Sosyal Yanıtlayıcılık Ölçeği-2-Okul Öncesi Türkçe Formunun Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması: Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması

Year 2021, Volume: 50 Issue: 1, 535 - 560, 29.04.2021

Hatice Bakkaloğlu , Zeynep Bahap Kudret , Meral Çilem Ökcün Akçamuş , Seher Yalçın , Seyda Demir

Abstract

Bu çalışma, otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB) olan bireylerin sosyal farkındalık, sosyal biliş, sosyal iletişim, sosyal motivasyon ile sınırlı ilgi ve tekrarlayıcı davranışlarının değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan ve ebeveynler tarafından doldurulan Sosyal Yanıtlayıcılık Ölçeği-2-Okul Öncesi Türkçe Formunun (SOYÖ-2-OTF) Türkçeye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. SOYÖ-2-OTF, 30-54 ay aralığındaki çocukların sosyal iletişim becerilerinin değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan, OSB olan ya da OSB için risk altında olan çocukların erken dönemde belirlenmesini sağlayan ve OSB’nin şiddetine ilişkin bilgi veren bir araçtır. Ölçek beş alt boyut ve 65 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Ebeveynler tarafından doldurulan ölçeğin Türkçeye uyarlaması ve geçerlilik-güvenilirlik çalışması, Ankara ve İstanbul’daki 2-5 yaş arasındaki çocuklarla yapılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında ölçeğin yapı geçerliği, ölçüt geçerliği ve güvenirliği incelenmiştir. Yapı geçerliği için incelenen doğrulayıcı faktör analizine göre ölçeğin uyum değerlerinin hem DSM 5’e göre belirlenmiş iki boyutlu hem de özgün ölçekteki gibi beş boyutlu yapıda kabul edilebilir düzeyde olduğu ve 65 maddeden oluşan SOYÖ-2-OTF’nin özgün ölçeğin faktör yapısıyla uyumlu olduğu bulunmuştur. Ölçüt geçerliği için incelenen SOYÖ-2-OTF’nin alt ölçek ve toplam puanının Gilliam Otizm Derecelendirme Ölçeği-2-Türkçe Versiyonu’nun (GOBDÖ-2-TV) “iletişim”, “sosyal etkileşim” ve “stereotipik davranışlar” alt ölçek puanlarıyla korelasyonunun manidar olduğu bulunmuştur. Güvenilirlik için hesaplanan Cronbach alfa iç tutarlılık katsayısı ve madde toplam korelasyon analizleri de ölçeğin güvenirliğinin iyi düzeyde olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu çalışma sonucunda SOYÖ-2-OTF’nin OSB olan ya da OSB riski olan çocukların belirlenmesinde ve sosyal iletişim davranışlarının ayrıntılı bir şekilde değerlendirilmesinde kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir araç olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

Otizm spektrum bozukluğu,, Otizm spektrum bozukluğu, Sosyal Yanıtlayıcılık Ölçeği-2-Okul Öncesi Türkçe Formu, Türkçeye uyarlama, Geçerlilik, Güvenilirlik

Supporting Institution

Bu çalışma Ankara Üniversitesi Özel Eğitim Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi'nin desteği ile yürütülmüştür.

Turkish Adaptation of Social Responsiveness Scale-2-Preschool Turkish Form: A Reliability and Validity Study

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties as well as to conduct cross-cultural adaptation studies of the Social Responsiveness Scale-2-Preschool Turkish Form (SRS-2-PTF) completed by parents that is used to assess social awareness, social cognition, social communication, social motivation, and restricted interests and repetitive behaviors of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). SRS-2-PTF is a tool which examines social communication skills of children 30 to 54 months age and identifies children with ASD or at risk for ASD during early periods as well as provides information about the severity of ASD. The scale consists of five sub dimensions and 65 items. The parent form of the scale’s Turkish adaptation and reliability-validity studies were conducted with 2 to 5-year-old children in Ankara and İstanbul. The scale’s construct validity, criterion validity, and reliability were examined. The confirmatory factor analysis, which was conducted as the construct validity study, showed that the fit indices of the scale were acceptable for both two-dimensional and five-dimensional structure, and SRS-2-PTF, which has five sub dimensions and 65 items, is consistent with the construct of the original scale’s factor structure. As a criterion validity, sub factors and total score of SRS-2-PTF had significant correlations with “communication,” “social interaction,” and “stereotypical behaviors” sub scales of Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-2-Turkish Version (GARS-2-TV). As the reliability study, Cronbach Alpha coefficients and item total score correlations were calculated, they showed that the scale had a good reliability. As a result of this study, SRS-2-PTF is a valid and reliable tool in identifying children with ASD and at risk for ASD as well as assessing their social communication behaviors in depth.

Keywords

Autism spectrum disorder, Social Responsiveness Scale-2-Preschool Turkish Form, Turkish adaptation, Validity, Reliability

References

• Aiello, R., Ruble, L. ve Esler, A. (2017). National study of school psychologists’ use of evidence-based assessment in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 33 (1), 67-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377903.2016.1236307
• Aldridge, F. J., Gibbs, V. M., Schmidhofer ve Williams, M. (2011). Investigating the clinical usefulness of the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) in a tertiary level, autism spectrum disorder specific assessment clinic. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42, 294-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1242-9
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing.
• Bitsika, V. ve Sharpley, C. F. (2018). Making the transition from diagnosis to treatment-planning: Validity, reliability and factor structure of the Autism Spectrum Disorder Behaviour Checklist. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 65, 22-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2017.1346788
• Bölte, S., Poustka, F. ve Constantino, J. N. (2008). Assessing autistic traits: Cross‐cultural validation of the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Autism Research, 1 (6), 354-363. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.49
• Bölte, S., Westerwald, E., Holtmann, M., Freitag, C. ve Poustka, F. (2011). Autistic traits and autism spectrum disorders: The clinical validity of two measures presuming a continuum of social communication skills. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41 (1), 66-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1024-9
• Bruni, T. P. (2014). Test review: Social Responsiveness Scale–Second Edition (SRS-2). Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 32 (4), 365-369. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282913517525
• Cen, C. Q., Liang, Y. Y., Chen, Q. R., Chen, K. Y., Deng, H. Z., Chen, B. Y. ve Zou, X. B. (2017). Investigating the validation of the Chinese Mandarin version of the Social Responsiveness Scale in a Mainland China child population. BMC Psychiatry, 17 (51), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1185-y.
• Chawarska, K. ve Volkmar, F. R. (2005). Autism in infancy and early childhood. In F.R. Volkmar, R. Paul., A. Klin, & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (3th ed., pp. 223- 246). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cheon, K., Park, J., Koh, Y., Song, J., Hong, H., Kim, Y., Lim, E., Kwon, H., Ha, M., Lim, M., Paik, K., Constantino, J. N., Leventhal, B. ve Kim, Y. S. (2016). The Social Responsiveness Scale in relation to DSM IV and DSM5 ASD in Korean Children. Autism Research, 9 (9), 970-980. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1671
• Constantino, J. N., Davis, S. A., Todd, R. D., Schindler, M. K., Gross, M. M., Brophy, S. L., Metzger, L. M., Shoushtari, C. S., Splinter, R. ve Reich, W. (2003). Validation of a brief quantitative measure of autistic traits: comparison of the social responsiveness scale with the autism diagnostic interview-revised. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33 (4), 427-33. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1025014929212
• Constantino, J. N. ve Gruber, C. P. (2012). Social Responsiveness Scale (2nd ed.) (SRS-2) [Manual]. Torrance, CA: Western Psychological Services.
• Constantino, J. N. ve Gruber, C. P. (2005). Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
• Constantino, J. N. ve Todd, R. (2003). Autistic tarits in the general population: A twin study. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 60, 524-530. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.524
• Corsello, C. N. (2005). Early intervention in autism. Infants & Young Children, 18 (2), 74-85.
• Crocker, L. ve Algina, J. (2008). Introduction to classical and modern test theory. Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning.
• Dawson, G., Rogers, S., Munson, J., Smith, M., Winter, J., Greenson, J., Donaldson, A. ve Varley, J. (2010). Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: The Early Start Denver Model. Pediatrics, 125 (1), 17-23. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0958
• Diken, İ. H., Ardıç, A., Diken, Ö. ve Gilliam, J. E. (2012). Gilliam Otistik Bozukluk Derecelendirme Ölçeği-2 Türkiye Versiyonu’nun (GOBDÖ-2-TV) geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin araştırılması: Türkiye standardizasyon çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 37 (166), 318-328.
• Duku, E., Vaillancourt, T., Szatmari, P., … ve Pathways in ASD Study Team. (2013). Pathways in ASD Study Team. Investigating the measurement properties of the social responsiveness scale in preschool children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43 (4), 860-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1627-4
• Duvekot, J., van der Ende, J., Verhulst, F. C. ve Greaves-Lord, K. (2015). The screening accuracy of the parent and teacher-reported Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS): Comparison with the 3Di and ADOS. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45 (6), 1658-1672. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10803-014-2323-3
• Fombonne, E., Marcin, C., Bruno, R., Tinoco, C. M. ve Marquez, C. D. (2012). Screening for autism in Mexico. Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 5 (3), 180-189. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1235.
• Frazier, T. W., Ratliff, K. R., Gruber, C., Zhang, Y., Law, P. A. ve Constantino, J. N. (2014). Confirmatory factor analytic structure and measurement invariance of quantitative autistic traits measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale-2. Autism, 18 (1), 31-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361313500382
• French, L. ve Kennedy, E. M. M. (2018). Annual research review: Early intervention for infants and young children with, or at-risk of, autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Child Psychology, 59 (4), 444-456. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12828
• Gau, S. F., Liu, L., Wud, Y., Chiu, Y. ve Tsai, W. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the social responsiveness scale. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7, 349-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2012.10.004
• George, D. ve Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
• Hambleton, R. K. ve Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: Myths to be avoided and guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. Journal of Applied Testing Technology. http://www.testpublishers.org/assets/documents/volume%201%20issue%201Increasing%20validity.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 10.03.2020
• İncekaş Gassaloğlu, S., Baykara, B., Avcil, S. ve Demiral, Y. (2016). Çocukluk Otizmi Değerlendirme Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 27 (4), 266-274.
• Kabil, A. T. (2005). A validity study of The Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) on a Turkish sample. Masters’ thesis, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul.
• Kamio, Y., Inada, N., Moriwaki, A., Kuroda, M., Koyama, T., Tsujii, H., Kawakubo, Y., Kuwabara, H., Tsuchiya, K. J. ve Constantino, J. N. (2013). Quantitative autistic traits ascertained in a national survey of 22 529 Japanese school children. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 128 (1), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12034
• Kidd, S. A., Berry-Kravis, E., Choo, T. H., Chen, C., Esler, A., Hoffmann, A., Andrews, H. F. ve Kaufmann, W. E. (2020). Improving the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in Fragile X syndrome by adapting the Social Communication Questionnaire and the Social Responsiveness Scale-2. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50 (9), 3276-3295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04148-0
• Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd Edition ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
• Köse, S., Özbaran, B., Yazgan, Y., Baytunca, M. B., Bildik, T., Erermiş, S. ve Aydın, C. (2017). 6-18 yaş aralığındaki çocuklarda Otizm Spektrum Tarama Ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlamasının psikometrik özellikleri. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 28 (4), 268-277. https://doi.org/10.5080/u14903
• Lai, K. ve Green, B. S. (2016). The problem with having two watches: Assessment of fit when RMSEA and CFI disagree. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 51 (2-3), 220-239, https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2015.1134306
• Lewis, M. H. ve Bodfish, J. W. (1998). Repetitive behavior disorders in autism. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 4 (2), 80-89. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:2<80::AID-MRDD4>3.0.CO;2-0
• Maenner, M. J., Shaw, K. A., Baio, J., … ve Dietz, P. M. (2020). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016. MMWR Surveillance Summaries 69 (4), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6904a1.
• Nelson, A. T., Lopata, C., Volker, M. A., Thomeer, M. L., Toomey, J. A. ve Dua, E. (2016). Exploratory factor analysis of SRS-2 teacher ratings for youth with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46 (9), 2905-2915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2822-5
• Öner, P., Öner, Ö., Çöp, E. ve Munir, K. M. (2012). Sosyal iletişim ölçeğinin okul öncesi çocuklardaki geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 22 (1), 43-50. https://doi.org/ 10.5455/bcp.20111212091514
• Özdemir, O., Diken, İ. H. ve Şekercioğlu, G. (2013). Otizm Davranış Kontrol Listesi (Autism Behavior Checklist-ABC) modifiye edilmiş Türkçe versiyonunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması: Pilot uygulama sonuçları. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 5 (2), 168-182. https://doi.org/10.20489/INTJECSE.107931
• Pine, E., Luby, J., Abbacchi, A. ve Constantino, J. N. (2006). Quantitative assessment of autistic symptomatology in preschoolers. Autism, 10 (4), 344-352. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361306064434. PMID: 16908478.
• Rogers, S. J. (2005). Play interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorders. In L. A. Reddy, T. M. Files-Hall, & C. E. Schaefer (Eds.), Empirically based play interventions for children (pp. 215-239). American Psychological Association.
• Shahrivar, Z., Tehrani-Doost, M., Davoodi, E., Hosseiniani, T., Tarighatnia, H., Momen, S., Sebghati, A. R. ve Hajirezaei, H. (2020). The reliability of the Social Responsiveness Scale-2 in an Iranian typically developing group of children. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 15 (1), 41-46.
• Shaw, K. A., Maenner, M. J., Baio, J., … ve Dietz, P. M. (2020). Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 Years - Early Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, Six Sites, United States, 2016. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 69 (3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6903a1
• Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 42 (5), 893-898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017
• Stickley, A., Tachibana, Y., Hashimoto, K., Haraguchi, H., Miyake, A., Morokuma, S., Nitta, H., Oda, M., Ohya, Y., Senju, A., Takahashi, H., Yamagata, T. ve Kamio, Y. (2017). Assessment of autistic traits in children aged 2 to 4½ Years with the preschool version of the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-P): Findings from Japan. Autism Research, 10 (5), 852-865. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1742
• Strohmeier, D. ve Dogan, A. (2012). Emotional problems and victimisation among youth with national and international migration experience living in Austria and Turkey. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 17, (3-4), 287-304. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2012.704311
• Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). New York: Allyn and Bacon.
• Tehrani-Doost, M., Shahrivar, Z., Torabi, N., Ansari, S., Haji-Esmaeelzadeh ve Saeed-Ahmedi, S. (2020). Cross-cultural validation and normative data of the Social Responsiveness Scale in a group of Iranian general child population. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 50, 2389-2396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3773-9
• Ünal, S., Güler, A. S., Dedeoğlu, C., Taşkın, B. ve Yazgan, Y. (2009). Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite tanısı olan klinik grup ile normal popülasyonun Sosyal Karşılıklılık Ölçeği ile karşılaştırılması. 19. Ulusal Çocuk ve Ergen Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, April 14-17, Antakya, Turkey. pp. 116.
• Wang, J., Lee, L. C., Chen, Y. S. ve Hsu, J. W. (2012). Assessing autistic traits in a Taiwan preschool population: Cross-cultural validation of the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42 (11), 2450-2459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1499-7
• Weeks, J. (2013). Evidence-based assessment for autism spectrum disorders. https://ed-psych.utah.edu/school-psych/_documents/grants/autism-training-grant/Autism-Assessment-Monograph.pdf
• Wigham, S., McConachie, H., Tandos, J. ve Le Couteur, A. S., (2012). The reliability and validity of the Social Responsiveness Scale in a UK general child population. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33 (3), 944-950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.12.017
• Yıkgeç, A. (2005). A validitity study of the Modified Checklist for Autism İn Toddlers (M-CHAT) on a Turkish sample. Master’s thesis, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul.