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Servikal ve lomber disk hernili hastalarda ruhsal bulguların değerlendirilmesi

Year 2021, Volume: 46 Issue: 1, 70 - 80, 31.03.2021

Abstract

Amaç: Literatürde kronik bel ve boyun ağrıları ile ruhsal durumun değerlendirildiği çok sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır ancak spesifik olarak yapısal patolojinin tespit edildiği bel veya boyun ağrısı ile ruhsal bulgular arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen çalışma sayısı çok azdır. Çalışmamızda servikal ve lomber disk hernili hastaların ruhsal bulgularını değerlendirmeyi amaçladık.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmaya, 42 sağlıklı kontrol ve en az 6 aydır süren bel ya da boyun ağrısı şikayeti ile Nöroşirürji ve Fizik Tedavi ve Rehabilitasyon polikliniklerine başvuran 28'i servikal, 36'sı lomber disk hernisi tanısı almış hastalar dahil edilmiştir. Psikiyatri uzmanı tarafından hasta ve kontrol grubuna DSM-5 tanı kriterleri temel alınarak yarı yapılandırılmış psikiyatrik görüşme yapılmıştır. Tüm katılımcılara, Sosyo-demografik Bilgi Formu, Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği, Beck Depresyon Ölçeği, Durumluk ve Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri, Yaygın Anksiyete Bozukluğu-7 Testi, Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği-Kısa Form-36, Bedensel Duyumları Abartma Ölçeği dolduruldu. Hasta gruplarına, Visüel Analog Skala, servikal disk hernili hastalara Boyun Ağrı ve Özürlülük indeksi, lomber disk hernili hastalara Oswestry disabilite indeksi dolduruldu.
Bulgular: Hem servikal hem de lomber disk hernili grupta, anksiyete düzeyi yüksekken, depresyon ve bedensel duyumları abartma düşük saptanmıştır. Emosyonel rol güçlüğü dışında, yaşam kalitesi alt parametreleri hasta gruplarında anlamlı olarak düşük saptanmıştır. Ağrı ve özürlülük arasında orta derecede korelasyon tespit edilmiştir. Ağrı veya özürlülük ile anksiyete veya depresyon düzeyleri arasında da orta derecede korelasyon saptanmıştır.
Sonuçlar: Çalışmamızda her iki hasta grubunda anksiyete düzeyininin yüksek olması, belki de disk herniasyonundaki dejenerasyonun progresyonunda patolojik hale gelen anksiyetenin etkili olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Lomber ve servikal disk hernili hastaların tedavisinde ağrı dışında, yaşam kalitesi ve özürlülüğü etkileyebilecek psikolojik faktörler de saptanmalı ve multidisipliner tedavi yaklaşımları uygulanmalıdır.

References

  • 1. Côté, P., Cassidy, J. D., & Carroll, L. (1998). The Saskatchewan health and back pain survey: the prevalence of neck pain and related disability in Saskatchewan adults. Spine, 23(15), 1689-1698.
  • 2. Croft, P. R., Lewis, M., Papageorgiou, A. C., Thomas, E., Jayson, M. I., Macfarlane, G. J., & Silman, A. J. (2001). Risk factors for neck pain: a longitudinal study in the general population. Pain, 93(3), 317-325.
  • 3. Carnes, D., Parsons, S., Ashby, D., Breen, A., Foster, N. E., Pincus, T., ... & Underwood, M. Chronic musculoskeletal pain rarely presents in a single body site: results from a UK population study. Rheumatology. 2007, 46:1168–70.
  • 4. Cimmino, M. A., Ferrone, C., & Cutolo, M. (2011). Epidemiology of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Best practice & research Clinical rheumatology, 25(2), 173-183.
  • 5. Finneson B.E., & Schmidek H. H (2000). Lumbar disk excision. Operative neurosurgical techniques. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 2219–2231.
  • 6. Yazar, T., & Altun, N. (2007). Dejeneratif omurga hastalıkları. Türk Omurga Derneği.
  • 7. Kelsey, J. L., & Hardy, R. J. (1975). Driving of motor vehicles as a risk factor for acute herniated lumbar intervertebral disc. American journal of epidemiology, 102(1), 63-75
  • 8. Oliphant, D. (2004). Safety of spinal manipulation in the treatment of lumbar disk herniations: a systematic review and risk assessment. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 27(3), 197-210.
  • 9. Shambrook, J., McNee, P., Harris, E. C., Kim, M., Sampson, M., Palmer, K. T., & Coggon, D. (2011). Clinical presentation of low back pain and association with risk factors according to findings on magnetic resonance imaging. PAIN, 152(7), 1659-1665.
  • 10. Melzack, R., & Wall, P. D. (1965). Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science, 150(3699), 971-979.
  • 11. Altuğ, F., Kavlak, E., Kurtca, M. P., Ünal, A., & Cavlak, U. (2015). Comparison of pain intensity, emotional status and disability level in patients with chronic neck and low back pain. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation, 28(3), 505-508.
  • 12. Ramond, A., Bouton, C., Richard, I., Roquelaure, Y., Baufreton, C., Legrand, E., & Huez, J. F. (2010). Psychosocial risk factors for chronic low back pain in primary care—a systematic review. Family practice, 28(1), 12-21.
  • 13. Guclu, D. G., Guclu, O., Ozaner, A., Senormanci, O., & Konkan, R. (2012). The relationship between disability, quality of life and fear-avoidance beliefs in patients with chronic low back pain. Turkish neurosurgery, 22(6), 724-731.
  • 14. Kayhan, F., Albayrak Gezer, İ., Kayhan, A., Kitiş, S., & Gölen, M. (2016). Mood and anxiety disorders in patients with chronic low back and neck pain caused by disc herniation. International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice, 20(1), 19-23.
  • 15. Turk DC, Rudy TE. A cognitive-behavioral perspective on chronic pain: Beyond the scalpel and syringe. In: Tollison CD. (ed). Hand-book of Chronic Pain Management, Baltimore, Williams&Wilkins, 1989: 222–36.
  • 16. Ketenci A. Baş ve boyun ağrıları, ayırıcı tanı, yansıyan ağrılar. Türk Fiziksel Tıp Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 2010, 56:34-37. 17. Berker E. Başarısız Bel Cerrahi Sendromu. Bel ağrısı tanı ve tedavi. Nobel Kitabevi 2002; 7: 319–24.
  • 18. Tekin K. Cerrahi ile Tedavi edilen Lomber Dejeneratif Disk Hastalığında Psikiyatrik Komorbid Faktörlerin Araştırılması. Tıp Fakültesi, Beyin ve Sinir Cerrahisi Anabilim Dalı. Tıpta Uzmanlık, İstanbul, Yeditepe Üniversitesi, 2017.
  • 19. Öner, N., & LeCompte, W. A. (1998). Durumluluk-süreklilik kaygı envanteri: el kitabı. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi.
  • 20. Hisli, N. (1988). Beck Depresyon Envanteri'nin gecrliligi uzerine bir calis ma. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 6, 118-122.
  • 21. YAZICI, K., TOT, Ş., BİÇER, A., YAZICI, A., & BUTURAK, V. Bel ve Boyun Ağrısı Hastalarında Anksiyete, Depresyon ve Yaşam Kalitesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 6(2), 95-101.
  • 22. Ulusoy, M., Sahin, N. H., & Erkmen, H. (1998). the Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric Properties. Journal of cognitive psychotherapy, 12, 2.
  • 23. Konkan, R., ŞENORMANCI, Ö., Güçlü, O., Aydin, E., & Sungur, M. Z. (2013). Yaygın Anksiyete Bozukluğu-7 (YAB-7) Testi Türkçe Uyarlaması, Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği. Archives of Neuropsychiatry/Noropsikiatri Arsivi, 50(1).
  • 24. Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Archives of internal medicine, 166(10), 1092-1097.
  • 25. Barsky, A. J., Wyshak, G., & Klerman, G. L. (1990). The somatosensory amplification scale and its relationship to hypochondriasis. Journal of psychiatric research, 24(4), 323-334.
  • 26. Güleç, H., Sayar, K., & Güleç, M. Y. (2007). Bedensel Duyumları Abartma Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği. Düşünen Adam: Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 16-24.
  • 27. Price, D. D., McGrath, P. A., Rafii, A., & Buckingham, B. (1983). The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain. Pain, 17(1), 45-56.
  • 28. Kocyigit, H. (1999). Kisa Form-36 (KF-36)'nm Turkce versiyonunun guvenilirligi ve gecerliligi. Ilaç ve tedavi dergisi, 12, 102-106.
  • 29. Küçükdeveci AA. Rehabilitasyonda yaşam kalitesi. Türk Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 2005, 51: 23-29.
  • 30. Bicer, A., Yazici, A., Camdeviren, H., & Erdogan, C. (2004). Assessment of pain and disability in patients with chronic neck pain: reliability and construct validity of the Turkish version of the neck pain and disability scale. Disability and rehabilitation, 26(16), 959-962.
  • 31. Yakut, E., Düger, T., Öksüz, Ç., Yörükan, S., Üreten, K., Turan, D., ... & Yakut, Y. (2004). Validation of the Turkish version of the Oswestry Disability Index for patients with low back pain. Spine, 29(5), 581-585.
  • 32. Fiziksel, Kronik Bel Boyun Ağrılı Hastalarda. (2013). Assessment of physical activity in patients with chronic low back or neck pain. Turkish neurosurgery 23(1), 75-80.
  • 33. Fejer, R., & Hartvigsen, J. (2008). Neck pain and disability due to neck pain: what is the relation?. European Spine Journal, 17(1), 80-88.
  • 34. Chen, H. N., & Tsai, Y. F. (2013). A predictive model for disability in patients with lumbar disc herniation. Journal of Orthopaedic Science, 18(2), 220-229.
  • 35. Braddom, R. L. (2010). Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
  • 36. Chiu, T. T., Lam, T. H., & Hedley, A. J. (2005). Correlation among physical impairments, pain, disability, and patient satisfaction in patients with chronic neck pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 86(3), 534-540.
  • 37.Hermann, K. M., & Reese, C. S. (2001). Relationships among selected measures of impairment, functional limitation, and disability in patients with cervical spine disorders. Physical therapy, 81(3), 903-912.
  • 38. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Consulting Psychologists Press; Palo Alto, CA: 1983. Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory.
  • 39. Hizmetli S, Hayta E. Bel ağrısı ve disk hernileri. Clinic Medicine 2007,1:38-64.
  • 40.Smedley, J., Inskip, H., Trevelyan, F., Buckle, P., Cooper, C., & Coggon, D. (2003). Risk factors for incident neck and shoulder pain in hospital nurses. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(11), 864-869.
  • 41. Li, S., Qi, M., Yuan, W., & Chen, H. (2015). The impact of the depression and anxiety on prognosis of cervical total disc replacement. Spine, 40(5), E266-E271.
  • 42.Jensen, O. K., Nielsen, C. V., & Stengaard-Pedersen, K. (2010). One-year prognosis in sick-listed low back pain patients with and without radiculopathy. Prognostic factors influencing pain and disability. The Spine Journal, 10(8), 659-675.
  • 43.Luo, X., Edwards, C. L., Richardson, W., & Hey, L. (2004). Relationships of clinical, psychologic, and individual factors with the functional status of neck pain patients. Value in health, 7(1), 61-69.
  • 44. Yilmaz, A., ALTUĞ, F., & COŞKUN, E. (2012). Kronik bel ağrısı olan hastalarda ağrı, özürlülük durumu ve psikolojik faktörlerin incelenmesi. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 32(5), 1278-1283.
  • 45. Herrmann, N., Black, S. E., Lawrence, J., Szekely, C., & Szalai, J. P. (1998). The Sunnybrook Stroke Study: a prospective study of depressive symptoms and functional outcome. Stroke, 29(3), 618-624.
  • 46. Andrews, G., Hobbs, M. J., Borkovec, T. D., Beesdo, K., Craske, M. G., Heimberg, R. G., ... & Stanley, M. A. (2010). Generalized worry disorder: a review of DSM‐IV generalized anxiety disorder and options for DSM‐V. Depression and anxiety, 27(2), 134-147.
  • 47.Park, S. J., Lee, R., Yoon, D. M., Yoon, K. B., Kim, K., & Kim, S. H. (2016). Factors associated with increased risk for pain catastrophizing in patients with chronic neck pain: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Medicine, 95(37).
  • 48. Lyons, R. A., Lo, S. V., & Littlepage, B. N. (1994). Comparative health status of patients with 11 common illnesses in Wales. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 48(4), 388-390.
  • 49. Endler, N. S., Corace, K. M., Summerfeldt, L. J., Johnson, J. M., & Rothbart, P. (2003). Coping with chronic pain. Personality and individual differences, 34(2), 323-346.

Evaluation of mental symptoms in patients with cervical and lumbar disc herniation

Year 2021, Volume: 46 Issue: 1, 70 - 80, 31.03.2021

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of our study was to evaluate the psychiatric symptoms of patients with cervical or lumbar disc herniation.
Materials and Methods: 42 healthy control subjects and 64 patients were enrolled in the study. The patients were individuals who have a complaint of lower back or neck pain that has lasted for at least 6 months. 28 of the patients had cervical disc herniation and 36 had lumbar disc herniation. Socio-demographic Information Form, Beck Anxiety Scale, Beck Depression Scale, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Test, Quality of Life Scale-Short Form-36, Somatosensory Amplification Scale were administered to all participants. Visual Analogue Scale was administered to patient group, Neck Pain and Disability Index to patients with cervical disc herniation and Oswestry Disability Index to patients with lumbar disc herniation.
Results: In both the cervical and lumbar disc herniated groups, the level of anxiety was high, while the level of depression and amplification of somatic sensations was low. Apart from emotional role difficulties, quality of life sub-parameters were found to be significantly lower in the patient groups. A moderate correlation was found between pain and disability.
Conclusion: The high level of anxiety in both patient groups in our study suggests that pathological anxiety may be responsible for the progression of degeneration in disc herniation. In the treatment of patients with disc hernias, psychological factors that can affect quality of life and disability should be determined, and multidisciplinary treatment approaches should be applied.

References

  • 1. Côté, P., Cassidy, J. D., & Carroll, L. (1998). The Saskatchewan health and back pain survey: the prevalence of neck pain and related disability in Saskatchewan adults. Spine, 23(15), 1689-1698.
  • 2. Croft, P. R., Lewis, M., Papageorgiou, A. C., Thomas, E., Jayson, M. I., Macfarlane, G. J., & Silman, A. J. (2001). Risk factors for neck pain: a longitudinal study in the general population. Pain, 93(3), 317-325.
  • 3. Carnes, D., Parsons, S., Ashby, D., Breen, A., Foster, N. E., Pincus, T., ... & Underwood, M. Chronic musculoskeletal pain rarely presents in a single body site: results from a UK population study. Rheumatology. 2007, 46:1168–70.
  • 4. Cimmino, M. A., Ferrone, C., & Cutolo, M. (2011). Epidemiology of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Best practice & research Clinical rheumatology, 25(2), 173-183.
  • 5. Finneson B.E., & Schmidek H. H (2000). Lumbar disk excision. Operative neurosurgical techniques. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 2219–2231.
  • 6. Yazar, T., & Altun, N. (2007). Dejeneratif omurga hastalıkları. Türk Omurga Derneği.
  • 7. Kelsey, J. L., & Hardy, R. J. (1975). Driving of motor vehicles as a risk factor for acute herniated lumbar intervertebral disc. American journal of epidemiology, 102(1), 63-75
  • 8. Oliphant, D. (2004). Safety of spinal manipulation in the treatment of lumbar disk herniations: a systematic review and risk assessment. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 27(3), 197-210.
  • 9. Shambrook, J., McNee, P., Harris, E. C., Kim, M., Sampson, M., Palmer, K. T., & Coggon, D. (2011). Clinical presentation of low back pain and association with risk factors according to findings on magnetic resonance imaging. PAIN, 152(7), 1659-1665.
  • 10. Melzack, R., & Wall, P. D. (1965). Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science, 150(3699), 971-979.
  • 11. Altuğ, F., Kavlak, E., Kurtca, M. P., Ünal, A., & Cavlak, U. (2015). Comparison of pain intensity, emotional status and disability level in patients with chronic neck and low back pain. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation, 28(3), 505-508.
  • 12. Ramond, A., Bouton, C., Richard, I., Roquelaure, Y., Baufreton, C., Legrand, E., & Huez, J. F. (2010). Psychosocial risk factors for chronic low back pain in primary care—a systematic review. Family practice, 28(1), 12-21.
  • 13. Guclu, D. G., Guclu, O., Ozaner, A., Senormanci, O., & Konkan, R. (2012). The relationship between disability, quality of life and fear-avoidance beliefs in patients with chronic low back pain. Turkish neurosurgery, 22(6), 724-731.
  • 14. Kayhan, F., Albayrak Gezer, İ., Kayhan, A., Kitiş, S., & Gölen, M. (2016). Mood and anxiety disorders in patients with chronic low back and neck pain caused by disc herniation. International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice, 20(1), 19-23.
  • 15. Turk DC, Rudy TE. A cognitive-behavioral perspective on chronic pain: Beyond the scalpel and syringe. In: Tollison CD. (ed). Hand-book of Chronic Pain Management, Baltimore, Williams&Wilkins, 1989: 222–36.
  • 16. Ketenci A. Baş ve boyun ağrıları, ayırıcı tanı, yansıyan ağrılar. Türk Fiziksel Tıp Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 2010, 56:34-37. 17. Berker E. Başarısız Bel Cerrahi Sendromu. Bel ağrısı tanı ve tedavi. Nobel Kitabevi 2002; 7: 319–24.
  • 18. Tekin K. Cerrahi ile Tedavi edilen Lomber Dejeneratif Disk Hastalığında Psikiyatrik Komorbid Faktörlerin Araştırılması. Tıp Fakültesi, Beyin ve Sinir Cerrahisi Anabilim Dalı. Tıpta Uzmanlık, İstanbul, Yeditepe Üniversitesi, 2017.
  • 19. Öner, N., & LeCompte, W. A. (1998). Durumluluk-süreklilik kaygı envanteri: el kitabı. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi.
  • 20. Hisli, N. (1988). Beck Depresyon Envanteri'nin gecrliligi uzerine bir calis ma. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 6, 118-122.
  • 21. YAZICI, K., TOT, Ş., BİÇER, A., YAZICI, A., & BUTURAK, V. Bel ve Boyun Ağrısı Hastalarında Anksiyete, Depresyon ve Yaşam Kalitesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 6(2), 95-101.
  • 22. Ulusoy, M., Sahin, N. H., & Erkmen, H. (1998). the Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric Properties. Journal of cognitive psychotherapy, 12, 2.
  • 23. Konkan, R., ŞENORMANCI, Ö., Güçlü, O., Aydin, E., & Sungur, M. Z. (2013). Yaygın Anksiyete Bozukluğu-7 (YAB-7) Testi Türkçe Uyarlaması, Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği. Archives of Neuropsychiatry/Noropsikiatri Arsivi, 50(1).
  • 24. Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Archives of internal medicine, 166(10), 1092-1097.
  • 25. Barsky, A. J., Wyshak, G., & Klerman, G. L. (1990). The somatosensory amplification scale and its relationship to hypochondriasis. Journal of psychiatric research, 24(4), 323-334.
  • 26. Güleç, H., Sayar, K., & Güleç, M. Y. (2007). Bedensel Duyumları Abartma Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği. Düşünen Adam: Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 16-24.
  • 27. Price, D. D., McGrath, P. A., Rafii, A., & Buckingham, B. (1983). The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain. Pain, 17(1), 45-56.
  • 28. Kocyigit, H. (1999). Kisa Form-36 (KF-36)'nm Turkce versiyonunun guvenilirligi ve gecerliligi. Ilaç ve tedavi dergisi, 12, 102-106.
  • 29. Küçükdeveci AA. Rehabilitasyonda yaşam kalitesi. Türk Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 2005, 51: 23-29.
  • 30. Bicer, A., Yazici, A., Camdeviren, H., & Erdogan, C. (2004). Assessment of pain and disability in patients with chronic neck pain: reliability and construct validity of the Turkish version of the neck pain and disability scale. Disability and rehabilitation, 26(16), 959-962.
  • 31. Yakut, E., Düger, T., Öksüz, Ç., Yörükan, S., Üreten, K., Turan, D., ... & Yakut, Y. (2004). Validation of the Turkish version of the Oswestry Disability Index for patients with low back pain. Spine, 29(5), 581-585.
  • 32. Fiziksel, Kronik Bel Boyun Ağrılı Hastalarda. (2013). Assessment of physical activity in patients with chronic low back or neck pain. Turkish neurosurgery 23(1), 75-80.
  • 33. Fejer, R., & Hartvigsen, J. (2008). Neck pain and disability due to neck pain: what is the relation?. European Spine Journal, 17(1), 80-88.
  • 34. Chen, H. N., & Tsai, Y. F. (2013). A predictive model for disability in patients with lumbar disc herniation. Journal of Orthopaedic Science, 18(2), 220-229.
  • 35. Braddom, R. L. (2010). Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
  • 36. Chiu, T. T., Lam, T. H., & Hedley, A. J. (2005). Correlation among physical impairments, pain, disability, and patient satisfaction in patients with chronic neck pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 86(3), 534-540.
  • 37.Hermann, K. M., & Reese, C. S. (2001). Relationships among selected measures of impairment, functional limitation, and disability in patients with cervical spine disorders. Physical therapy, 81(3), 903-912.
  • 38. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Consulting Psychologists Press; Palo Alto, CA: 1983. Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory.
  • 39. Hizmetli S, Hayta E. Bel ağrısı ve disk hernileri. Clinic Medicine 2007,1:38-64.
  • 40.Smedley, J., Inskip, H., Trevelyan, F., Buckle, P., Cooper, C., & Coggon, D. (2003). Risk factors for incident neck and shoulder pain in hospital nurses. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(11), 864-869.
  • 41. Li, S., Qi, M., Yuan, W., & Chen, H. (2015). The impact of the depression and anxiety on prognosis of cervical total disc replacement. Spine, 40(5), E266-E271.
  • 42.Jensen, O. K., Nielsen, C. V., & Stengaard-Pedersen, K. (2010). One-year prognosis in sick-listed low back pain patients with and without radiculopathy. Prognostic factors influencing pain and disability. The Spine Journal, 10(8), 659-675.
  • 43.Luo, X., Edwards, C. L., Richardson, W., & Hey, L. (2004). Relationships of clinical, psychologic, and individual factors with the functional status of neck pain patients. Value in health, 7(1), 61-69.
  • 44. Yilmaz, A., ALTUĞ, F., & COŞKUN, E. (2012). Kronik bel ağrısı olan hastalarda ağrı, özürlülük durumu ve psikolojik faktörlerin incelenmesi. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 32(5), 1278-1283.
  • 45. Herrmann, N., Black, S. E., Lawrence, J., Szekely, C., & Szalai, J. P. (1998). The Sunnybrook Stroke Study: a prospective study of depressive symptoms and functional outcome. Stroke, 29(3), 618-624.
  • 46. Andrews, G., Hobbs, M. J., Borkovec, T. D., Beesdo, K., Craske, M. G., Heimberg, R. G., ... & Stanley, M. A. (2010). Generalized worry disorder: a review of DSM‐IV generalized anxiety disorder and options for DSM‐V. Depression and anxiety, 27(2), 134-147.
  • 47.Park, S. J., Lee, R., Yoon, D. M., Yoon, K. B., Kim, K., & Kim, S. H. (2016). Factors associated with increased risk for pain catastrophizing in patients with chronic neck pain: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Medicine, 95(37).
  • 48. Lyons, R. A., Lo, S. V., & Littlepage, B. N. (1994). Comparative health status of patients with 11 common illnesses in Wales. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 48(4), 388-390.
  • 49. Endler, N. S., Corace, K. M., Summerfeldt, L. J., Johnson, J. M., & Rothbart, P. (2003). Coping with chronic pain. Personality and individual differences, 34(2), 323-346.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychiatry
Journal Section Research
Authors

Fatma Kartal 0000-0002-5379-0021

Rıfat Karlıdağ 0000-0002-3650-0774

Kerim Uğur 0000-0002-3131-6564

Publication Date March 31, 2021
Acceptance Date October 24, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 46 Issue: 1

Cite

MLA Kartal, Fatma et al. “Servikal Ve Lomber Disk Hernili Hastalarda Ruhsal bulguların değerlendirilmesi”. Cukurova Medical Journal, vol. 46, no. 1, 2021, pp. 70-80.