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Effect of demographic data on neuropsychological tests

Year 2016, Volume: 41 Issue: 3, 528 - 532, 30.09.2016
https://doi.org/10.17826/cukmedj.237507

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study is to research determination of mean neuropsychological test scores and the effect of demographic data on neuropsychological tests in healthy people.

Material and Methods: Between 2014-2016 years; mini mental state examination, forward and backward digit span, verbal fluency (semantic and lexical), clock drawing, verbal and visual memory tests were performed to healthy people. The presence of correlation between neuropsychological tests and gender, age and education were researched in healthy people. 

Results: Hundred subjects (60 female, 40 male) were included to study. No difference was observed between male and female subjects on neuropsychological tests. There was negative correlation between age and mini mental state examination, digit span and semantic fluency tests. And also there was positive correlation between education and all neuropsychological tests (except verbal memory test). 

Conclusion: The mean neuropsychological test scores in healthy people were not shown differences by gender, but they were affected by age and education.

References

  • Tanrıdağ O. Davranış Nörolojisi (1.Baskı). İstanbul. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri. 2015:15-16
  • Karakaş S, İrkeç C, Yüksel N. Beyin ve Nöropsikoloji (1.Baskı). Ankara, Çizgi Tıp Yayınevi, 2003.
  • Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Kokmen E, Tangelos EG. Aging, memory, and mild cognitive impairment. Int Psychogeriatr. 1997;9:65-9.
  • Crook T, Bahar H, Sudilovsky A. Age-associated memory impairment: diagnostic criteria and treatment strategies. Int J Neurol. 1987-1988;21-22:73-82.
  • Keskinoglu P, Ucku R, Yener G, Yaka E, Kurt P, Tunca Z. Reliability and validity of revised Turkish version of Mini Mental State Examination (rMMSET) in community-dwelling educated and uneducated elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24:1242-50.
  • Wechsler D.Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale,3 rd ed. (WAIS Ш): Test Manual 3rd edition. New York, Psychological Corporation, 1997.
  • Lezak MD. Neuropsychological Assessment. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995.
  • Lezak MD. Neuropsychological Assessment. New York, New York University Press, 1983.
  • Carlesimo GA, Caltagirone C, Gainotti G. The Mental Deterioration Battery: normative data, diagnostic reliability and qualitative analyses of cognitive impairment. The Group for the Standardization of the Mental Deterioration Battery. Eur Neurol. 1996;36:378-84.
  • Salthouse TA. When does age-related cognitive decline begin? Neurobiol Aging. 2009;30:507-14.
  • Gerton BK, Brown TT, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Kohn P, Holt JL, Olsen RK et al. Shared and distinct neurophysiological components of the digits forward and backward tasks as revealed by functional neuroimaging. Neuropsychologia. 2004;42:1781-7.
  • Aleman A, van't Wout M. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex disrupts digit span task performance. Neuropsychobiology. 2008;57:44-8.
  • Ryan JJ, Lopez SJ, Paolo AM. Digit span performance of persons 75-96 years of age: Base rates and associations with selected demographic variables. Psychological Assesment. 1996;8:324-7.
  • Rascovsky K, Salmon DP, Hansen LA, Thal LJ, Galasko D. Disparate letter and semantic category fluency deficits in autopsy-confirmed frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology. 2007;21:20-30.
  • Birn RM, Kenworthy L, Case L, Caravella R, Jones TB, Bandettini PA, Martin A. Neural systems supporting lexical search guided by letter and semantic category cues: a self-paced overt response fMRI study of verbal fluency. Neuroimage. 2010;49:1099-107.
  • Gourovitch ML, Kirkby BS, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR, Gold JM, Esposito G et al.. A comparison of rCBF patterns during letter and semantic fluency. Neuropsychology. 2000;14:353-60.
  • Birn RM, Kenworthy L, Case L, Caravella R, Jones TB, Bandettini PA et al. Neural systems supporting lexical search guided by letter and semantic category cues: a self-paced overt response fMRI study of verbal fluency. Neuroimage. 2010;49:1099-107.
  • Gourovitch ML, Kirkby BS, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR, Gold JM, Esposito G et al. A comparison of rCBF patterns during letter and semantic fluency. Neuropsychology. 2000;14:353-60.
  • Rosselli M, Tappen R, Williams C, Salvatierra J, Zoller Y. Level of education and category fluency task among Spanish speaking elders: number of words, clustering, and switching strategies. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2009;16:721-44.
  • Clark LJ, Gatz M, Zheng L, Chen YL, McCleary C, Mack WJ. Longitudinal verbal fluency in normal aging, preclinical, and prevalent Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 20092010;24:461-8
  • Mesulam MM. Davranışsal ve Kognitif Nörolojinin İlkeleri. (2.Baskı). İstanbul, Yelkovan Yayıncılık, 2004.
  • Mast BT, Fitzgerald J, Steinberg J, MacNeill SE, Lichtenberg PA. Effective screening for Alzheimer's disease among older African Americans. Clin Neuropsychol. 2001;15:196-202.
  • Freedman M, Leach L, Kaplan E. Clock Drawing; A Neuropsychological Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press. 1994.
  • Sinnett ER, Holen MC. Assessment of memory functioning among an aging sample. Psychol Rep. 1999;84:339-50.
  • Machulda MM, Ivnik RJ, Smith GE, Ferman TJ, Boeve BF, Knopman D et al. Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: Visual Form Discrimination and copy trial of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2007;29:377-84.
  • Lezak MD. Neuropsychological Assessment, 5th edition. New York, Oxford University Press, 2012.

Demografik verilerin nöropsikolojik testler üzerine etkisi

Year 2016, Volume: 41 Issue: 3, 528 - 532, 30.09.2016
https://doi.org/10.17826/cukmedj.237507

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada sağlıklı insanlarda nöropsikolojik test skorlarının belirlenmesi ve demografik verilerin nöropsikolojik testler üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. 

Gereç ve Yöntem: Sağlıklı olgulara 2014-2016 yılları arasında minimental durum testi, sayı menzili, sözel akıcılık (semantik ve leksikal), saat çizme testi, sözel ve görsel bellek testleri uygulanmıştır. Nöropsikolojik test skorlarının yaş, eğitim ve cinsiyet ile ilişkisi incelenmiştir. 

Bulgular: Çalışmaya toplam 100 olgu (60 kadın, 40 erkek) alınmıştır. Cinsiyete göre olgular karşılaştırıldığında nöropsikolojik testler açısından anlamlı farklılık gözlenmemiştir. Yaş ile mini mental durum testi, sayı menzili ve semantik akıcılık testleri arasında negatif korelasyon gözlenirken, eğitim ile tüm nöropsikolojik testler (sözel bellek hariç) arasında pozitif korelasyon gözlenmiştir. 

Sonuç: Sağlıklı insanlarda ortalama nöropsikolojik test skorlarının cinsiyete göre farklılık göstermediği, yaş ve eğitimden ise etkilendiği saptanmıştır.

References

  • Tanrıdağ O. Davranış Nörolojisi (1.Baskı). İstanbul. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri. 2015:15-16
  • Karakaş S, İrkeç C, Yüksel N. Beyin ve Nöropsikoloji (1.Baskı). Ankara, Çizgi Tıp Yayınevi, 2003.
  • Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Kokmen E, Tangelos EG. Aging, memory, and mild cognitive impairment. Int Psychogeriatr. 1997;9:65-9.
  • Crook T, Bahar H, Sudilovsky A. Age-associated memory impairment: diagnostic criteria and treatment strategies. Int J Neurol. 1987-1988;21-22:73-82.
  • Keskinoglu P, Ucku R, Yener G, Yaka E, Kurt P, Tunca Z. Reliability and validity of revised Turkish version of Mini Mental State Examination (rMMSET) in community-dwelling educated and uneducated elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24:1242-50.
  • Wechsler D.Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale,3 rd ed. (WAIS Ш): Test Manual 3rd edition. New York, Psychological Corporation, 1997.
  • Lezak MD. Neuropsychological Assessment. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995.
  • Lezak MD. Neuropsychological Assessment. New York, New York University Press, 1983.
  • Carlesimo GA, Caltagirone C, Gainotti G. The Mental Deterioration Battery: normative data, diagnostic reliability and qualitative analyses of cognitive impairment. The Group for the Standardization of the Mental Deterioration Battery. Eur Neurol. 1996;36:378-84.
  • Salthouse TA. When does age-related cognitive decline begin? Neurobiol Aging. 2009;30:507-14.
  • Gerton BK, Brown TT, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Kohn P, Holt JL, Olsen RK et al. Shared and distinct neurophysiological components of the digits forward and backward tasks as revealed by functional neuroimaging. Neuropsychologia. 2004;42:1781-7.
  • Aleman A, van't Wout M. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex disrupts digit span task performance. Neuropsychobiology. 2008;57:44-8.
  • Ryan JJ, Lopez SJ, Paolo AM. Digit span performance of persons 75-96 years of age: Base rates and associations with selected demographic variables. Psychological Assesment. 1996;8:324-7.
  • Rascovsky K, Salmon DP, Hansen LA, Thal LJ, Galasko D. Disparate letter and semantic category fluency deficits in autopsy-confirmed frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology. 2007;21:20-30.
  • Birn RM, Kenworthy L, Case L, Caravella R, Jones TB, Bandettini PA, Martin A. Neural systems supporting lexical search guided by letter and semantic category cues: a self-paced overt response fMRI study of verbal fluency. Neuroimage. 2010;49:1099-107.
  • Gourovitch ML, Kirkby BS, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR, Gold JM, Esposito G et al.. A comparison of rCBF patterns during letter and semantic fluency. Neuropsychology. 2000;14:353-60.
  • Birn RM, Kenworthy L, Case L, Caravella R, Jones TB, Bandettini PA et al. Neural systems supporting lexical search guided by letter and semantic category cues: a self-paced overt response fMRI study of verbal fluency. Neuroimage. 2010;49:1099-107.
  • Gourovitch ML, Kirkby BS, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR, Gold JM, Esposito G et al. A comparison of rCBF patterns during letter and semantic fluency. Neuropsychology. 2000;14:353-60.
  • Rosselli M, Tappen R, Williams C, Salvatierra J, Zoller Y. Level of education and category fluency task among Spanish speaking elders: number of words, clustering, and switching strategies. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2009;16:721-44.
  • Clark LJ, Gatz M, Zheng L, Chen YL, McCleary C, Mack WJ. Longitudinal verbal fluency in normal aging, preclinical, and prevalent Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 20092010;24:461-8
  • Mesulam MM. Davranışsal ve Kognitif Nörolojinin İlkeleri. (2.Baskı). İstanbul, Yelkovan Yayıncılık, 2004.
  • Mast BT, Fitzgerald J, Steinberg J, MacNeill SE, Lichtenberg PA. Effective screening for Alzheimer's disease among older African Americans. Clin Neuropsychol. 2001;15:196-202.
  • Freedman M, Leach L, Kaplan E. Clock Drawing; A Neuropsychological Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press. 1994.
  • Sinnett ER, Holen MC. Assessment of memory functioning among an aging sample. Psychol Rep. 1999;84:339-50.
  • Machulda MM, Ivnik RJ, Smith GE, Ferman TJ, Boeve BF, Knopman D et al. Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: Visual Form Discrimination and copy trial of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2007;29:377-84.
  • Lezak MD. Neuropsychological Assessment, 5th edition. New York, Oxford University Press, 2012.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research
Authors

Ahmet Evlice

Publication Date September 30, 2016
Acceptance Date April 1, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 41 Issue: 3

Cite

MLA Evlice, Ahmet. “Effect of Demographic Data on Neuropsychological Tests”. Cukurova Medical Journal, vol. 41, no. 3, 2016, pp. 528-32, doi:10.17826/cukmedj.237507.