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Ebeveynleştirilmiş Çocuk Ölçeği – Yetişkin Formu’nun Geliştirilmesi: Bir Güvenirlik ve Geçerlik Çalışması

Year 2019, Volume: 48 Issue: 1, 531 - 553, 21.04.2019

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı yetişkin bireyler için
ebeveynleştirilme düzeylerini geçerli ve güvenilir bir şekilde ölçebilecek bir
ölçme aracı geliştirmektir. Araştırmaya iki farklı çalışma grubu olarak toplam
705 kişi (510 kadın, 195 erkek) katılmıştır. Benzer ölçek geçerliliği için
Jurkovic, Thirkield ve Morel (2001) tarafından geliştirilen, Karagöbek (2014)
tarafından Türkçe uyarlaması yapılan Filial Sorumluluk Ölçeği – Yetişkin
Versiyonu kullanılmıştır. EÇÖ-Y’nin faktör yapısını belirlemek amacıyla
açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri yapılmış ve bulgular ışığında
ölçeğin iki alt ölçekten oluştuğu, ilk alt ölçeğin dört faktörlü, ikinci alt
ölçeğin tek faktörlü bir yapı olduğu bulunmuştur. EÇÖ-Y’nin Cronbach alpha iç
tutarlık katsayısı .88 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Madde toplam korelasyon
katsayıları ise .37 ile .71 arasında bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin ilk alt ölçeğinin
doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda 22 maddenin dört faktörlü olduğu sonucu
elde edilmiştir ve ki-kare uyum değerinin (
c2=506.42,
sd=203, p=.00) anlamlı olduğu görülmüştür. Modelin uyumuna ilişkin
c2/sd
sonucu 2.49 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca RMSEA= .073, CFI=.95, NFI=.92,
NNFI=.94, IFI=.95, RFI=.91 ve GFI=.86 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Test tekrar test
güvenirlik katsayı .91 bulunmuştur. EÇÖ-Y’nin, FSÖ ile arasındaki ilişkideki
korelasyon katsayısı .81 olarak analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan geçerlik ve
güvenirlik çalışmaları sonucunda, EÇÖ-Y yeterli değerlere sahip geçerli ve
güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu görülmüştür.

References

  • Aldrich, J. O. & Cunningham, J. B. (2016). Using IBM SPSS statistics: an interactive hand-on approach. California: Sage Publications Inc. Aldridge, J., & Becker, S. (1993). Punishing children for caring: the hidden cost of young carers. Children & Society, 7, 4, 376-387. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.1993.tb00293.x Alexander, P. C. (2003). Parent-child role reversal: Development of a measure and test of an attachment theory model. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 22, 31-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jsyt.22.2.31.23349
  • Bollen, K.A. (1989). Structural Equations with Latent Variables. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
  • Boszormanyi-Nagy, I. & Spark, G. (1973). Invisible loyalties. New York, NY: Harper & Row Publications.
  • Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford.
  • Burnett, G., Jones, R. A., Bliwise, N. G. and Ross, L. T. (2006). Family unpredictability, parental alcoholism, and the development of parentification. American Journal of Family Therapy, 34: 181–189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926180600550437
  • Burton, L. (2007). Childhood adultification in economically disadvantaged families: a conceptual model. Family Relations, 56, 4, 329- 345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2007.00463.x
  • Büyüköztürk, S., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgun, O. E., Karadeniz, S. ve Demirel, F. (2015). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Byng-Hall, J. (2008). The significance of children fulfilling parental roles: Implications for family therapy. Journal of Family Therapy 30(2):147 – 162. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6427.2008.00423.x
  • Chase, N. D. (1999). Burdened Children: Theory, Research, and Treatment of Parentification. California: Sage Publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452220604
  • Chase, N. D., Deming, M. P. and Wells, M. C. (1998) Parentification, parental alcoholism, and academic status among young adults. American Journal of Family Therapy, 26: 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926189808251091
  • Cliff, N. (1988). The eigenvalue-greater-than-one rule and the reliability of components. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 276–279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.276
  • Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A First Course in Factor Analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Earley, L. & Cushway, D. (2002). The parentified child. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7 (2), 163-178. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104502007002005
  • Emre, O. (2016). Ebeveynleştirmenin Çocukların Gelişim Sürecine Etkisi. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 5 (2), 29-34.
  • Field, A. P. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS for windows: advanced techniques for the beginner. London: Sage Publications.
  • Fitzgerald, M. M. (2005). The impact of parentification on children’s psychological adjustment: emotional management skills as potential underlying process. Unpublished doctorate dissertation, University of Georgia, Athens.
  • Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7, 286-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.286
  • Goldenberg, H., & Goldenberg, I. (1996). Family therapy: An overview. (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
  • Güriş, S. & Astar, M. (2015). Bilimsel araştırmalarda SPSS ile istatistik. İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
  • Hooper, L. M. (2007). The application of attachment theory and family systems theory to the phenomena of parentification. The Family Journal, 15, 217-223. DOI: 10.1177/1066480707301290
  • Hooper, L. M. (2009). Parentification inventory (Available from L. M. Hooper, Department of Educational Studies in Psychology, Research Methodology, and Counselling, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487).
  • Hooper, L. M. & Wallace, S. A. (2010). Evaluating the parentification questionnaire: psychometric properties and psychopathology correlates. Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal, 32, 52-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10591-009-9103-9
  • Jones, R. A. & Wells, M. (1996). An empirical study of parentification and personality. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 24, 2, 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926189608251027
  • Jurkovic, G. J. (1997). Lost childhood: the plight of the parentified child. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
  • Jurkovic, G.J., Thirkield, A., & Morrell, R. (2001). Parentification of adult children of divorce: A multidimensional analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30(2), 245-257. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010349925974
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (2017). Family, self, and human development across cultures: theory and applications. New York: Taylor & Francis
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (1982). Old-age security value of children: cross- national socioeconomic evidence. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 13(1), 29–42. DOI:10.1177/0022022182131004
  • Karagöbek, A. B. (2014). The effect of maternal parentification history, maternal attachment styles, socioeconomic status and children’s self-construals on parentification roles and perceived parental caregiving. Unpublished master’s thesis, ODTÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Karasar, N. (2015). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. (28. basım). Ankara: Nobel Kitap.
  • Lester, P. E., & Bishop, L.K. (2000). Handbook of tests and measurements in education and the social sciences. (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
  • Mika, P., Bergner, R. M. & Baum, M. C. (1987). The development of a scale for the assessment of parentification. Family Therapy, 14, 3, 229-235.
  • Minuchin, S., Montalvo, B. Guerney, B. G., Rosman, B.L., & Schumer, F. (1967). Families of the slums. New York: Basic.
  • Morris, M. G., & Gould, R. W. (1963). Role Reversal: A necessary concept in dealing with the “battered child syndrome.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 33(2), 298-299.
  • Shaffer, A. & Sroufe, L. A. (2005). The developmental and adaptational implications of generational boundary dissolution: findings from a perspective, longitudinal study. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 5, 67-84. https://doi.org/10.1300/J135v05n02_04
  • Sroufe, L. A., & Ward, M. J. (1980). Seductive behavior of mothers of toddlers: occurrence, correlates, and family origins. Child Development, 51(4), 1222. DOI:10.2307/1129564

Development of the Parentified Child Scale- Adult Version: A Reliability and Validity Study

Year 2019, Volume: 48 Issue: 1, 531 - 553, 21.04.2019

Abstract

This study aims to develop a scale that can measure
parentification levels for adults in a valid and reliable way. A total of 705
people (510 females, 195 males) participated in the study. The Filial
Responsibility Scale-Adult Version developed by Jurkovic, Thirkield and Morel
(2001), adopted to Turkish by Karagöbek (2014) was used for Convergent and
Discrimant Validity. It was found that the Parentified Child Scale Adult
Version (PCS-A) scale consists of two sub-scales and the first sub-scale has
four factors and the second sub-scale has one factor through explanatory and
confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient of PCS-A is found
as .88. The item total correlation coefficients were between .37 and .71.
Confirmatory factor analysis of the first sub-scale of the scale shows that 22
items had four factors and the chi-square fit (
c2=506.42,
df=203, p=.00) was significant. The
c2/df
result for model fit was determined to be 2.49. In addition, RMSEA = .073, CFI
= .95, NFI = .92, NNFI = .94, IFI = .95, RFI.91 and GFI = .86 were calculated.
The test-retest correlation coefficient was found to be .91. The relationship
between the PCS-A and the FRS was analysed as .81. The results suggest that
Parentified Child Scale-Adult Version is a valid and reliable instrument.

References

  • Aldrich, J. O. & Cunningham, J. B. (2016). Using IBM SPSS statistics: an interactive hand-on approach. California: Sage Publications Inc. Aldridge, J., & Becker, S. (1993). Punishing children for caring: the hidden cost of young carers. Children & Society, 7, 4, 376-387. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.1993.tb00293.x Alexander, P. C. (2003). Parent-child role reversal: Development of a measure and test of an attachment theory model. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 22, 31-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jsyt.22.2.31.23349
  • Bollen, K.A. (1989). Structural Equations with Latent Variables. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
  • Boszormanyi-Nagy, I. & Spark, G. (1973). Invisible loyalties. New York, NY: Harper & Row Publications.
  • Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford.
  • Burnett, G., Jones, R. A., Bliwise, N. G. and Ross, L. T. (2006). Family unpredictability, parental alcoholism, and the development of parentification. American Journal of Family Therapy, 34: 181–189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926180600550437
  • Burton, L. (2007). Childhood adultification in economically disadvantaged families: a conceptual model. Family Relations, 56, 4, 329- 345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2007.00463.x
  • Büyüköztürk, S., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgun, O. E., Karadeniz, S. ve Demirel, F. (2015). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Byng-Hall, J. (2008). The significance of children fulfilling parental roles: Implications for family therapy. Journal of Family Therapy 30(2):147 – 162. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6427.2008.00423.x
  • Chase, N. D. (1999). Burdened Children: Theory, Research, and Treatment of Parentification. California: Sage Publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452220604
  • Chase, N. D., Deming, M. P. and Wells, M. C. (1998) Parentification, parental alcoholism, and academic status among young adults. American Journal of Family Therapy, 26: 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926189808251091
  • Cliff, N. (1988). The eigenvalue-greater-than-one rule and the reliability of components. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 276–279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.276
  • Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A First Course in Factor Analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Earley, L. & Cushway, D. (2002). The parentified child. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7 (2), 163-178. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104502007002005
  • Emre, O. (2016). Ebeveynleştirmenin Çocukların Gelişim Sürecine Etkisi. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 5 (2), 29-34.
  • Field, A. P. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS for windows: advanced techniques for the beginner. London: Sage Publications.
  • Fitzgerald, M. M. (2005). The impact of parentification on children’s psychological adjustment: emotional management skills as potential underlying process. Unpublished doctorate dissertation, University of Georgia, Athens.
  • Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7, 286-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.286
  • Goldenberg, H., & Goldenberg, I. (1996). Family therapy: An overview. (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
  • Güriş, S. & Astar, M. (2015). Bilimsel araştırmalarda SPSS ile istatistik. İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
  • Hooper, L. M. (2007). The application of attachment theory and family systems theory to the phenomena of parentification. The Family Journal, 15, 217-223. DOI: 10.1177/1066480707301290
  • Hooper, L. M. (2009). Parentification inventory (Available from L. M. Hooper, Department of Educational Studies in Psychology, Research Methodology, and Counselling, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487).
  • Hooper, L. M. & Wallace, S. A. (2010). Evaluating the parentification questionnaire: psychometric properties and psychopathology correlates. Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal, 32, 52-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10591-009-9103-9
  • Jones, R. A. & Wells, M. (1996). An empirical study of parentification and personality. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 24, 2, 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926189608251027
  • Jurkovic, G. J. (1997). Lost childhood: the plight of the parentified child. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
  • Jurkovic, G.J., Thirkield, A., & Morrell, R. (2001). Parentification of adult children of divorce: A multidimensional analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30(2), 245-257. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010349925974
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (2017). Family, self, and human development across cultures: theory and applications. New York: Taylor & Francis
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (1982). Old-age security value of children: cross- national socioeconomic evidence. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 13(1), 29–42. DOI:10.1177/0022022182131004
  • Karagöbek, A. B. (2014). The effect of maternal parentification history, maternal attachment styles, socioeconomic status and children’s self-construals on parentification roles and perceived parental caregiving. Unpublished master’s thesis, ODTÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Karasar, N. (2015). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. (28. basım). Ankara: Nobel Kitap.
  • Lester, P. E., & Bishop, L.K. (2000). Handbook of tests and measurements in education and the social sciences. (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
  • Mika, P., Bergner, R. M. & Baum, M. C. (1987). The development of a scale for the assessment of parentification. Family Therapy, 14, 3, 229-235.
  • Minuchin, S., Montalvo, B. Guerney, B. G., Rosman, B.L., & Schumer, F. (1967). Families of the slums. New York: Basic.
  • Morris, M. G., & Gould, R. W. (1963). Role Reversal: A necessary concept in dealing with the “battered child syndrome.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 33(2), 298-299.
  • Shaffer, A. & Sroufe, L. A. (2005). The developmental and adaptational implications of generational boundary dissolution: findings from a perspective, longitudinal study. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 5, 67-84. https://doi.org/10.1300/J135v05n02_04
  • Sroufe, L. A., & Ward, M. J. (1980). Seductive behavior of mothers of toddlers: occurrence, correlates, and family origins. Child Development, 51(4), 1222. DOI:10.2307/1129564
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Article
Authors

Tolga Zencir

Özlem Haskan-avcı

Publication Date April 21, 2019
Submission Date July 13, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 48 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Zencir, T., & Haskan-avcı, Ö. (2019). Development of the Parentified Child Scale- Adult Version: A Reliability and Validity Study. Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 48(1), 531-553. https://doi.org/10.14812/cuefd.443707

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