Personality traits and suicide probability in children and adolescents with specific learning disorder

Year 2021, Volume: 46 Issue: 3, 1245 - 1256, 30.09.2021

Dilşad Yıldız Miniksar Büşra Öz

https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.899873

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the personality traits and suicide probability of children and adolescents with a diagnosis of specific learning disorder (SLD).
Materials and Methods: Sixty children with SLD diagnosis and 60 children without SLD diagnosis were included in the study. K-SADS-PL (Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime version), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised Short Form (WISC-R), Children Depression Inventory (CDI), Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) Personality Inventory for DSM‑5‑Brief Form‑Children (PID-5-BF) scales were used in this study.
Results: Factors such as low birth weight, SPS total score and hopelessness subscale, PID-5-BF total score and other subscale scores (excluding antagonism) were higher in the SLD group compared to the control group. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of CDI score. Children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy had higher frequency of suicidal thoughts and PID-5-BF total scores.
Conclusion: Suicide probability and personality pathologies of children with SLD were found to be higher, regardless of the level of depression. While the low birth weight was important in the etiology of SLD, exposure to smoking during pregnancy was found to be a risk factor for child’s suicidal ideation and personality pathologies.

Keywords

Specific learning disorder (SLD), suicide, personality, pregnancy, children

Özgül öğrenme güçlüğü olan çocuk ve ergenlerin intihar olasılığı ve kişilik özellikleri

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı Özgül öğrenme güçlüğü (ÖÖG) tanısına sahip çocuk ve ergenlerin kişilik özellikleri ve intihar olasılıklarının incelenmesidir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya altmış ÖÖG tanılı çocuk ve altmış ÖÖG tanısı olmayan çocuk katılmıştır. Bu araştırmada K-SADS-PL (Afektif Bozukluklar ve Şizofreni için Kiddie Çizelgesi-Şimdiki ve Yaşam Boyu versiyonu), Wechsler Çocuklar İçin Zeka Ölçeği-Revize Kısa Formu (WISC-R), Çocuk Depresyon Envanteri (CDI), İntihar Olasılığı Ölçeği (SPS), Kişilik DSM 5 Kısa Form Çocuklar İçin Envanter (PID-5-BF) kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: ÖÖG grubunun düşük doğum ağırlığı, SPS total skor ve umutsuzluk alt ölçeği, PID-5-BF total skor ve diğer alt ölçek skorları (karşıtlık hariç) diğer gruptan yüksekti. CDI skor açısından anlamlı farklılık yoktu. Anneleri gebelikte sigara kullanan çocukların intihar düşüncesi ve PID-5-BF total skoru daha yüksekti.
Sonuç: Çalışmamızda ÖÖG tanılı çocukların intihar olasılıkları ve kişilik patolojileri depresyon düzeyinden bağımsız olarak yüksek bulunmuştur. Düşük doğum ağırlığının ÖÖG etyolojisinde önemli olduğu, gebelik döneminde sigaraya maruziyetin, çocuğun intihar düşüncesi ve kişilik patolojisi için bir risk faktörü olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Özgül öğrenme güçlüğü (ÖÖG), intihar, kişilik, gebelik, çocuklar

References

• 1. American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5R), Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
• 2. Sahoo MK, Biswas H, Padhy SK. Psychologicalco-morbidity in children with specific learning disorders. J Family Med Prim Care. 2015; 4(1):21.
• 3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnosticand Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth ed. (DSM-IV-TR), Washington, D.C.: APA. 2004.
• 4. Srinath S, Girimaji SC, Gururaj G, Seshadri S, Subbakrishna DK, Bhola P, et al. Epidemiological study of child&adolescent psychiatric disorders in urban &rural areas of Bangalore, India. Indian J MedRes. 2005;122(1):67.
• 5. Mason A, Mason M. Understanding college students with learning disabilities. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 2005;52, 61–70.
• 6. Swanson HL, Hsieh CJ. Reading disabilities in adults: a selective meta-analysis of theliterature. Rev. Educ. Res. 2009;79, 1362–90.
• 7. Tsitsas G. How personality traits relate to the self-esteem of Greek children and adolescents with dyslexia. J. Pedagog. Dev. 2017;7, 1–14.
• 8. Pennington BF, Mcgrath LM, Rosenberg J, Barnard H, Smith SD, Willcutt EG et al. “Gene X Environment Interactions in Reading Disability and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.” Dev Psychol. 2009; 45: 77-89.
• 9. Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U, Flynn C, Moreci P, et al. Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (KSADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:980–8.
• 10. Gokler B, Unal F, Pehlivanturk B, Cengel Kultur E, Devrim Akdemir D, Taner Y. Reliability and validity of Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school age children – present and lifetime version –Turkish version (K-SADS-PL-T). Turk J Child Adol Mental Health. 2004;11:109–16 (in Turkish).
• 11. Uluç S, Öktem F, Erden G, Gençöz T, Sezgin N. Wechler intelligence scale for children-IV: A new era for Turkey in evaluation of intelligence in the clinical context. Turkish psychology writings. 2011;14(28):49.
• 12. Kovacs M. The children’s depression, inventory (CDI).Psychopharmacol Bull. 1985; 21:995-8.
• 13. Oy B. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children andadolescents: epidemiology, clinic, family characteristics,and prognosis [in Turkish]. Turkish Journal of Child andAdolescent Psychiatry. 1994;1:119-24.
• 14. Cull JG, Gill WS. Suicide Probability Scale. Western Psychological Services, Los Angels. 1990.
• 15. Atlı Z, Eskin M, Dereboy C. The validity and the reliliability of suicide probability scale (SPS) in clinical sample. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2009; 12, 111–124.
• 16. Krueger RF, Eaton NR, Clark LA, Watson D, Markon KE, Derringer J, et al. Deriving an empirical structure of personality pathology for DSM-5. Journal of Personality Disorders. 2011; 25(2), 170–191.
• 17. Yalın Sapmaz Ş, Özek Erkuran H, Uzel Tanrıverdi B, Öztürk M, Köroğlu E, Aydemir Ö. Reliability and Validity of Turkish DSM-5 Personality Inventory Child Form.Istanbul Turkey. 2017.
• 18. Kovachy VN, Adams JN, Tamaresis JS, Feldman HM. Reading abilities in school-aged preterm children: a review and meta-analysis. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 2015; 57, 410–19.
• 19. Kempe C, Gustafson S, Samuelsson S. A Longitudinal Study of Early Reading Difficulties and Subsequent Problem Behaviors. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 2011; 52(3), 242-50.
• 20. Avcı A, Aslan H, Alparslan N. Depressive in Cases Applying to Child Psychiatry. Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine Journal. 1996; 21(3), 137-141.
• 21. WilburnVR, Smith DE. Stres, self-esteem and suicidal ideation in late adolescents, Adolescence. 2005; 40 (157): 33-45.
• 22. Brezo J,Paris J and Turecki G. Personality traits as correlates of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and suicide completions: asystematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2006; 113, 180-206.
• 23. Stewart SM, Kennard BD, Lee P, W Mayes T, Hughes C, Emslie G. Hopelessness and suicidal ideation among adolescent in two cultures, Journal of Child Psycholoy and Psychiatry. 2005; 46 (4): 364–372.
• 24. Sharma G. A Comparative Study of the Personality Characteristics of Primary School Students With Learning Disabilities and Their Non-Learning Disabled Peers. Learning Disability. Quarterly. 2004; 27(3), 127-140.
• 25. Watson D, Stasik SM, Ro E, Clark LA. Integrating normal and pathological personality relating the DSM-5 trait-dimensional model to general traits of personality. Assessment.2013; 20(3),312–326.
• 26. De Hirsch K and Janaky JJ. Patterning and organizational deficits in children with language and learning disabilities. Bulletin of the Orton Society. Vol. 30. Reprint No. Y2. 1980.
• 27. Richardson AJ and Stein JF. Personality characteristics of adult dyslexics. In S.F. Wright and R. Groner (Eds.). Facets of Dyslexia and its Remediation. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland Science Publishers.1993; pp. 41 l-423.
• 28. Roberts EO, Proudlock FA, Martin K, Reveley MA, Al-Uzri M, Gottlob I. Read-ing in schizophrenic subjects and their nonsymptomaticfirst-degree relatives.Schizophr. Bull. 2013; 39, 896–907.
• 29. Migden SD. Dyslexia and self control: An ego psychoanalytic perspective.Psychoanalytic Study of the child. 1998;53, 282−299.
• 30. Borum R, Bartel P and Forth A. SAVRY: Manual for the structured assessment of violence risk in youth.USA: University of South Florida.2003.
• 31. Kaplan HI and Sadock BJ. Clinical Psychiatry. E Abay (translation editor.), İstanbul: Nobel Matbaacılık.2004.
• 32. APA. Practice Guidelines Assessment and Treatment of Patients With Suicidal Behaviors.2003.
• 33. Thapar A, Collishaw S, Pine DS, Thapar AK. Depression in adolescence. Lancet. 2012;17:1056- 1067.
• 34. Mete HE. Chronic İllness and Depression. Clinical Psychiatry. 2008; 11(Annex 3):3-18.
• 35. Pompili M, Ruberto A, Kotzalidis GD, Girardi P, Tatarelli R. Suicide and awareness of illness in schizophrenia: an overview. Bull Menninger Clin. 2004; 68(4):297-318.
• 36. Santosh PJ and Taylor E. Stimulant drugs. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000; 9:27-43.
• 37. Ekblad M, Gissler M, Lehtonen L, Korkeila J. Prenatal smoking exposure and the risk for psychiatric morbidity into young adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010; 67(8):841–9.
• 38. Fegusson DM, Woodward LJ and Harwood. Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Psychiatric Adjustment in Late Adolesence. Arch Gen Psychiatry.1998; 55: 721 –7.
• 39. Brennan PA, Grekin ER and Mednick SA. Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and AdultMale Criminal Outcomes. Arch Gen Psychiatry.1999; 56: 215-9.
• 40. Cebeci S, Aydemir Ç and Göka E. Depression symptom prevalence in puerperal period: obstetric risk factors, anxiety. Crisis Journal. 2002; 10(1):11–18.
• 41. Yanıkkerem E, Atlan E and Demirtosun P. Depression in pregnant women living in the Manisa No.1 health center area. Obstetrics Journal. 2004; 2(4):301–6.