Deleuzian Conceptualizaion of “Agency”: Muslim Women Questions
Abstract
There are many studies about whether Muslim women are oppressed or emancipated by Islamic traditions. Some claim that Islamic traditions, such as the headscarf, oppress women while others want to prove that these women have agency when they perform Islamic traditions. This project aims to use a Deleuzian conceptualization of agency and freedom that will enable us to examine multi-faced, relational, and spatial formations of Muslim women’s lives. In other words, I apply the relational ontology of the France philosopher, Gilles Deleuze, to contestations over Muslim women. Through this relational ontology, I problematize the depictions of Muslim women solely based on religious frameworks in a pejorative way and want to explore alternative patterns in Muslim women’s experiences and practices. Therefore, I use the Deleuzian conceptualization of agency and freedom to demassify the depictions of Muslim women as submissive beings based on their religious engagements. I suggest scholarly projects that will be attentive to the situatedness of Muslim women.
Summary: Based on the clash of civilizations framework, some western institutions depict a monolithic community of Muslims and use this monolithic depiction to prove the need to fight against Islam and Muslims. Muslim women become a focal point within this narrative since they are portrayed as an oppressed group by the Islamic traditions and Muslim men. For example, the headscarf as the marker of Muslim women’s identities sparks discussions about whether it is oppressive or not. There are many studies on whether Muslim women are oppressed or emancipated. Some claim that Islamic traditions such as the headscarf oppresses women while others want to prove that these women perform their agency when they wear a headscarf. For instance, Saba Mahmood challenged this narrative by questioning the liberal conceptions of agency, freedom, desire, and resistance. Although these studies point out the necessity of historical and spatial analysis of Muslim women and their agencies, this issue requires further investigation and articulation.
In this project, I aim to use a Deleuzian conceptualization of agency and freedom that will enable us to examine multi-faced, relational, and spatial formations of Muslim women’s experiences, desires, and practices. In other words, I apply the relational ontology of the France philosopher, Gilles Deleuze, to contestations on Muslim women. According to this Deleuzian ontology, the world is constituted of bodies. Every entity, biological organism, social structure, and abstraction is a body. Each of these bodies, whether it is a human or non-human body, material or immaterial, social or psychological construction, is produced by confluences of relations. Every aspect of the human body including its biological, mental, social, and psychological components is also constituted through multiple relations. Therefore, when we talk about a human subject, we refer to the assemblages of complex and multiple relations. This conceptualization of the body brings a new conceptualization of agency as well. This Deleuzian understanding of agency focuses on relations that produce the body. Since bodies are generated through the flux of relations, their capacities to feel, to act, and to desire in certain ways will change according to the relations they have.
Through this relational ontology, I suggest seeing bodies of Muslim women as complex assemblages of multiple elements constituted through flows of relations. This conceptualization problematizes the portrayal of Muslim women’s embodiments exclusively based on a religious tradition. Experiences, practices, and desires of Muslim women, as well as their agencies, constraints, and capabilities, are produced through relational engagements with multiple elements such as socio-political discourses, familial relations, material availabilities, and economic conditions. In other words, their power to act is generated by relations with surrounding elements (bodies in Deleuzian ontology), whether these bodies are religious or secular, human or non-human, material or immaterial. Consequently, their bodies and forms of their agency are always remade through various elements which continuously connect and disconnect.
I use this Deleuzian conceptualization of body and agency to problematize the depictions of Muslim women as a submissive group of women by their religious engagements. I aim to illuminate the multiplicities of constituent elements in their lives and suggest a fragmented and relational depiction of their agencies. Through the lenses of relationality, I explore what becomes invisible and left out in terms of depicting heterogeneous and dynamic experiences of Muslim women. For this purpose, I apply this Deleuzian perspective to an interview conducted in Capital City Women’s Platform (Baskent Kadin Platformu) in 2018 for my Ph.D. project as well as some ethnographic observations in Turkey. Given the theoretical basis I propose, I aim an in-depth analysis of the data collected from this interview instead of a collection of a higher volume of data. In addition to the analysis of the interview, I use other resources such as ethnographic observations, material culture, and analyses of historical and political contexts.
By applying the Deleuzian ontology on Muslim
women, I aim to pay attention to multiple and relational generative forces in
Muslim women’s lives. Specifically, I problematize the depictions of Muslim
women solely based on religious frameworks in a pejorative way and want to
explore alternative patterns in Muslim women’s experiences and practices. To
put it differently, I argue that Muslim women’s experiences are relational,
multi-faced, fractured, and particular. We should explore this multiplicity and
relationality instead of assuming an imaginary singular category. Therefore, I
suggest grounded scholarly projects that will be attentive to the situatedness
of Muslim women. In this type of analysis, the task of the scholar should be to
explore the multi-faced and situated subjectivity and agency of Muslim women
that enable us to understand intertwined forms of oppression and liberation. We
should stress the constant co-construction and re-construction of experiences
and actions over marginalizing and categorizing identities.
Keywords
References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Religious Studies
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Publication Date
December 15, 2019
Submission Date
March 14, 2019
Acceptance Date
June 3, 2019
Published in Issue
Year 2019 Volume: 23 Number: 2