An Experimental Study of the Psychosocial and Spiritual Effects of Ramadan

Abstract

The month of Ramadan is not only a sacred period for the observance of fasting but also a time that influences individuals’ psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions. Through fasting, Muslims engage personal resources such as self-regulation, patience, and mindfulness to support emotional balance, while intensified religious rituals, increased social interactions, and the restructuring of daily habits during this holy month provide meaningful opportunities to enhance social and spiritual well-being. This study examines the multidimensional effects of Ramadan using a one-group pretest–posttest quasi-experimental design. Participants who completed at least three weeks of fasting during Ramadan (N = 121, Mage = 39.01, SD = 1.13) were recruited by convenience sampling to satisfy the minimum sample size determined by G*Power analysis (α = .05, 1 – β = .80, small–medium effect size). As the criterion for inclusion in the sample, being 18 years of age or older and having fasted for a minimum of three weeks during the month of Ramadan were established. The 121 participants identified with this approach were evaluated in terms of the components of the PERMA well-being model, subjective health perception, happiness, negative affect, social connectedness, conviction, helpfulness, and spirituality, both before and after the month of Ramadan. Data were collected online using scales whose reliability and validity were proven; the analyses employed parametric tests, Cohen’s d effect sizes, and bootstrap confidence intervals. Results indicated statistically significant increases in helpfulness (p = .014), spirituality (p = .033), conviction (p = .030), and social connectedness (p = .039). No significant changes were observed in total PERMA scores or their subscales, self-perceived physical health perception, happiness, or negative emotions (p > .05). Correlation analyses conducted on posttest scores demonstrated strong positive associations between social connectedness and spirituality, conviction, and positive relationships. Moreover, PERMA sub-dimensions exhibited generally positive associations with value-based variables such as helpfulness, conviction, and spirituality. This study suggests that Ramadan observance reinforces value-based attitudes such as social responsibility, spiritual sensitivity, and a sense of community in the short term. However, achieving meaningful change in more enduring dimensions of well-being requires sustained and awareness-based approaches. The findings were discussed within the framework of the relevant literature.

Keywords

• Psychology of religion
• Ramadan
• PERMA well-being
• virtue
• happiness
• social connectedness
• spirituality

Ramazan Ayının Psikososyal ve Manevi Etkileri Üzerine Deneysel Bir İnceleme

Abstract

Ramazan ayı, yalnızca oruç ibadetinin yerine getirildiği kutsal bir zaman dilimi değil aynı zamanda bireylerin psikolojik, sosyal ve manevi yönlerine de etki eden bir dönemdir. Bu süreçte Müslümanlar tarafından yerine getirilen oruç bireyde özdenetim, sabır ve farkındalık gibi kişisel kaynakları harekete geçirerek ruhsal dengeyi desteklerken dinî ibadetlerin yoğunlaşması, sosyal etkileşimlerin artması ve günlük yaşam alışkanlıklarının yeniden yapılandırılması yoluyla bu kutsal ay bireylerin sosyal ve manevi yönleri üzerinde anlamlı etkiler oluşturma imkânı barındırmaktadır. Bu çalışma Ramazan’ın bireyler üzerindeki bu çok boyutlu etkilerini tek grup ön test-son test yarı deneysel desen çerçevesinde incelenmesini konu edinmektedir. Araştırmada katılımcılar, %5 anlamlılık düzeyi, %80 test gücü ve küçük-orta etki büyüklüğü varsayımına göre G*Power ile yapılan güç analizi sonucunda minimum örneklem gereksinimini karşılayacak şekilde, kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilmiştir (Mage = 39.01, SD = 1.13). Örnekleme dâhil edilme kriteri olarak, 18 yaş ve üzeri olmak ve Ramazan ayında en az üç hafta oruç tutmuş olmak esas alınmıştır. Bu yaklaşımla belirlenen 121 katılımcı, Ramazan ayı öncesi ve sonrası olmak üzere PERMA iyi oluş modeli bileşenleri, öznel sağlık algısı, mutluluk, olumsuz duygular, sosyal bağlılık, kanaat, yardımseverlik ve maneviyat düzeyleri açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Veriler güvenilirliği ve geçerliliği kanıtlanmış ölçeklerle çevrim içi ortamda toplanmış; analizlerde parametrik testler, Cohen’s d etki büyüklükleri ve bootstrap güven aralıkları kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, yardımseverlik (p = .014), maneviyat (p = .033), kanaat (p = .030) ve sosyal bağlılık (p = .039) değişkenlerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı artışlar olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Buna karşın PERMA toplam skoru ile alt boyutlar, öznel sağlık algısı, mutluluk ve olumsuz duygular açısından anlamlı bir değişim gözlenmemiştir (p > .05). Son test puanları üzerinden yürütülen korelasyon analizleri, özellikle sosyal bağlılık ile maneviyat, kanaat ve olumlu ilişkiler arasında güçlü pozitif ilişkiler olduğunu; PERMA alt boyutlarının genel olarak yardımseverlik, kanaatkarlık ve maneviyat gibi değer temelli değişkenlerle pozitif ilişkilere sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Bulgular, Ramazan’ın bireylerin ahlaki yönelimlerini ve toplumsal bağlılıklarını güçlendiren etkili bir süreç olduğunu; ancak iyi oluş, mutluluk ve olumsuz duygular gibi psikolojik yapıların daha uzun vadeli deneyimlerle şekillendiğini göstermektedir. Çalışma, Ramazan ibadetinin kısa vadede bireylerde sosyal sorumluluk, manevi hassasiyet ve topluluk hissi gibi değer temelli tutumları pekiştirdiğini; ancak iyi oluşun daha kalıcı boyutlarında anlamlı değişim sağlamak için süreklilik ve bireysel farkındalık temelli yaklaşımların gerekli olduğunu göstermektedir. Elde edilen bulgular, ilgili alan yazın çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

• Din psikolojisi
• Ramazan
• PERMA iyi oluş
• erdem
• mutluluk
• sosyal bağlılık
• maneviyat

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