Research Article

I'tidāl in the Search for Objectivity in the Understanding and Interpretation of the Texts

Volume: 29 Number: 2 December 15, 2025
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I'tidāl in the Search for Objectivity in the Understanding and Interpretation of the Texts

Abstract

The ontological distinctiveness of revelation and the linguistic articulation of the divine will have placed interpretation at the center of Islamic civilization. Given that interpretation is a human activity, efforts have always been made to pursue objectivity in order to address the problems arising from subjectivity. During the time of revelation, objectivity was ensured by referring matters to the Prophet. In later periods, this objectivity was sought through the development of methodological frameworks. However, some approaches that ignore the inherent subjectivity of interpretation in the historical process have sought methods in the name of pure objectivity. One such approach is the Ẓāhirī school, systematized in the 5th century in the Islamic calendar by Ibn Ḥazm (d. 456/1064). Another appears in the modern era, influenced by the positivist approaches in 19th-century Western natural sciences, and is reflected in the interpretive methods proposed by contemporary scholars such as Fazlur Rahman (d. 1988) and Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd (d. 2010). The Ẓāhirī approach, which advocates for literal meaning in the name of objectivity, avoids reasoning based on underlying causes in religion and language and instead proposes an interpretation centered on indication (dalāla), thereby narrowing the scope of revealed texts In contrast, recent researchers who argue that traditional interpretations are inadequate and propose new methods have placed what they call ‘historical meaning’ or ‘meaning’-in other words, values- at the centre of their methods by establishing an objective starting point in the name of objectivity. Based on this foundation, they have developed interpretive methods that detach the text from its original context and authorial intent, assigning new meanings and aims to it and thus broadening its scope. In contrast to these perspectives, the general mainstream approach in Islamic interpretation has adopted a balanced notion of objectivity, not rejecting the subjectivity inherent in interpretation but rather seeking to avoid boundless and arbitrary subjectivity by establishing a coherent methodology for interpreting texts. This article aims to analyze the aforementioned approaches using a data-based method to demonstrate the consequences of deviating from moderate objectivity and to argue for the necessity of maintaining this balanced objectivity. While both the Ẓāhirī school and contemporary scholars like Fazlur Rahman and Abū Zayd are addressed under the theme of “pure objectivity,” the study argues that, in fact, Fazlur Rahman and Abū Zayd ultimately fall into subjectivity, specifically into an excessive interpretation lacking clear boundaries. The study concludes that the Ẓāhirī approach falls into excess in the form of undue literalism, while the contemporary scholars’ methods represent the opposite extreme, leading both to interpretations that contradict the intended purpose of the texts and render some scriptural statements ineffective.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Bu çalışma herhangi bir finansman ya da destek almamıştır.

Ethical Statement

Bu makale 29.11-01.12.2024 tarihleri arasında Ordu Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi ve D.İ.B. tarafından düzenlenen “İslam Düşünce Ekseninde Meseleler-1 Uluslararası İfrat ve Tefrit Arasında İ‘tidal Arayışları” sempozyumunda sözlü olarak sunulan ancak tam metni yayımlanmayan “Nasları Anlama ve Yorumlamada Nesnellik Arayışında İ‘tidâl” adlı tebliğin içeriği geliştirilerek ve kısmen değiştirilerek üretilmiş hâlidir. This article is the revised and developed version of the unpublished conference presentation entitled “I'tidāl in the Search for Objectivity in the Understanding and Interpretation of the Texts”, orally delivered at the “Issues in the Axis of Islamic Thought-I International Symposium on the Quest for Moderation Between Excess and Deficiecy”, organized by the Faculty of Theology at Ordu University and the Presidency of Religious Affairs (DIB) between November 29 and December 1, 2024.

References

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Details

Primary Language

Turkish

Subjects

Islamic Law

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

December 15, 2025

Submission Date

July 15, 2025

Acceptance Date

December 1, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 1970 Volume: 29 Number: 2

ISNAD
Kacır, Temel. “Nasları Anlama Ve Yorumlamada Nesnellik Arayışında İ‘tidâl”. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 29/2 (December 1, 2025): 47-68. https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.1742769.

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