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İngiltere’de İslam Eğitimi: Fırsatlar ve Tehditler

Year 2020, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 687 - 714, 15.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.703185

Abstract

Araştırmamızda İngiltere’de Müslüman ailelerin, çocuklarına din eğitimi aldırma imkânlarının ne olduğunun araştırılması ve İslam eğitimi verilen kurum ya da yapıların incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Doküman incelemesi yöntemi benimsenen çalışmamızda, konu ile ilgili akademik kitap ve makalelerin yanı sıra istatistik kayıtları, devlet ve özel kurumlar tarafından hazırlamış çeşitli raporlar, okul müfredatları, okul denetim raporları ve kanun maddeleri ile bazı mahkeme kararları başlıca veri kaynaklarını oluşturmaktadır. İslam eğitimi ile ilgili müfredatından örnekler verilen okulların belirlenmesinde, amaçlı örnekleme türlerinden maksimum çeşitlilik örneklem kullanılmış olup, okul türlerine ilişkin mümkün oldukça farklı müfredat örneklerine yer verilmeye çalışılmıştır.
İngiltere’de okullarda din dersinin zorunlu olması ve bu dersin çoğulcu bir anlayışla verilmesi İslam dininin doğru bir şekilde tanınmasına katkı sağlama anlamında bir fırsat olarak görülebilir. İngiltere esnek bir eğitim sistemine sahiptir. Örgün ve yaygın eğitim kapsamında İslam eğitiminin yapıldığı mekânlar ve yapılar olarak Müslüman inanç okulları, tamamlayıcı okullar (medrese, mektep, cami okulu) ve ev okulu sistemini zikretmek mümkündür. Müslüman inanç okullarının, Hıristiyan veya Müslüman gibi ayırt edici dini karakterini tanımlayarak ‘devlet yardımı alan okul’ olarak açılmasına müsaade edildiği görülmektedir. Sayıları yetersiz olmakla birlikte devlet yardımı alan Müslüman okulları, örgün eğitim içerisinde İslam eğitimi yapılan okul türlerinden birisidir. Diğer taraftan Müslüman inanç okullarının, çoğunlukla ‘bağımsız okul’ kategorisinde açılmış olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Hakkında çeşitli tartışmalar olmakla birlikte, örgün eğitim dışında medrese, mektep ya da cami okulu adı altında İslam eğitimi veren kurumların açılmasına müsaade ediliyor olması da Müslümanların yaygın din eğitimi alma imkânına sahip olması bakımından önemlidir. Müslüman inanç okullarının sayısının yetersiz olması nedeniyle çocuklarını diğer okullara gönderen aileler, çocuklarının örgün eğitim dışında İslam eğitimi almaları için ise tamamlayıcı okullar (supplementary schools) olarak da ifade edilen medrese, mektep ya da cami okulu adı verilen bu eğitim mekânlarına göndermektedirler. Buralarda Kur’an öğretimi başta olmak üzere siyer, fıkıh, İslam tarihi ile birlikte sosyal ve ahlaki değerler öğretilmektedir. Okulun zorunlu olmaması sebebiyle, çocuklarını okulun zararlı ortamından korumak isteyen ailelerin evde eğitim yapmayı tercih etme hakkına sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Bu anlamda ev okulu, Müslüman aileler için çocuklarına İslam eğitimi aldırma imkanı anlamında başka bir fırsat olarak düşünülebilir.
Bütün bu fırsatların yanı sıra söz konusu bu eğitim ortamlarında bir standardın olmaması, öğretici niteliğinin düşük olması, müfredat oluşturma çalışmalarının yetersizliği ve ortak bir müfredat benimsenmemesine de bağlı olarak öğretim materyallerinin yetersizliği önemli sorunlardır. Müslüman inanç okullarının sayısının artması ve kalitenin yükseltilebilmesinin önündeki ilk engel olarak ekonomik sınırlılıklar karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu durum kötü binalar, yetersiz kaynaklar, sağlık ve güvenlik standartlarının sağlanmasındaki yetersizlik, tecrübesiz yönetim ve niteliksiz öğretmenlerin istihdamına yol açarak istenilen niteliklerde eğitimin verilemesini tehdit eder duruma gelmektedir. Eğitimin niteliğini tehdit eden bir başka durum ise, bağımsız okullarda görev yapacak öğretmenlerin, Nitelikli Öğretmen Statüsü’ne (Qualified Teacher Status (QTS)) sahip olmak zorunda olmayışlarıdır. Müslüman inanç okullarına karşı olumsuz bakış açısı da İslam eğitimi imkânını tehdit eden bir unsur olarak karşımıza çıkarken, Müslüman öğrencilerin devlet okullarında çeşitli şekillerde İslamofobia’ya sıklıkla maruz kaldığı çeşitli kaynaklarda dile getirilmektedir. İngiltere’de Müslüman okulları ile terörist eylemler arasındaki ilişkiye dair herhangi bir bulgu olmamasına rağmen, geleceğin radikalleri için potansiyel yetişme alanları oldukları iddiası, İslam eğitimi alma imkânı anlamında elde edilen kazanımları tehdit eden bir durumdur.
Devlet kontrolüne girmek istemeyen medreselerin, bir şekilde belli standartlara kavuşması ve eğitim kalitesinin yükseltilmesi için bazı çalışmaların yapılması gerekli görünmektedir. Medreselerin de bağımsız Müslüman inanç okullarının bağlı olduğu Müslüman Okullar Birliği (Association of Muslim Schools) benzeri bir kurum çatısı altında toplanmaları, çeşitli işbirliği ve tecrübe paylaşımı imkânları doğurabilecektir. Ayrıca medreselerdeki öğreticilerin, yalnızca din eğitimi almış olmaları yeterli görülmemeli, çeşitli eğitim programlarına tabi tutularak pedagojik yeterlikleri geliştirilmelidir.

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Islamic Education in England: Opportunities and Threats

Year 2020, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 687 - 714, 15.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.703185

Abstract

Our study aimed to investigate what Muslim families in England have the opportunity to have religious education for their children and to examine the institutions or structures that provide Islamic education opportunities. Document analysis as a qualitative method was adopted in our study. Academic books and articles related to the subject, statistical records, various re-ports provided by the state and private institutions, school curricula, school inspection reports, and law articles, and some court decisions constitute the main data sources. Maximum diversi-ty sampling from the purposeful sampling types was used in determining the schools that were examined their Islamic curriculum, and it was tried to include as many different curriculum examples as possible.
The fact that religious lessons are compulsory in schools in England and that this lesson is taught with a multicultural approach can be seen as an opportunity. On the other hand, there is a flexible education system in England. Muslim faith schools, supplementary schools (madrasa, maktab, and mosque school), and the home-schooling system are places and structures where Islamic education is carried out within the scope of formal and informal education. It is seen that Muslim faith schools are allowed to be opened as 'voluntary aided schools' by defining their distinctive religious characters as Muslim. The number of ‘state-funded Muslim schools’ is very limited, but their existence carries symbolic weight as a recognition of the Muslim com-munity’s right to establish such schools. It is understood that Muslim faith schools were opened mostly in the category of ‘independent schools’. Although there are various discussions about it, it is also important for Muslims to have informal religious education, in addition to formal education; it is allowed to open schools that offer Islamic education under the name of madrasa, maktab or mosque school. Families who send their children to the community schools because of the insufficient number of Muslim faith schools send their children to madāris (singular: madrasa), makātib (singular: maktab), or mosque schools which are called as ‘supplementary schools’. Social and moral values are taught here, including the teaching of the Qur'an, as well as sīrah (the biography of the Prophet), fiqh (jurisprudence), and Islamic history.
It was understood that families who want to protect their children from the unhealthy envi-ronment of the school have the right to prefer home education, since the school is not compul-sory. In this sense, home-schooling can be considered as another opportunity for Muslim fami-lies to have their children Islamic Education.
In addition to all these opportunities, the lack of a standard in these educational structures, the unqualified teachers, the inadequacy of curriculum development studies, and as a result, lack of qualified teaching materials are important problems. Economic limitations emerge as the first obstacle to increase the number of Muslim faith schools and to improve educational quali-ty. This situation threatens the quality of education by giving rise to poor buildings, insufficient resources, insufficient health and safety standards, and inexperienced management. Another threat to the quality of education is that teachers for independent schools do not have to have Qualified Teacher Status (QTS). While negative perceptions about Muslim schools have been identified as another challenge, it is expressed in various sources that Muslim students are frequently exposed to Islamophobia in various ways in public schools. Linking mosques and Islamic education institutions to radicalization and making them a subject of discussion is another noteworthy issue. Although there is no evidence of the relationship between Muslim schools and terrorist acts in England, Muslim schools are subjected to suspicions of being po-tential breeding grounds for future extremists.
It seems necessary to take some actions for madrasahs who do not want to be under the con-trol of the state to reach certain standards and increase the quality of education. For example, Muslim supplementary schools should be united under the same roof of an association like The Association of Muslim Schools. This will help to attain certain standards, to increase the quality of education, and to create opportunities for various cooperation and sharing of experiences. Also, it should not be seen enough that the teachers in the madāris only have religious educa-tion, and their pedagogical competencies should be improved by subjecting them to various educational programs.

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There are 70 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

İrfan Erdoğan 0000-0002-2452-1252

Publication Date December 15, 2020
Submission Date March 13, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 24 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Erdoğan, İrfan. “İngiltere’de İslam Eğitimi: Fırsatlar Ve Tehditler”. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 24/2 (December 2020), 687-714. https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.703185.