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Sağlık Harcamalarının Etkinliği ile Temel Makroekonomik Değişkenler Arasındaki İlişki: MIST Ülkeleri Üzerine Kanıtlar

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 478 - 494, 30.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.30613/curesosc.1750343

Abstract

Bu çalışma, sağlık harcamalarının teknik etkinliği ile temel makroekonomik değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Hedef, ülkelerin sağlık harcamalarını sağlık sonuçlarına ne kadar verimli dönüştürebildiğini değerlendirmektir. Çalışma, 2000–2022 döneminde Endonezya, Meksika, Güney Kore ve Türkiye’ye ait Dünya Bankası verilerini kapsamaktadır. İlk aşamada, Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) ile özel, kamu ve cepten yapılan sağlık harcamaları girdi; doğumda yaşam beklentisi ve bebek ölüm oranı ise çıktı olarak kullanılarak teknik etkinlik skorları hesaplanmıştır. İkinci aşamada, Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel nedensellik testi ile sağlık harcama etkinliği ile işsizlik, enflasyon ve kişi başı gelir arasındaki ilişkiler analiz edilmiştir. VZA sonuçları, ülkeler arasında sağlık harcamalarının etkinliğinde farklılıklar olduğunu göstermektedir. Nedensellik analizinde, kişi başına gelir ile sağlık harcama etkinliği arasında çift yönlü nedensellik tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, sağlık harcama etkinliğinden işsizlik ve enflasyona doğru tek yönlü nedensellik bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar, sağlık harcamalarının etkinliğinin yalnızca sağlık sonuçlarını değil, makroekonomik istikrarı da etkilediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Özellikle, etkinliğin artması işsizlik ve enflasyonun azalmasına katkı sağlayabilir. Kişi başı gelirle etkinlik arasındaki karşılıklı ilişki, ekonomik büyüme ile etkili sağlık harcamalarını birlikte hedefleyen politikaların önemini vurgulamaktadır.

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The Relationship Between Health Expenditure Efficiency and Key Macroeconomic Variables: Evidence from MIST Countries

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 478 - 494, 30.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.30613/curesosc.1750343

Abstract

This study investigates the Granger causality relationship between the technical efficiency of health expenditures and key macroeconomic indicators. The aim is to assess how efficiently countries convert healthcare spending into health outcomes. The analysis covers Indonesia, Mexico, South Korea, and Türkiye over the period 2000–2022 using World Bank data. In the first stage, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is applied to compute technical efficiency scores, using private, public, and out-of-pocket health expenditures as inputs, and life expectancy at birth and infant mortality rate as outputs. In the second stage, the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test examines causal links between health expenditure efficiency and macroeconomic variables: unemployment, inflation, and per capita income. The DEA results reveal differences in efficiency levels among the countries studied. The causality analysis identifies a bidirectional relationship between per capita income and health expenditure efficiency. Additionally, unidirectional causality is observed from efficiency scores to both unemployment and inflation. The findings suggest that improving health expenditure efficiency not only enhances health outcomes but also influences macroeconomic stability. While rising efficiency seems linked to lower unemployment and inflation, this claim should be moderated to avoid implying a causal relationship. Moreover, the feedback loop between per capita income and efficiency underscores the need for policies that promote both economic growth and effective healthcare spending.

References

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  • Akın, F., Dinçer, S., & Özdemir, M. G. (2024). G-7 ülkelerinde göç, karbon emisyonu ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel nedensellik analizi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 16(30), 36–50. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1427932
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  • Akobi, K. C., Umeora, C. E., & Atueyi, C. L. (2021). Government expenditure and inflation rate in Nigeria. International Journal of Business Systems and Economics, 13(4), 276–293.
  • Alper, A., & Oransay, G. (2015). Cari açık ve finansal gelişmişlik ilişkisinin panel nedensellik analizi ekseninde değerlendirilmesi. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 1(2), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.20979/ueyd.182896
  • Amiri, M. M., Kazemian, M., Motaghed, Z., & Abdi, Z. (2021). Systematic review of factors determining health care expenditures. Health Policy and Technology, 10(2), 100498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2021.01.004
  • Badri, A. K., & Badri, S. K. (2016). Health spending and economic growth in selected OECD countries. American Journal of Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2(1), 5–9.
  • Bassey, J. U., Riman, H. B., & Edu, B. E. (2025). Health care expenditure in Nigeria: Does the level of government spending really matter? SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1540279 (Accessed July 12, 2025)
  • Bayraktutan, Y., & Alancıoğlu, E. (2020). Sağlık harcamaları-iktisadi büyüme ilişkisi: Seçilmiş OECD ülkeleri için panel bootstrap Granger nedensellik analizi. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2), 1–12.
  • Behdioğlu, S., & Özcan, A. G. G. (2009). Veri zarflama analizi ve bankacılık sektöründe bir uygulama. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(3), 301–326.
  • Behera, D. K., & Dash, U. (2017). Impact of GDP and tax revenue on health care financing: An empirical investigation from Indian states. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 2(611), 249–266.
  • Behera, D. K., & Dash, U. (2019). Prioritization of government expenditure on health in India: A fiscal space perspective. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 68, 100667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2018.11.004
  • Bhargava, A., Jamison, D. T., Lau, L. J., & Murray, C. J. (2001). Modeling the effects of health on economic growth. Journal of Health Economics, 20(3), 423–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(01)00073-X
  • Bloom, D. E., & Canning, D. (2008). Population health and economic growth (Commission on Growth and Development Working Paper No. 24).
  • Bustamante, A. V., & Shimoga, S. V. (2017). Comparing the income elasticity of health spending in middle-income and high-income countries: The role of financial protection. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 7(3), 255. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2017.83
  • Castaldo, A., Antonelli, M. A., De Bonis, V., & Marini, G. (2020). Determinants of health sector efficiency: Evidence from a two-step analysis on 30 OECD countries. Economics Bulletin, 40(2), 1651–1666.
  • Cole, M. A., & Neumayer, E. (2006). The impact of poor health on total factor productivity. Journal of Development Studies, 42(6), 918–938. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380600774681
  • Coşkun Yılmaz, S. (2023). The effect of health and education expenditures on the employment: Empirical evidence from Türkiye. Journal of Economics and Research, 4(2), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.53280/jer.1357586
  • Çalışkan, Ş., Karabacak, M., & Meçik, O. (2013). Türkiye’de eğitim-ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: 1923–2011 (kantitatif bir yaklaşım). Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(21), 29–48.
  • Çıraklı, Ü. (2019). Türkiye’de makroekonomik faktörler ile sağlık harcamaları ve Sağlık Bakanlığı bütçesi arasındaki ilişkinin ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı ile incelenmesi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(2), 581–596. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.449527
  • Demir, M. A. (2020). Gelir dağılımı eşitsizliği ve lüks mal ithalatı arasında panel nedensellik analizi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 12(23), 419–430. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.722642
  • Dumitrescu, E. I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450–1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014
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There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Services and Systems (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Cuma Çakmak 0000-0002-4409-9669

Yaşar Turna 0000-0002-3972-9099

İsmail Biçer 0000-0003-1878-0546

Early Pub Date November 30, 2025
Publication Date November 30, 2025
Submission Date July 24, 2025
Acceptance Date November 24, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çakmak, C., Turna, Y., & Biçer, İ. (2025). The Relationship Between Health Expenditure Efficiency and Key Macroeconomic Variables: Evidence from MIST Countries. Current Research in Social Sciences, 11(2), 478-494. https://doi.org/10.30613/curesosc.1750343