Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Cranial measurements and pattern of head shapes in children (0-36 months) from Sokoto, Nigeria

Year 2018, Volume: 43 Issue: 4, 908 - 914, 29.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.368433

Abstract

Purpose: This study investigated the pattern of head shapes in children using cranial index values. 

Material and Methods: Cranial length, cranial width and cranial index of 210 normal growing children (100 males and 110 females) aged 0 - 36 months old seen at the Institute of Child Health Center, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria over the period of one year were determined using standard cranial landmarks and procedures. The pattern of head shapes was determined using the cranial index values obtained from the study participants. 

Results: The overall mean and standard deviation values for cranial length, cranial width and cranial index were 13.79±1.79 cm, 10.95±1.39 cm and 79.49±3.42 respectively. A statistically significant increase was observed in the cranial width values of males when compared to that of females. Meanwhile, there was no statistically significant difference observed in the mean cranial length and mean cranial index values between the sexes. As per the present study, the predominant head shape type in males was Mesocephaly (31.90%) and in females, Brachycephaly (26.19%) while the least observed head shape pattern was Hyperbrachycephaly (1.42%) in males and Dolicocephaly (0.47%) in females. 

Conclusion: Cranial parameters evaluated in this study are good indicators of skull and brain growth, thus can be of clinical importance in determining the timing and etiology of brain insults, especially in the first three years of postnatal life.


References

  • 1. Bronfin DR. Misshapen Heads in Babies: Position or Pathology? The Ochsner Journal, 2001; 3(4): 191–199.
  • 2. Purugganan OH. In brief: abnormalities in head size. Pediatr Rev., 2006; 27:473–476
  • 3. Sulkes SB. Section II: Growth and development. In: Nelson WE, Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, eds. Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1998.
  • 4. Beker L. In brief: principles of growth assessment. Pediatr Rev., 2006; 27:196–198
  • 5. Emily BR, Howard LW. Skull deformities. Pediatr Clin N Am., 2004; 51: 359– 387.
  • 6. Dianne A. Microcephaly Syndromes. Semin Pediatr Neurol., 2007; 14:118-127
  • 7. Nellhaus G. Head circumference from birth to eighteen years: practical composite international and interracial graphs. Pediatrics, 1968.
  • 8. Musa MA, Zagga AD, Danfulani M, Tadros AA, Ahmed H. Cranial Index of children with normal and abnormal brain development in Sokoto, Nigeria; a comparative study. J. Neurosciences in Rural Practice; 2014; 05 (2): 139 – 143.
  • 9. Musa MA, Zagga AD, Musa K, Danfulani M, Ahmed M. Head Shape Determination and Cranial Evaluation Using Anatomical Landmarks in Children with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD). Asian Journal of Medical Sciences; 2015; 6 (1): 98 – 102.
  • 10. Kolar JC, Salter EM. Craniofacial Anthropometry. Charles C. Thomas 1997: 61-65.
  • 11. Graham JM, Kreutzman J, Earl D, Halberg A, Samayoa C, Guo X. Deformational Brachycephaly in Supine-Sleeping Infants. J Pediatr, 2005; 146:253-7.
  • 12. Loveday BP, de Chalain TB. Active counterpositioning or orthotic device to treat positional plagiocephaly? J Craniofac Surg, 2001; 12:308-313.
  • 13. Bruner TW, David LR, Gage HD, Argenta LC. Objective outcome analysis of soft shell helmet therapy in the treatment of deformational plagiocephaly, J Craniofac Surg, 2004; 15(4):643-50.
  • 14. Williams P, Dyson M, Dussak, JE, Bannister LH, Berry MM, Collins P, Ferguson MWJ. Gray's anatomy. Skeletal system. 38th Edn. London, Elbs with Churchill Livingston, 1995: 607-12.
  • 15. Del Sol M. Cephalic index in a group of mapuche individuals in the IX Region of Chile. Int. J. Morphol., 2005; 23(3):241-6.
  • 16. Ruiz-Correa S, Raymond WS, Jacqueline RSD, Hen-Tzu JL, Matthew LS, Michael LC, Anne VH. New Scaphocephaly Severity Indices of Sagittal Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Study with Cranial Index Quantifications. Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Journal, 2006: 43; 2.
  • 17. Swinscow TDV. Statistics at square one, printed from British Medical Journal, Latimer Trend and Company Limited, Plymouth, 2006.
  • 18. Harry F, Steven CA. Statistics. Concepts and Application. Cambridge University Press, U.K. First Edition, 1995: 430-439.
  • 19. Trinkaus E, Lemay M. Occipital burning among later Pleistocene hominids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 1982; 57: 27-35.
  • 20. Kouchi M. Brachycephalization in Japan has ceased. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 2000; 112:339-47.
  • 21. Maria SJ, Manjunath JY. Cephalometry of Mentally Challenged Subjects and Correlation with Intelligence Quotient. Anatomica Karnataka, 2011; 5 (2): 60-65.
  • 22. Ukoha UU, Dimkpa U, Ofoego UC, Eteudo AN, Asomugha LA, Egwu OA, et al. Cephalofacial Characteristics of Children Under 6 years of Age in east of Nigeria. NJIRM, 2013; 4 (2): 21-25.
  • 23. Eroje MA, Fawehinmi HB, Jaja BN, Yaakor L. Cephalic index of Ogbia tribe of Bayesla state. Int. J. Morphol., 2010; 28(2):389-392.
  • 24. Okanlawon AO, Ejiwunmi AB, Rosanwo MO, Ojo OO. Standards of craniofacial dimension for an African population. East African Med J., 1990; 67:254-9.
  • 25. Likus W, Bajor G, Gruszczyńska K, Baron J, Markowski J, Machnikowska-Sokolowska M, et al. Cephalic Index in the First Three Years of Life: Study of Children with Normal Brain Development Based on Computed Tomography. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, Article ID 502836, doi:10.1155/2014/502836.
  • 26. Todros T, Sanfelici C, Corrao G, Gagliardi L. Head shape and size and body weight in the newborn infant. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol., 1985; 19:1-5.
  • 27. Jung HY, Kim CH, Chang SY. A study on the correlations among cephalofacial measurements in Korean students. Chung-Ang J Med., 1986; 11: 99-110.
  • 28. Lobo SW, Chandrashekhar TS, Kumar S. Cephalic index of Gurung community of Nepal—an anthropometric study. Kathmandu Univ. Med. J. (KUMJ), 2005; 3(3):263-26.
  • 29. Garba SH, Numan AI, Mishara IG. Craniofacial classification of the normal newborns in Maiduguri metropolis, Nigeria. Int. J. Morphol., 2008; 26: 407-410.
  • 30. Fawehinmi HB, Ligha AE. Canthal and cephalic indexes of children with homozygous sickle cell disease in Port-Harcourt. Niger J Med., 2011; 20:33–8.
  • 31. Golalipour MJ, Haidari K, Jahanshahi M, Frahani MR. The shapes of head and face in normal male newborns in South–East of Caspian Sea (Iran-Gorgan). J. Anat. Soc. India, 2003; 52:28-31.
  • 32. Fawehinmi HB, Osunwoke EA, Ligha AE, Okoh PD. A comparative study on the cephalic indices of normal growing children and children with sickle cell anaemia in Port Harcourt. J. Expt. Clin. Anat., 2008; 7(1): 27-29.
  • 33. Golalipour MJ, Jahanshali M, Haidari K. The variation of head and face shapes in females newborns in the southeast of the Caspian sea (mean Gorgam). Eur. J. Anat., 2005; 9(2):95-8.
  • 34. Mibodi IMA, Frahani MR. Study of normal range of anatomical dimensions of one-day old newborn by cephalometry. Journal of Medical Council of Islamic Republic of Iran, 1996; 14 (1): 1-8.
  • 35. Tuli A, Choudhry R, Agarwal S, Anand C, Gary H. Correlation between craniofacial dimensions and foetal age. J Anat Soc India, 1995; 44: 1-12
  • 36. Esomonu UG, Badamasi MI. Cephalic Anthropometry of Ndi Igbo of Abia State of Nigeria. Asian Journal of Scientific Research, 2012; 5: 178-184.
  • 37. Danborno B, Nuhu P, Yandev K. Relationship between growth pattern and head dimensions in Nigerian children (5-15 years). Internet J. Biol. Anthropol., 2008.

Sokoto, Nijerya’da 0-36 ay arası çocukların kranial ölçümleri ve kafa şekillerinin modelleri

Year 2018, Volume: 43 Issue: 4, 908 - 914, 29.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.368433

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, çocukların kafa şekilleri, kraniyal indeks değerleri kullanılarak araştırıldı.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Bir yıl boyunca, Çocuk Sağlığı Merkezi, Usmanu Danfodiyo Üniversitesi Eğitim Hastanesi, Sokoto, Nijerya’da, 0-36 aylık 210 normal çocuğun (100 erkek ve 110 kadın) kraniyal uzunluk, kraniyal genişlik  ve kraniyal indeksleri standart kranial işaret ve prosedürleri kullanılarak belirlendi. Kafa şekilleri paterni, çalışma katılımcılarından elde edilen kranyal indeks değerleri kullanılarak belirlendi.

Bulgular: Kranial uzunluk, kraniyal genişlik ve kraniyal indeks için ortalama ve standart sapma değerleri sırasıyla 13.79 ± 1.79 cm, 10.95 ± 1.39 cm ve 79.49 ± 3.42 idi. Erkek çocukların kraniyal genişlik değerlerinde kız çocuklarına göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir artış gözlenmiştir. Bu arada, cinsiyetler arasındaki ortalama kranial uzunluk ve ortalama kraniyal indeks değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark yoktu. Bu çalışmaya göre; erkek çocuklarında baskın kafa şekli tipi Mezosefali (% 31.90), kız çocuklarında Brachysephaly (% 26.19), en az gözlenen kafa şekli ise erkeklerde Hiper-brakisefali (% 1.42) ve kızlarda dolikosefali (% 0.47) idi. Sonuç: Bu çalışmada değerlendirilen kranial parametreler, kafatasının ve beynin büyümesinin iyi bir göstergesidir, bu nedenle özellikle doğum sonrası yaşamın ilk üç yılında beyin haraketlerinin zamanlaması ve etyolojisini belirlemede klinik öneme sahip olabilir.


References

  • 1. Bronfin DR. Misshapen Heads in Babies: Position or Pathology? The Ochsner Journal, 2001; 3(4): 191–199.
  • 2. Purugganan OH. In brief: abnormalities in head size. Pediatr Rev., 2006; 27:473–476
  • 3. Sulkes SB. Section II: Growth and development. In: Nelson WE, Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, eds. Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1998.
  • 4. Beker L. In brief: principles of growth assessment. Pediatr Rev., 2006; 27:196–198
  • 5. Emily BR, Howard LW. Skull deformities. Pediatr Clin N Am., 2004; 51: 359– 387.
  • 6. Dianne A. Microcephaly Syndromes. Semin Pediatr Neurol., 2007; 14:118-127
  • 7. Nellhaus G. Head circumference from birth to eighteen years: practical composite international and interracial graphs. Pediatrics, 1968.
  • 8. Musa MA, Zagga AD, Danfulani M, Tadros AA, Ahmed H. Cranial Index of children with normal and abnormal brain development in Sokoto, Nigeria; a comparative study. J. Neurosciences in Rural Practice; 2014; 05 (2): 139 – 143.
  • 9. Musa MA, Zagga AD, Musa K, Danfulani M, Ahmed M. Head Shape Determination and Cranial Evaluation Using Anatomical Landmarks in Children with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD). Asian Journal of Medical Sciences; 2015; 6 (1): 98 – 102.
  • 10. Kolar JC, Salter EM. Craniofacial Anthropometry. Charles C. Thomas 1997: 61-65.
  • 11. Graham JM, Kreutzman J, Earl D, Halberg A, Samayoa C, Guo X. Deformational Brachycephaly in Supine-Sleeping Infants. J Pediatr, 2005; 146:253-7.
  • 12. Loveday BP, de Chalain TB. Active counterpositioning or orthotic device to treat positional plagiocephaly? J Craniofac Surg, 2001; 12:308-313.
  • 13. Bruner TW, David LR, Gage HD, Argenta LC. Objective outcome analysis of soft shell helmet therapy in the treatment of deformational plagiocephaly, J Craniofac Surg, 2004; 15(4):643-50.
  • 14. Williams P, Dyson M, Dussak, JE, Bannister LH, Berry MM, Collins P, Ferguson MWJ. Gray's anatomy. Skeletal system. 38th Edn. London, Elbs with Churchill Livingston, 1995: 607-12.
  • 15. Del Sol M. Cephalic index in a group of mapuche individuals in the IX Region of Chile. Int. J. Morphol., 2005; 23(3):241-6.
  • 16. Ruiz-Correa S, Raymond WS, Jacqueline RSD, Hen-Tzu JL, Matthew LS, Michael LC, Anne VH. New Scaphocephaly Severity Indices of Sagittal Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Study with Cranial Index Quantifications. Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Journal, 2006: 43; 2.
  • 17. Swinscow TDV. Statistics at square one, printed from British Medical Journal, Latimer Trend and Company Limited, Plymouth, 2006.
  • 18. Harry F, Steven CA. Statistics. Concepts and Application. Cambridge University Press, U.K. First Edition, 1995: 430-439.
  • 19. Trinkaus E, Lemay M. Occipital burning among later Pleistocene hominids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 1982; 57: 27-35.
  • 20. Kouchi M. Brachycephalization in Japan has ceased. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 2000; 112:339-47.
  • 21. Maria SJ, Manjunath JY. Cephalometry of Mentally Challenged Subjects and Correlation with Intelligence Quotient. Anatomica Karnataka, 2011; 5 (2): 60-65.
  • 22. Ukoha UU, Dimkpa U, Ofoego UC, Eteudo AN, Asomugha LA, Egwu OA, et al. Cephalofacial Characteristics of Children Under 6 years of Age in east of Nigeria. NJIRM, 2013; 4 (2): 21-25.
  • 23. Eroje MA, Fawehinmi HB, Jaja BN, Yaakor L. Cephalic index of Ogbia tribe of Bayesla state. Int. J. Morphol., 2010; 28(2):389-392.
  • 24. Okanlawon AO, Ejiwunmi AB, Rosanwo MO, Ojo OO. Standards of craniofacial dimension for an African population. East African Med J., 1990; 67:254-9.
  • 25. Likus W, Bajor G, Gruszczyńska K, Baron J, Markowski J, Machnikowska-Sokolowska M, et al. Cephalic Index in the First Three Years of Life: Study of Children with Normal Brain Development Based on Computed Tomography. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, Article ID 502836, doi:10.1155/2014/502836.
  • 26. Todros T, Sanfelici C, Corrao G, Gagliardi L. Head shape and size and body weight in the newborn infant. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol., 1985; 19:1-5.
  • 27. Jung HY, Kim CH, Chang SY. A study on the correlations among cephalofacial measurements in Korean students. Chung-Ang J Med., 1986; 11: 99-110.
  • 28. Lobo SW, Chandrashekhar TS, Kumar S. Cephalic index of Gurung community of Nepal—an anthropometric study. Kathmandu Univ. Med. J. (KUMJ), 2005; 3(3):263-26.
  • 29. Garba SH, Numan AI, Mishara IG. Craniofacial classification of the normal newborns in Maiduguri metropolis, Nigeria. Int. J. Morphol., 2008; 26: 407-410.
  • 30. Fawehinmi HB, Ligha AE. Canthal and cephalic indexes of children with homozygous sickle cell disease in Port-Harcourt. Niger J Med., 2011; 20:33–8.
  • 31. Golalipour MJ, Haidari K, Jahanshahi M, Frahani MR. The shapes of head and face in normal male newborns in South–East of Caspian Sea (Iran-Gorgan). J. Anat. Soc. India, 2003; 52:28-31.
  • 32. Fawehinmi HB, Osunwoke EA, Ligha AE, Okoh PD. A comparative study on the cephalic indices of normal growing children and children with sickle cell anaemia in Port Harcourt. J. Expt. Clin. Anat., 2008; 7(1): 27-29.
  • 33. Golalipour MJ, Jahanshali M, Haidari K. The variation of head and face shapes in females newborns in the southeast of the Caspian sea (mean Gorgam). Eur. J. Anat., 2005; 9(2):95-8.
  • 34. Mibodi IMA, Frahani MR. Study of normal range of anatomical dimensions of one-day old newborn by cephalometry. Journal of Medical Council of Islamic Republic of Iran, 1996; 14 (1): 1-8.
  • 35. Tuli A, Choudhry R, Agarwal S, Anand C, Gary H. Correlation between craniofacial dimensions and foetal age. J Anat Soc India, 1995; 44: 1-12
  • 36. Esomonu UG, Badamasi MI. Cephalic Anthropometry of Ndi Igbo of Abia State of Nigeria. Asian Journal of Scientific Research, 2012; 5: 178-184.
  • 37. Danborno B, Nuhu P, Yandev K. Relationship between growth pattern and head dimensions in Nigerian children (5-15 years). Internet J. Biol. Anthropol., 2008.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research
Authors

Muhammad A. Musa 0000-0002-6646-4938

Abdullahi D. Zagga This is me 0000-0002-3967-7380

Ahmed Hamid Oon This is me 0000-0001-5129-7930

Publication Date December 29, 2018
Acceptance Date February 22, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 43 Issue: 4

Cite

MLA Musa, Muhammad A. et al. “Cranial Measurements and Pattern of Head Shapes in Children (0-36 Months) from Sokoto, Nigeria”. Cukurova Medical Journal, vol. 43, no. 4, 2018, pp. 908-14, doi:10.17826/cumj.368433.