Adaptation of the Parental Attachment Recognition Scale to Turkish Culture
Year 2025,
Volume: 54 Issue: 2, 643 - 669, 31.08.2025
Şule Erden Özcan
,
Sema Sönmez
,
Sümeyra Arzu Oral Paksoy
,
Ahmet Önem
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to adapt the "Parental Attachment Recognition Scale (PAS)" developed by Tanaka (2019) into Turkish culture and to examine its validity and reliability. A total of 800 parents, 400 mothers and 400 fathers with children between the ages of 3-8, participated in the study. Exploratory Factor Analysis was applied to determine the factor structure of the scale and Confirmatory Factor Analysis was applied to determine the accuracy of the structure. As a result of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, it was revealed that both the Mother Form and Father Forms of the scale had a two-factor structure: "Parent-Child Relationship" and "Emotional Bond" dimensions. The internal consistency coefficients for the "Parent-Child Relationship" and "Emotional Bond" dimensions of the EBTS Mother Form are .76 and .84, respectively. The internal consistency coefficients for the "Parent-Child Relationship" and "Emotional Bond" dimensions of the EBTS Father Form are .77 and .84, respectively. The total Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients for both the Mother and Father Forms were calculated as .91. As a result of the research, it was determined that the Parental Attachment Recognition Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool to determine the early childhood attachment experiences of mothers and fathers with children between the ages of 3-8.
References
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-
Antinienė, D., & Lekavičienė, R. (2012). Adaptation procedure of level of emotional intelligence (lei) test and its methodology problems. Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences, 4(87), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.33607/bjshs.v4i87.250
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Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226–244. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226
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Baumgartner, H., & Homburg, C. (1996). Applications of structural equation modeling in marketing and consumer research: A review. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 139–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(95)00038-0
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Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
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Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachmentandloss. Separation: Anxietyandanger (Vol. 2). Basic Books.
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Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods and Research, 21, 230–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
-
Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2004). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS 12 and 13: A guide for social scientists (1st Ed.). Routledge.
-
Bretherton, I., Ridgeway, D., & Cassidy, J. (1990). Assessing internal working models of the attachment relationships: An attachment story completion task for 3-years-olds. In T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years (pp. 273–308). University of Chicago Press.
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Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
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Collins, N. L., & Feeney, B. C. (2000). A safe haven: An attachment theory perspective on support seeking and caregiving in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1053–1073. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1053
-
Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(4), 644–663. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.4.644
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Cozolino, L. (2014). İnsan ilişkilerinin nörobilimi (M. Benveniste, Çev.). Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Eğitim Yayınları.
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Damasceno, V. A. M., Zazzetta, M. S., & Orlandi, F. d. S. (2023). Translation, adaptation, and reliability of a social frailty scale for the brazilian context: A methodological study. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 141(1), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2022.0020.07042022
-
Erzen, E. (2016). Three dimensional attachment style scale. Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 17(3), 01–21. https://doi.org/10.17679/iuefd.17323631
-
Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of selfreport measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 350–365. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.350
-
Görgü, E. (2018). Okula devam eden 5-6 yaş grubu çocukların annelerinin bağlanma biçimleri, kişilik özellikleri ve çocukların bağlanma biçimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(1), 186–209. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2018..-364644
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Griffin, D., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 430–445. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.430
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Harwood, R. L., Schoelmerich, A., Schulze, P. A., & Gonzales, Z. (1999). Cultural differences in maternal beliefs and behaviors: A study of middle-class anglo and puerto rican mother-infant pairs in four everyday situations. Child Development, 70(4), 1005–1016. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00073
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Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511
-
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0501_1
-
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to under parameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
-
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
-
International Test Commission. (2018). Guidelines for translating and adapting tests. International Journal of Testing, 18(2), 101–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15305058.2017.1398166
-
Kapçı, E. G., & Küçüker, S. (2006). Ana Babaya Bağlanma Ölçeği: Türk üniversite öğrencilerinde psikometrik özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 17(4), 286–295.
-
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
-
Lamb, M. E. (Ed.). (2010). The role of the father in child development (5th Ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
-
Lieberman, A. F. (2004). Traumatic stress and quality of attachment: Reality and internalization in disorders of infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal, 25(4), 336–351. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20009
-
Lippe, A., Von Der Eilertsen, D. A., Hartmann, E., & Kille, K. (2010). The role of maternal attachment in children’s attachment and cognitive executive functioning: a preliminary study. Attachment and Human Development, 12(5), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2010.501967
-
Marsh, H. W., & Hocevar, D. (1988). A new, more powerful approach to multitrait-multimethod analyses: Application of second-order confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(1), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.73.1.107
-
Michael, T., & Snow, M. (2019). The adult scale of parental attachment-short form: Psychometric properties, factor analyses, and validation. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 41(4), 509–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-019- 09375-9
-
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. Guilford Press.
-
Orçan, F. (2018). Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi: İlk hangisi kullanılmalı?. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi, 9(4), 413–421. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.394323
-
Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044- 8341.1979.tb02487.x
-
Pleck, J. H. (2010). Paternal involvement: Revised conceptualization and theoretical linkages with child outcomes. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (5th ed., pp. 58–93). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
-
Rholes, W. S., Simpson, J. A., & Friedman, M. (2006). Avoidant attachment and the experience of parenting. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205280910
-
Ruppert, F. (2011). Travma, bağlanma ve aile konstelasyonları (F. Zengin, Çev.) (1. Bs.). Kaknüs Yayınları.
-
Selçuk, E., Günaydın, G., Sümer, N., & Uysal, A. (2005). Yetişkin bağlanma boyutlan için yeni bir ölçüm: Yakın İlişkilerde Yaşantılar Envanteri-II'nin Türk örnekleminde psikometrik açıdan değerlendirilmesi. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 8(16), 1–11.
-
Seven, Z. D., Seven, S., & Çabuk, F. U. (2021). Bağlanma ve duyarlılık davranışlarının 3-5 yaş çocukları üzerinden nesiller arası aktarımla incelenmesi. FSM İlmî Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 18, 317–334. https://doi.org/10.16947/fsmia.1050301
-
Soygüt, G., Uluç, S., & Tüzün, Z. (2007). Bilişsel psikoterapi sürecinde ilişkisel değişkenlerin incelenmesi: Bağlanma biçimleri, kişilerarası şemalar ve terapötik ittifak. TÜBİTAK SOBAG Araştırma Projesi, 104K082.
-
Steele, H., & Steele, M. (1994). Inter-generational patterns of attachment. In K. Bartholomew, & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships, Vol. 5. Attachment processes in adulthood (pp. 93–120). Jessica Kingsley.
-
Stevenson, H., Azuma, H., & Hakuta, K. (1986). Child development and education in Japan. W.H. Freeman and Company.
-
Suzuki, M. J. (2000). Child-rearing and educational practices in the United States and Japan: Comparative perspectives. Hyogo University of Teacher Education Journal, 20(1), 177–186.
-
Sümer, N., & Güngör, D. (1999). Psychometric evaluation of adult attachment measures on Turkish Samples and a cross-cultural comparison. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 14(43), 71–106.
-
Tanaka, Y. (2019). The development of a parental attachment recognition scale for mothers nurturing preschool children. Public Health Nurs, 37, 310–320. http://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12697
-
Tavşancıl, E. (2002). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
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Uluç, S., & Kahya, Y. (2020). Güvenli yer senaryolarının değerlendirilmesinde Oyuncak Öykü Tamamlama Testi’nin yetişkinlere uyarlanması: Güvenirlik ve geçerliğe ilişkin bir ön-çalışma. Nesne, 8(17), 233–253. http://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-08-17-06
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Ebeveyne Bağlanmayı Tanıma Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması
Year 2025,
Volume: 54 Issue: 2, 643 - 669, 31.08.2025
Şule Erden Özcan
,
Sema Sönmez
,
Sümeyra Arzu Oral Paksoy
,
Ahmet Önem
Abstract
Bu araştırmanın amacı, Tanaka (2019) tarafından geliştirilen “Ebeveyne Bağlanmayı Tanıma Ölçeğinin (EBTÖ)” Türk kültürüne uyarlanması ve geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmasının yapılmasıdır. Çalışmaya 3-8 yaş aralığında çocuğu olan 400 anne ve 400 baba olmak üzere toplamda 800 ebeveyn katılmıştır. Ölçeğin faktör yapısını belirlemek amacıyla Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi ve yapının doğruluğunu belirlemek için Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi uygulanmıştır. Yapılan açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri sonucunda ölçeğin Anne ve Baba Formlarının “Ebeveyn Çocuk İlişkisi” ve “Duygusal Bağ” olmak üzere iki faktörlü bir yapıya sahip olduğu görülmüştür. EBTÖ Anne Formunun “Ebeveyn Çocuk İlişkisi” ve “Duygusal Bağ” boyutlarının iç tutarlık kat sayısı sırası ile .76 ve .84’tür. EBTÖ Baba Formunun ise “Ebeveyn Çocuk İlişkisi” ve “Duygusal Bağ” boyutlarının iç tutarlık kat sayısı sırası ile .77 ve .84’tür. Anne ve Baba Formlarının toplam Cronbach alfa iç tutarlık katsayıları .91 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda Ebeveyne Bağlanmayı Tanıma Ölçeğinin 3-8 yaş aralığında çocuğu olan anne ve babaların erken çocukluk bağlanma deneyimlerini belirlemeye yönelik geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu belirlenmiştir.lçme aracı olduğu belirlenmiştir.
References
-
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1984). The effect of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions and goodness-of-fit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Psychometrika, 49(2), 155–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294170
-
Antinienė, D., & Lekavičienė, R. (2012). Adaptation procedure of level of emotional intelligence (lei) test and its methodology problems. Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences, 4(87), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.33607/bjshs.v4i87.250
-
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226–244. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226
-
Baumgartner, H., & Homburg, C. (1996). Applications of structural equation modeling in marketing and consumer research: A review. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 139–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(95)00038-0
-
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
-
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachmentandloss. Separation: Anxietyandanger (Vol. 2). Basic Books.
-
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods and Research, 21, 230–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
-
Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2004). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS 12 and 13: A guide for social scientists (1st Ed.). Routledge.
-
Bretherton, I., Ridgeway, D., & Cassidy, J. (1990). Assessing internal working models of the attachment relationships: An attachment story completion task for 3-years-olds. In T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years (pp. 273–308). University of Chicago Press.
-
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
-
Collins, N. L., & Feeney, B. C. (2000). A safe haven: An attachment theory perspective on support seeking and caregiving in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1053–1073. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1053
-
Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(4), 644–663. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.4.644
-
Cozolino, L. (2014). İnsan ilişkilerinin nörobilimi (M. Benveniste, Çev.). Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Eğitim Yayınları.
-
Damasceno, V. A. M., Zazzetta, M. S., & Orlandi, F. d. S. (2023). Translation, adaptation, and reliability of a social frailty scale for the brazilian context: A methodological study. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 141(1), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2022.0020.07042022
-
Erzen, E. (2016). Three dimensional attachment style scale. Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 17(3), 01–21. https://doi.org/10.17679/iuefd.17323631
-
Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of selfreport measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 350–365. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.350
-
Görgü, E. (2018). Okula devam eden 5-6 yaş grubu çocukların annelerinin bağlanma biçimleri, kişilik özellikleri ve çocukların bağlanma biçimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(1), 186–209. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2018..-364644
-
Griffin, D., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 430–445. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.430
-
Harwood, R. L., Schoelmerich, A., Schulze, P. A., & Gonzales, Z. (1999). Cultural differences in maternal beliefs and behaviors: A study of middle-class anglo and puerto rican mother-infant pairs in four everyday situations. Child Development, 70(4), 1005–1016. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00073
-
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511
-
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0501_1
-
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to under parameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
-
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
-
International Test Commission. (2018). Guidelines for translating and adapting tests. International Journal of Testing, 18(2), 101–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15305058.2017.1398166
-
Kapçı, E. G., & Küçüker, S. (2006). Ana Babaya Bağlanma Ölçeği: Türk üniversite öğrencilerinde psikometrik özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 17(4), 286–295.
-
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
-
Lamb, M. E. (Ed.). (2010). The role of the father in child development (5th Ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
-
Lieberman, A. F. (2004). Traumatic stress and quality of attachment: Reality and internalization in disorders of infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal, 25(4), 336–351. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20009
-
Lippe, A., Von Der Eilertsen, D. A., Hartmann, E., & Kille, K. (2010). The role of maternal attachment in children’s attachment and cognitive executive functioning: a preliminary study. Attachment and Human Development, 12(5), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2010.501967
-
Marsh, H. W., & Hocevar, D. (1988). A new, more powerful approach to multitrait-multimethod analyses: Application of second-order confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(1), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.73.1.107
-
Michael, T., & Snow, M. (2019). The adult scale of parental attachment-short form: Psychometric properties, factor analyses, and validation. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 41(4), 509–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-019- 09375-9
-
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. Guilford Press.
-
Orçan, F. (2018). Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi: İlk hangisi kullanılmalı?. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi, 9(4), 413–421. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.394323
-
Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044- 8341.1979.tb02487.x
-
Pleck, J. H. (2010). Paternal involvement: Revised conceptualization and theoretical linkages with child outcomes. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (5th ed., pp. 58–93). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
-
Rholes, W. S., Simpson, J. A., & Friedman, M. (2006). Avoidant attachment and the experience of parenting. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205280910
-
Ruppert, F. (2011). Travma, bağlanma ve aile konstelasyonları (F. Zengin, Çev.) (1. Bs.). Kaknüs Yayınları.
-
Selçuk, E., Günaydın, G., Sümer, N., & Uysal, A. (2005). Yetişkin bağlanma boyutlan için yeni bir ölçüm: Yakın İlişkilerde Yaşantılar Envanteri-II'nin Türk örnekleminde psikometrik açıdan değerlendirilmesi. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 8(16), 1–11.
-
Seven, Z. D., Seven, S., & Çabuk, F. U. (2021). Bağlanma ve duyarlılık davranışlarının 3-5 yaş çocukları üzerinden nesiller arası aktarımla incelenmesi. FSM İlmî Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 18, 317–334. https://doi.org/10.16947/fsmia.1050301
-
Soygüt, G., Uluç, S., & Tüzün, Z. (2007). Bilişsel psikoterapi sürecinde ilişkisel değişkenlerin incelenmesi: Bağlanma biçimleri, kişilerarası şemalar ve terapötik ittifak. TÜBİTAK SOBAG Araştırma Projesi, 104K082.
-
Steele, H., & Steele, M. (1994). Inter-generational patterns of attachment. In K. Bartholomew, & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships, Vol. 5. Attachment processes in adulthood (pp. 93–120). Jessica Kingsley.
-
Stevenson, H., Azuma, H., & Hakuta, K. (1986). Child development and education in Japan. W.H. Freeman and Company.
-
Suzuki, M. J. (2000). Child-rearing and educational practices in the United States and Japan: Comparative perspectives. Hyogo University of Teacher Education Journal, 20(1), 177–186.
-
Sümer, N., & Güngör, D. (1999). Psychometric evaluation of adult attachment measures on Turkish Samples and a cross-cultural comparison. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 14(43), 71–106.
-
Tanaka, Y. (2019). The development of a parental attachment recognition scale for mothers nurturing preschool children. Public Health Nurs, 37, 310–320. http://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12697
-
Tavşancıl, E. (2002). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
-
Uluç, S., & Kahya, Y. (2020). Güvenli yer senaryolarının değerlendirilmesinde Oyuncak Öykü Tamamlama Testi’nin yetişkinlere uyarlanması: Güvenirlik ve geçerliğe ilişkin bir ön-çalışma. Nesne, 8(17), 233–253. http://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-08-17-06
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