Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

BİRLEŞİK KRALLIKTAKİ MÜSLÜMAN ERKEKLER İSLAMOFOBİ İLE BAŞA ÇIKMA YÖNTEMİ OLARAK DİNİ NASIL KULLANIYOR?

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 17 - 28, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.30627/cuilah.1437973

Abstract

Bu makalenin amacı, Birleşik Krallık'ta İslamofobi ile başa çıkmanın bir yolu olarak dini inançlarını kullanan Müslüman erkeklerin deneyimlerini araştırmaktır. Ancak bu çalışmanın amacı Birleşik Krallıktaki Müslüman erkeklere ilişkin geniş kapsamlı sonuçlar çıkarmak değildir. Aksine, amaç Birleşik Krallık’ta ikamet eden Müslüman erkeklerin İslamofobi ile mücadelede dini inançlarını nasıl kullandıklarını kendi yaşadıkları deneyimlerden yola çıkarak kapsamlı bir şekilde incelemektir. Birleşik Krallık'ta Müslümanlar, kesişen kimlikleri nedeniyle pek çok zorlukla karşı karşıya kalmaktadır ve artan İslamofobi, önyargı ve ayrımcılık, hayatlarını daha da karmaşık hale getirmektedir. Din ve maneviyat, özellikle azınlık nüfuslar arasında zorlu koşullarla etkili bir başa çıkma mekanizması olarak sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır ve Birleşik Krallıktaki Müslüman erkekler, İslamofobi’nin etkileriyle başa çıkmak için dini inançlarını etkili bir şekilde kullanmaktadırlar. Nitel araştırma yöntemini benimseyen, Birleşik Krallık’ta yaşayan Müslüman erkeklerle yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine bireysel görüşmeler yapılan ve Yorumlayıcı Fenomenolojik Analiz (IPA) yöntemi uygulanan bu araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre; Birleşik Krallıktaki Müslüman erkekler, İslamofobi ile baş etmek için dini inançlarından çoğunlukla İslamofobik olayları Allah'ın bir imtihanı veya kader olarak görerek, Allah'a bırakarak, güçlü bir iman göstererek ve Allah'a dua ederek faydalanmaktadırlar. Dahası, Müslüman erkekler arasında İslamofobiye karşı bir başa çıkma mekanizması olarak dini inançların kullanılması, özellikle de Müslüman erkeklerin yanlarında bulunmadığı zamanlarda aile üyelerinin İslamofobik saldırılara maruz kaldığı durumlarda daha yaygın olarak kendini göstermektedir.

References

  • Abbas, Tahir. “Islamophobia as racialised biopolitics in the United Kingdom”. Philosophy & Social Criticism 46/5 (2020), 497-511.
  • Allen, Chris. “Islamophobia”. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Company (2010).
  • Alsaad, Khaled Saeed M. “Psychosocial and mental health challenges of international students compared to British students in UK universities”. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2017.
  • Archer, Louise. "Muslim brothers, black lads, traditional Asians: British Muslim young men’s constructions of race, religion and masculinity." Feminism & Psychology 11/1 (2001), 79-105.
  • Baş, Fatih. “Türkiye’de Merkez-Çevre Değişimi ve Sekülerleşme.” Ankara: Serüven Publishing (December, 2023), ISBN: 978-625-6760-39-4.
  • bin Jamil Zeno, Muhammad. “The Pillars of Islam & Iman, and what Every Muslim Must Know about His Religion.” Darussalam, 1996.
  • BMJ. “Gaza: Muslim doctors in UK feel censored and targeted for expressing concern over humanitarian crisis”. 385:q805 (April 2024). doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q805
  • Breitbart, William et al. "Psychotherapeutic interventions at the end of life: a focus on meaning and spirituality." The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 49/6 (2004), 366-372.
  • Cotton, Sian, et al. "Spirituality and religion in patients with HIV/AIDS." Journal of general internal medicine 21/5 (2006), 5-13.
  • George, Linda K. et al. "Explaining the relationships between religious involvement and health." Psychological inquiry 13/3 (2002), 190-200.
  • King, Ebstyne Pamela – Furrow, James L. "Religion as a resource for positive youth development: religion, social capital, and moral outcomes." American Psychological Association 40/5 (2004), 703-713. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.5.703.
  • Kunst, Jonas R. et al. "Coping with Islamophobia: The effects of religious stigma on Muslim minorities’ identity formation." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 36/4 (July, 2012), 518-532.
  • Loewenthal, Kate Miriam. et al. "Faith conquers all? Beliefs about the role of religious factors in coping with depression among different cultural‐religious groups in the UK." British Journal of Medical Psychology 74/3 (February 14, 2001), 293-303.
  • Masjid ar-Rahmah. “What are the 6 Pillars?” Accessed 12 December 2023. https://www.mymasjid.ca/beginners-guide-understanding-islam/chapter-3/
  • Muireann, Ní Raghallaigh. "Religion in the lives of unaccompanied minors: An available and compelling coping resource." British Journal of Social Work 41/3 (2011), 539-556.
  • Pargament, Kenneth I. et al. "The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE." Journal of clinical psychology 56/4 (November 6, 2017), 519-543.
  • Post, Douglas M. – Weddington, Wilburn H. "Stress and coping of the African-American physician." Journal of the National Medical Association 92/2 (February 2000), 70.
  • Trust, Runnymede. "Islamophobia: A challenge for us all." London: Runnymede Trust 41 (1997), 3.
  • Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics. “Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics.” (2022). Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulleti ns/religionenglandandwales/census2021. [Accessed 3 January. 2024].
  • Samari, Goleen. “Islamophobia and public health in the United States.” American journal of public health, 106/11 (October 2016), 1920-1925.
  • Tariq, Memoona - Syed, Jawad. “An intersectional perspective on Muslim women's issues and experiences in employment.” Gender, Work & Organization 25/5 (April 24, 2018), 495-513.
  • Tudor, Alyosxa. “Ascriptions of migration: Racism, migratism and Brexit”. European Journal of Cultural Studies 26/2 (2023), 230-248.
  • Uddin, Sabah Firoz. “Responding to Islamophobia”. Islamophobia Studies Journal 8/1 (2023), 57-69.

HOW DO MUSLIM MEN IN THE UK EMPLOY RELIGION AS A COPING METHOD WITH ISLAMOPHOBIA?

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 17 - 28, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.30627/cuilah.1437973

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to investigate the experiences of Muslim males in the UK who employ their religious beliefs as a way of coping with Islamophobia. However, the objective of this study is not to draw broad conclusions regarding Muslim males in the UK. On the contrary, the aim is to conduct an extensive examination of the ways in which Muslim males residing in the UK use their religious convictions as a means of managing Islamophobia, drawing from their own lived experiences. Muslims in the UK encounter many challenges due to their intersecting identities, and the increasing level of Islamophobia, prejudice, and discrimination has further complicated their lives. Religion and spirituality are frequently employed as coping strategies to navigate challenging circumstances, especially among minority populations, and Muslim men in the UK effectively utilise their religious convictions to deal with the effects of Islamophobia. Adopting qualitative research methodology, employing semi-structured individual in-depth interviews with Muslim men in the UK, and applying Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), the research findings revealed that Muslim males in the UK employ their religious beliefs to cope with Islamophobia, mostly by seeing Islamophobic occurrences as a divine test from Allah, known as Qadar, leaving the rest to Allah, demonstrating strong faith, and engaging in prayer to Allah. Moreover, the employing of religious beliefs as a coping mechanism against Islamophobia appears to be increasingly common among Muslim men, particularly when members of their family are subjected to Islamophobic attacks when Muslim men are not present.

Thanks

I would like to thank to the Ministry of National Education of the Republic of Turkey for awarding me a scholarship to complete my postgraduate studies in the UK. The data for this article was collected during my postgraduate studies in the UK.

References

  • Abbas, Tahir. “Islamophobia as racialised biopolitics in the United Kingdom”. Philosophy & Social Criticism 46/5 (2020), 497-511.
  • Allen, Chris. “Islamophobia”. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Company (2010).
  • Alsaad, Khaled Saeed M. “Psychosocial and mental health challenges of international students compared to British students in UK universities”. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2017.
  • Archer, Louise. "Muslim brothers, black lads, traditional Asians: British Muslim young men’s constructions of race, religion and masculinity." Feminism & Psychology 11/1 (2001), 79-105.
  • Baş, Fatih. “Türkiye’de Merkez-Çevre Değişimi ve Sekülerleşme.” Ankara: Serüven Publishing (December, 2023), ISBN: 978-625-6760-39-4.
  • bin Jamil Zeno, Muhammad. “The Pillars of Islam & Iman, and what Every Muslim Must Know about His Religion.” Darussalam, 1996.
  • BMJ. “Gaza: Muslim doctors in UK feel censored and targeted for expressing concern over humanitarian crisis”. 385:q805 (April 2024). doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q805
  • Breitbart, William et al. "Psychotherapeutic interventions at the end of life: a focus on meaning and spirituality." The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 49/6 (2004), 366-372.
  • Cotton, Sian, et al. "Spirituality and religion in patients with HIV/AIDS." Journal of general internal medicine 21/5 (2006), 5-13.
  • George, Linda K. et al. "Explaining the relationships between religious involvement and health." Psychological inquiry 13/3 (2002), 190-200.
  • King, Ebstyne Pamela – Furrow, James L. "Religion as a resource for positive youth development: religion, social capital, and moral outcomes." American Psychological Association 40/5 (2004), 703-713. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.5.703.
  • Kunst, Jonas R. et al. "Coping with Islamophobia: The effects of religious stigma on Muslim minorities’ identity formation." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 36/4 (July, 2012), 518-532.
  • Loewenthal, Kate Miriam. et al. "Faith conquers all? Beliefs about the role of religious factors in coping with depression among different cultural‐religious groups in the UK." British Journal of Medical Psychology 74/3 (February 14, 2001), 293-303.
  • Masjid ar-Rahmah. “What are the 6 Pillars?” Accessed 12 December 2023. https://www.mymasjid.ca/beginners-guide-understanding-islam/chapter-3/
  • Muireann, Ní Raghallaigh. "Religion in the lives of unaccompanied minors: An available and compelling coping resource." British Journal of Social Work 41/3 (2011), 539-556.
  • Pargament, Kenneth I. et al. "The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE." Journal of clinical psychology 56/4 (November 6, 2017), 519-543.
  • Post, Douglas M. – Weddington, Wilburn H. "Stress and coping of the African-American physician." Journal of the National Medical Association 92/2 (February 2000), 70.
  • Trust, Runnymede. "Islamophobia: A challenge for us all." London: Runnymede Trust 41 (1997), 3.
  • Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics. “Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics.” (2022). Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulleti ns/religionenglandandwales/census2021. [Accessed 3 January. 2024].
  • Samari, Goleen. “Islamophobia and public health in the United States.” American journal of public health, 106/11 (October 2016), 1920-1925.
  • Tariq, Memoona - Syed, Jawad. “An intersectional perspective on Muslim women's issues and experiences in employment.” Gender, Work & Organization 25/5 (April 24, 2018), 495-513.
  • Tudor, Alyosxa. “Ascriptions of migration: Racism, migratism and Brexit”. European Journal of Cultural Studies 26/2 (2023), 230-248.
  • Uddin, Sabah Firoz. “Responding to Islamophobia”. Islamophobia Studies Journal 8/1 (2023), 57-69.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sociology of Religion, Psychology of Religion
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Durali Karacan 0000-0001-5840-7899

Early Pub Date June 29, 2024
Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date February 15, 2024
Acceptance Date June 6, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 24 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Karacan, D. (2024). HOW DO MUSLIM MEN IN THE UK EMPLOY RELIGION AS A COPING METHOD WITH ISLAMOPHOBIA?. Çukurova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (ÇÜİFD), 24(1), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.30627/cuilah.1437973
AMA Karacan D. HOW DO MUSLIM MEN IN THE UK EMPLOY RELIGION AS A COPING METHOD WITH ISLAMOPHOBIA?. Çukurova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (ÇÜİFD). June 2024;24(1):17-28. doi:10.30627/cuilah.1437973
Chicago Karacan, Durali. “HOW DO MUSLIM MEN IN THE UK EMPLOY RELIGION AS A COPING METHOD WITH ISLAMOPHOBIA?”. Çukurova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (ÇÜİFD) 24, no. 1 (June 2024): 17-28. https://doi.org/10.30627/cuilah.1437973.
EndNote Karacan D (June 1, 2024) HOW DO MUSLIM MEN IN THE UK EMPLOY RELIGION AS A COPING METHOD WITH ISLAMOPHOBIA?. Çukurova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (ÇÜİFD) 24 1 17–28.
IEEE D. Karacan, “HOW DO MUSLIM MEN IN THE UK EMPLOY RELIGION AS A COPING METHOD WITH ISLAMOPHOBIA?”, Çukurova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (ÇÜİFD), vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 17–28, 2024, doi: 10.30627/cuilah.1437973.
ISNAD Karacan, Durali. “HOW DO MUSLIM MEN IN THE UK EMPLOY RELIGION AS A COPING METHOD WITH ISLAMOPHOBIA?”. Çukurova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (ÇÜİFD) 24/1 (June 2024), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.30627/cuilah.1437973.
JAMA Karacan D. HOW DO MUSLIM MEN IN THE UK EMPLOY RELIGION AS A COPING METHOD WITH ISLAMOPHOBIA?. Çukurova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (ÇÜİFD). 2024;24:17–28.
MLA Karacan, Durali. “HOW DO MUSLIM MEN IN THE UK EMPLOY RELIGION AS A COPING METHOD WITH ISLAMOPHOBIA?”. Çukurova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (ÇÜİFD), vol. 24, no. 1, 2024, pp. 17-28, doi:10.30627/cuilah.1437973.
Vancouver Karacan D. HOW DO MUSLIM MEN IN THE UK EMPLOY RELIGION AS A COPING METHOD WITH ISLAMOPHOBIA?. Çukurova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (ÇÜİFD). 2024;24(1):17-28.

Correspondence Address
Cukurova University, Faculty of Theology, Balcali Campus, 01330, Saricam/Adana.