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Early psychological effects of earthquake trauma and possible risk factors

Year 2021, Volume: 46 Issue: 2, 488 - 494, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.841197

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify the psychiatric symptoms that emerged after the earthquake on 24.01.2020 in Sivrice County of Elazig as the epicenter, where a total of 44 people died and over 1500 people were injured.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted 2.5 months after earthquake. Sociodemographic Data Form, Beck Anxiety Scale (BAS), Beck Depression Scale (BDS), Peritraumatic Dissociation Scale (PTDS), DSM-5 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Check List (PTSDCL) were applied to all participants.
Results: A total of 360 people were included in the study, 284 of whom were the victims of the earthquake, and 76 constituted the Control Group. The mean age of the participants was 30.9±9.9. It was found that 11 earthquake victims (3.87%) lost their relatives in the earthquake. The BAS and BDS scores of the participants did not differ between the groups. The calculated scores of earthquake victims were much higher in PTDS and PTSDCL.
Conclusion: Trauma and dissociation scores were increased, and the depression and anxiety levels of the survivors did not increase after the earthquake. Based on our results it is important to identify the psychiatric symptoms of survivors after disasters such as earthquakes, respond to diseases that might be detected quickly, support them psychiatrically-socially in terms of their being able to become used to their loss/new life order and for their psychiatric well-being.

Project Number

-

References

  • Referans 1. USGS. Earthquake facts [Internet]. [cited 2015 Dec 16]. Available from https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/facts.php
  • Referans 2. Wu Z, Xu J, He L. Psychological consequences and associated risk factors among adult survivors of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. BMC Psychiatry 2014;14:126.
  • Referans 3. Farooqui M, Quadri SA, Suriya SS, Khan MA, Ovais M, Sohail Z, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder: a serious post-earthquake complication. Trends Psychiatry Psychother 2017; 39(2): 135-143.
  • Referans 4. Naeem F, Ayub M, Masood K, Gul H, Khalid M, Farrukh A, et al. Prevalence and psychosocial risk factors of PTSD: 18 months after Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan. J Affect Disord 2011;130:268-74.
  • Referans 5. Long J, Huang X, Liao Y, Hu X, Hu J, Lui S, et al. Prediction of post-earthquake depressive and anxiety symptoms: a longitudinal resting-state fMRI study. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6423.
  • Referans 6. Blanc J, Bui E, Mouchenik Y, Derivois D, Birmes P. Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in two groups of children one year after the January 2010 earthquake in Haiti. J Affect Disord 2014;172:121-6.
  • Referans 7. Cankardaş S, Sofuoğlu Z. Deprem ya da Yangin Deneyimlemis Kisilerde Travma Sonrasi Stres Bozuklugu Belirtileri ve Belirtilerin Yordayicilari. Turkish J Psychiatry 2019; 30(3).
  • Referans 8. Roberts YH, Mitchell MJ, Witman M, Taffaro C. Mental health symptoms in youth affected by Hurricane Katrina. Prof PsycholRes Pr. 2010;41:10-8.
  • Referans 9. Norenzayan A, Lee A. It was meant to happen: explaining cultural variations in fate attributions. J Pers Soc Psychol 2010;98:702-720.
  • Referans 10. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consul Clin Psychol 1988;56:893-897.
  • Referans 11. Ulusoy M, Şahin N, Erkmen H. Turkish version of The Beck Anxiety Inventory: psychometric Properties. J Cogn Psychother 1998;12:28-35.
  • Referans 12. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961; 4: 561-571.
  • Referans 13. Hisli N. Beck Depresyon Envanterinin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliliği, güvenirliği. J Psychol 1989; 7:3-13.
  • Referans 14. Geyran P, Kocabaşoğlu N, Özdemir-Çorapçıoğlu A. Peritravmatik Dissosiyasyon Ölçeği (PDEQ) Türkçe Versiyonunun Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirliği. New Symposium 2005;43(2):79-84.
  • Referans 15. Weathers FW, Litz BT, Keane TM, Palmieri PA, Marx BP, Schnurr PP. The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) 2013.
  • Referans 16. Boysan M, Özdemir PG, Özdemir O, Selvi Y, Yılmaz E, Kaya N. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the PTSD checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (PCL-5). Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2017;27(3):306-316.
  • Referans 17. AFAD. “Elazığ ve Malatya’da Deprem Sonrası Müdahale ve İyileştirme Çalışmaları Devam Ediyor” (11.02.2020 tarihinde https://elazig.afad.gov.tr/elazig-ve-malatyada-deprem-sonrasi-mudahale-veiyilestirme-calismalari-devam-ediyor adresinden ulaşılmıştır)
  • Referans 18. Bavafa A, Khazaie H, Khaledi-Paveh B, Rezaie L. The relationship of severity of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress with sleep quality in earthquake survivors in Kermanshah. J Inj Violence Res 2019; 11(2): 225.
  • Referans 19. Gerstner RM, Lara-Lara F, Vasconez E, Viscor G, Jarrin JD, et al. Earthquake-related stressors associated with suicidality, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress in adolescents from Muisne after the earthquake 2016 in Ecuador. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20(1): 347.
  • Referans 20. Gao X, Leng Y, Guo Y, Yang J, Cui Q, Geng B, et al. Association between earthquake experience and depression 37 years after the Tangshan earthquake: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2019; 9(8): e026110.
  • Referans 21. Cheng Y, Wang F, Wen J, Shi Y. Risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after Wenchuan earthquake: a case control study. PLoS One 2014;9: e96644
  • Referans 22. Hikichi H, Aida J, Tsuboya T, Kondo K, Kawachi I. Can community social cohesion prevent posttraumatic stress disorder in the aftermath of a disaster? A natural experiment from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 183(10), 902-910.
  • Referans 23. Baral IA, Bhagawati KC. Post traumatic stress disorder and coping strategies among adult survivors of earthquake, Nepal. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19(1): 1-8.
  • Referans 24. Canan F, North CS. Dissociation and disasters: A systematic review. World J Psychiatry 2019; 9(6): 83.
  • Referans 25. Blanc J, Rahill GJ, Laconi S, Mouchenik Y. Religious Beliefs, PTSD, Depression and Resilience in Survivors of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. J Affect Disord 2016; 190: 697-703
  • Referans 26. Kannis‐Dymand L, Carter JD, Lane BR, Innes P. The relationship of peritraumatic distress and dissociation with beliefs about memory following natural disasters. Australian Psychol 2019; 54(4): 311-321.
  • Referans 27. Özdemir O, Boysan M, Özdemir PG, Yilmaz E. Relations between post-traumatic stress disorder, dissociation and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among earthquake survivors. Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi 2015; 52(3): 252.

Deprem travmasının erken dönem psikolojik etkileri ve olası risk faktörleri

Year 2021, Volume: 46 Issue: 2, 488 - 494, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.841197

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı; 24.01.2020 tarihinde merkez üssü Elazığ Sivrice ilçesi olan, toplamda 44 kişinin vefat ettiği ve 1500 üzerinde insanın yaralandığı deprem sonrası ortaya çıkan psikiyatrik semptomları ortaya koyabilmektir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma depremden 2,5 ay sonra yapılmıştır. Tüm katılımcılara; sosyodemografik veri formu, Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği (BAÖ), Beck Depresyon Ölçeği (BDÖ), Peritravmatik Disosiyasyon Ölçeği (PTDÖ), DSM-5 Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Kontrol Listesi (TSSBKL) uygulandı.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya 360 kişi; 284 kişi deprem mağduru ve 76 kişi de kontrol grubu olarak alındı. Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 30.9±9.9 olarak hesaplandı. Deprem mağdurlarından yakınını kaybeden 11 kişi (%3.87) olduğu saptandı. Katılımcıların BAÖ ve BDÖ skorları gruplar arasında farklılık göstermedi. PTDÖ ve TSSBKL için deprem mağdurlarının hesaplanan skorları çok daha yüksekti.
Sonuç: Çalışmamızda deprem sonrası hayatta kalanların depresyon ve ansiyete düzeyleri artmasa da travma ve dissosiyasyon skorlarının artmış olduğu görüldü. Elde ettiğimiz sonuçlara dayanarak; deprem gibi felaketler sonrası hayatta kalanların psikiyatrik ve sosyal olarak iyi desteklenmeleri, hem kayıplarına alışabilmeleri hem de psikiyatrik olarak rahatsızlanmamaları açısından önemlidir.

Supporting Institution

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Project Number

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Thanks

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References

  • Referans 1. USGS. Earthquake facts [Internet]. [cited 2015 Dec 16]. Available from https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/facts.php
  • Referans 2. Wu Z, Xu J, He L. Psychological consequences and associated risk factors among adult survivors of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. BMC Psychiatry 2014;14:126.
  • Referans 3. Farooqui M, Quadri SA, Suriya SS, Khan MA, Ovais M, Sohail Z, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder: a serious post-earthquake complication. Trends Psychiatry Psychother 2017; 39(2): 135-143.
  • Referans 4. Naeem F, Ayub M, Masood K, Gul H, Khalid M, Farrukh A, et al. Prevalence and psychosocial risk factors of PTSD: 18 months after Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan. J Affect Disord 2011;130:268-74.
  • Referans 5. Long J, Huang X, Liao Y, Hu X, Hu J, Lui S, et al. Prediction of post-earthquake depressive and anxiety symptoms: a longitudinal resting-state fMRI study. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6423.
  • Referans 6. Blanc J, Bui E, Mouchenik Y, Derivois D, Birmes P. Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in two groups of children one year after the January 2010 earthquake in Haiti. J Affect Disord 2014;172:121-6.
  • Referans 7. Cankardaş S, Sofuoğlu Z. Deprem ya da Yangin Deneyimlemis Kisilerde Travma Sonrasi Stres Bozuklugu Belirtileri ve Belirtilerin Yordayicilari. Turkish J Psychiatry 2019; 30(3).
  • Referans 8. Roberts YH, Mitchell MJ, Witman M, Taffaro C. Mental health symptoms in youth affected by Hurricane Katrina. Prof PsycholRes Pr. 2010;41:10-8.
  • Referans 9. Norenzayan A, Lee A. It was meant to happen: explaining cultural variations in fate attributions. J Pers Soc Psychol 2010;98:702-720.
  • Referans 10. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consul Clin Psychol 1988;56:893-897.
  • Referans 11. Ulusoy M, Şahin N, Erkmen H. Turkish version of The Beck Anxiety Inventory: psychometric Properties. J Cogn Psychother 1998;12:28-35.
  • Referans 12. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961; 4: 561-571.
  • Referans 13. Hisli N. Beck Depresyon Envanterinin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliliği, güvenirliği. J Psychol 1989; 7:3-13.
  • Referans 14. Geyran P, Kocabaşoğlu N, Özdemir-Çorapçıoğlu A. Peritravmatik Dissosiyasyon Ölçeği (PDEQ) Türkçe Versiyonunun Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirliği. New Symposium 2005;43(2):79-84.
  • Referans 15. Weathers FW, Litz BT, Keane TM, Palmieri PA, Marx BP, Schnurr PP. The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) 2013.
  • Referans 16. Boysan M, Özdemir PG, Özdemir O, Selvi Y, Yılmaz E, Kaya N. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the PTSD checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (PCL-5). Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2017;27(3):306-316.
  • Referans 17. AFAD. “Elazığ ve Malatya’da Deprem Sonrası Müdahale ve İyileştirme Çalışmaları Devam Ediyor” (11.02.2020 tarihinde https://elazig.afad.gov.tr/elazig-ve-malatyada-deprem-sonrasi-mudahale-veiyilestirme-calismalari-devam-ediyor adresinden ulaşılmıştır)
  • Referans 18. Bavafa A, Khazaie H, Khaledi-Paveh B, Rezaie L. The relationship of severity of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress with sleep quality in earthquake survivors in Kermanshah. J Inj Violence Res 2019; 11(2): 225.
  • Referans 19. Gerstner RM, Lara-Lara F, Vasconez E, Viscor G, Jarrin JD, et al. Earthquake-related stressors associated with suicidality, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress in adolescents from Muisne after the earthquake 2016 in Ecuador. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20(1): 347.
  • Referans 20. Gao X, Leng Y, Guo Y, Yang J, Cui Q, Geng B, et al. Association between earthquake experience and depression 37 years after the Tangshan earthquake: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2019; 9(8): e026110.
  • Referans 21. Cheng Y, Wang F, Wen J, Shi Y. Risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after Wenchuan earthquake: a case control study. PLoS One 2014;9: e96644
  • Referans 22. Hikichi H, Aida J, Tsuboya T, Kondo K, Kawachi I. Can community social cohesion prevent posttraumatic stress disorder in the aftermath of a disaster? A natural experiment from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 183(10), 902-910.
  • Referans 23. Baral IA, Bhagawati KC. Post traumatic stress disorder and coping strategies among adult survivors of earthquake, Nepal. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19(1): 1-8.
  • Referans 24. Canan F, North CS. Dissociation and disasters: A systematic review. World J Psychiatry 2019; 9(6): 83.
  • Referans 25. Blanc J, Rahill GJ, Laconi S, Mouchenik Y. Religious Beliefs, PTSD, Depression and Resilience in Survivors of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. J Affect Disord 2016; 190: 697-703
  • Referans 26. Kannis‐Dymand L, Carter JD, Lane BR, Innes P. The relationship of peritraumatic distress and dissociation with beliefs about memory following natural disasters. Australian Psychol 2019; 54(4): 311-321.
  • Referans 27. Özdemir O, Boysan M, Özdemir PG, Yilmaz E. Relations between post-traumatic stress disorder, dissociation and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among earthquake survivors. Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi 2015; 52(3): 252.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychiatry
Journal Section Research
Authors

Gülay Akça Taşçı 0000-0003-2078-0182

Filiz Özsoy 0000-0002-5198-8827

Project Number -
Publication Date June 30, 2021
Acceptance Date February 12, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 46 Issue: 2

Cite

MLA Akça Taşçı, Gülay and Filiz Özsoy. “Deprem travmasının Erken dönem Psikolojik Etkileri Ve Olası Risk faktörleri”. Cukurova Medical Journal, vol. 46, no. 2, 2021, pp. 488-94, doi:10.17826/cumj.841197.

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