serial mediation by rumination and fear of COVID-19. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00305-0.
53. Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Gibson Miller, J., Hartman, T. K., Levita, L., … Bentall, R. (2020, April 18). Anxiety, Depression, Traumatic Stress, and COVID-19 Related Anxiety in the UK General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hb6nq.
54. Sweeny, K., & Cavanaugh, A. G. (2012). Waiting is the hardest part: A model of uncertainty navigation in the context of health. Health Psychology Review, 6, 147-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2010.520112
55. Sweeny, K., & Howell, J. L. (2017). Bracing later and coping better: Benefits of mindfulness during a stressful waiting period. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(10), 1399-1414. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217713490
56. Taha, S., Matheson, K., Cronin, T., & Anisman, H. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty, appraisals, coping, and anxiety: The case of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. British Journal of Health Psychology, 19(3), 592-605. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12058
58. Telef, B. B. (2013). Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği: Türkçe’ye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Psychological wellbeing scale: Adaptation to Turkish, validity and reliability study]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi [Hacettepe University Journal of Education Faculty], 28, 374-384.
60. Tolin, D. F., Abramowitz, J. S., Brigidi, B. D. & Foa, E. B. (2003). Intolerance of uncertainty in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17, 233-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00182-2
61. Turkish Ministry of Health. (2020, September 20). Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü COVID-19 (SARS-CoV2 ENFEKSİYONU) Rehberi [General Directorate of Public Health COVID-19 (SARS-CoV2 INFECTION) Guide]. https://khgmstokyonetimidb.saglik.gov.tr/TR-64503/halk-sagligi-genel-mudurlugu-covid-19-sars-cov2-enfeksiyonu-rehberi.html
62. Ülev, E. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinde bilinçli farkındalık düzeyi ile stresle başa çıkma tarzının depresyon, kaygı ve stres belirtileriyle ilişkisi. [The Relationship Between Mindfulness and Coping Styles with Depression, Anxiety and Stress Symptoms in University Students] [Master Thesis, Hacettepe University]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Kütüphaneleri Açık Erişim Birimi. http://www.openaccess.hacettepe.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/handle/11655/1321
63. Van Bortel, T., Basnayake, A., Wurie, F., Jambai, M., Koroma, A. S., Muana, A. T., ... & Nellums, L. B. (2016). Psychosocial effects of an Ebola outbreak at individual, community and international levels. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 94(3), 210-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.15.158543
64. Voitsidis, P., Gliatas, I., Bairachtari, V., Papadopoulou, K., Papageorgiou, G., Parlapani, E., ... & Diakogiannis, I. (2020). Insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Greek population. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113076
65. Wang, C., Horby, P. W., Hayden, F. G., & Gao, G. F. (2020a). A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. The Lancet, 395(10223), 470-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9
66. Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020b). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 17(5), 1729. Advanced online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729.
67. World Health Organization. (2004). Promoting mental health: Concepts, emerging evidence, practice (summary report). WHO.
68. World Health Organization. (2020a, September 20). Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report-1. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=20a99c10_4
69. World Health Organization. (2020b, September 2020). WHO Director-General’s remarks at the media briefing on 2019-nCoV https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who- directorgeneral-s-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-2019-ncov-on-11-february-2020
70. Xiang, Y. T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), 228-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8
71. Xiang, Y. T., Zhao, Y. J., Liu, Z. H., Li, X. H., Zhao, N., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). The COVID-19 outbreak and psychiatric hospitals in China: Managing challenges through mental health service reform. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(10), 1741- https://doi.org/1744. 10.7150/ijbs.45072.
72. Zandifar, A., & Badrfam, R. (2020). Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 101990. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101990
73. Zheng, M. X., Yao, J., & Narayanan, J. (2020, March 20). Mindfulness buffers the impact of COVID-19 outbreak information on sleep duration. PsyArXiv, 2020. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wuh94.