The Childhood Bruxism: Literature Review

Abstract

ABSTRACT Bruxism is an activity characterized by tightening or creaking of the teeth that occurs most fre- quently during sleep. It may occur at night or in the daytime. Patients typically clench their teeth during the day, and they grit their teeth at night. Although its etiology is not entirely understood, it can be said that factors such as stress, nutritional deficiency, allergic diseases, unhealthy behav- iors, and malocclusion predispose to the presence of bruxism. The treatment of childhood sleep bruxism is a multidisciplinary approach involving pediatricians, pedodontists, and other practi- tioners in the healthcare field. This study summarizes childhood bruxism, its etiological causes, diagnosis, and potential current options for treatment. Keywords: Bruxism, teeth grinding, parafunctional habits, diagnosis, treatment ÖZ Bruksizm; en sık uyku sırasında ortaya çıkan dişlerin sıkılması veya gıcırdatılması ile karakterize bir aktivitedir. Gece ya da gün boyunca oluşabilmektedir. Etiyolojisi tam olarak bilinmemekle birlikte stres, beslenme yetersizliği, alerjik hastalıklar, zararlı alışkanlıklar ve malokluzyon gibi faktörlerin bruksizm varlığına yatkınlık oluşturduğu söylenebilir. Çocuklarda uyku bruksizmi tedavisi; pediat- ristler, pedodontistler ve diğer sağlık profesyonellerini de içeren multidisipliner bir yaklaşımdır. Bu derleme çocuklarda görülen bruksizmi, etiyolojik faktörlerini, tanı ve olası güncel tedavi seçenek- lerini özetlemektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bruksizm, diş gıcırdatma, parafonksiyonel alışkanlıklar tanı, tedavi

Keywords

• Bruxism
• teeth grinding
• parafunctional habits
• diagnosis
• treatment

References

1. 1. American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). International classifi- cation of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual. Westches- ter: AASM; 2005.
2. 2. Manfredini D, Restrepo C, Diaz-Serrano K, Winocur E, Lobbezoo F. Prevalence of sleep bruxism in children: a systematic review of the literature. J Oral Rehabil. 2013;40(8):631-642. [CrossRef]
3. 3. Manfredini D, Winocur E, Guarda-Nardini L, Paesani D, Lobbezoo F. Epidemiology of bruxism in adults: a systematic review of the litera- ture. J Orofac Pain. 2013;27(2):99-110. [CrossRef]
4. 4. Negoro T, Briggs J, Plesh O, Nielsen I, McNeill C, Miller AJ. Bruxing patterns in children compared to intercuspal clenching and chewing as assessed with dental models, electromyography, and incisor jaw tracings preliminary study. ASDC J Dent Child. 1998;65(6):449-458.
5. 5. Kieser JA, Groeneveld HT. Relationship between juvenile bruxing and craniomandibular dysfunction. J Oral Rehabil. 1998;25(9):662-665. [CrossRef]
6. 6. Serra-Negra JM, Ramos-Jorge ML, Flores-Mendoza CE, Paiva SM, Pordeus IA. Influence of psychosocial factors on the development of sleep bruxism among children. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2009;19(5):309-317. [CrossRef]
7. 7. Shetty S, Pitti V, Satish Babu CL, Surendra Kumar GP, Deepthi BC. Bruxism: A literature review. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2010;10(3):141-148. [CrossRef]
8. 8. Jokubauskas L, Baltrušaitytė A. Relationship between obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and sleep bruxism: a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil. 2017;44(2):144-153. [CrossRef]

9. 9. Ohmure H, Oikawa K, Kanematsu K, et al. Influence of experimental esophageal acidification on sleep bruxism: a randomized trial. J Dent Res. 2011;90(5):665-671. [CrossRef]
10. 10. Bader G, Lavigne G. Sleep bruxism; an overview of an oromandibular sleep movement disorder. Review article. Sleep Med Rev. 2000;4(1):27-43. [CrossRef]
11. 11. Vieira-Andrade RG, Drumond CL, Martins-Júnior PA, et al. Prevalence of sleep bruxism and associated factors in preschool children. Pedi- atr Dent. 2014;36(1):46-50.
12. 12. Drumond CL, Ramos-Jorge J, Vieira-Andrade RG, Paiva SM, Serra- Negra JMC, Ramos-Jorge ML. Prevalence of probable sleep bruxism and associated factors in Brazilian schoolchildren. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2018;10. [CrossRef]
13. 13. Lamenha Lins RM, Cavalcanti Campêlo MC, Mello Figueiredo L, Vilela Heimer M, Dos Santos-Junior VE. Probable sleep bruxism in children and its relationship with harmful oral habits, type of crossbite and oral breathing. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2020;44(1):66-69. [CrossRef]
14. 14. Nahás-Scocate AC, Coelho FV, de Almeida VC. Bruxism in children and transverse plane of occlusion: is there a relationship or not? Dent Press J Orthod. 2014;19(5):67-73. [CrossRef]
15. 15. Alves AC, Alchieri JC, Barbosa GA. Bruxism. Masticatory implications and anxiety. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2013;26(1):15-22.
16. 16. Soares-Silva L, Tavares-Silva C, Fonseca-Gonçalves A, Maia LC. Pres- ence of oral habits and their association with the trait of anxiety in pediatric patients with possible sleep bruxism. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2019;37(3):245-250. [CrossRef]
17. 17. Gonçalves LPV, Toledo OAd, Otero SAM. Relação entre bruxismo, fatores oclusais e hábitos bucais. Dental PressJOrthod. 2010;15(2):97-104. [CrossRef]
18. 18. Zapata M, Bachiega JC, Marangoni AF, et al. Ocorrência de mordida aberta anterior e hábitos bucais deletérios em crianças de 4 a 6 anos. Rev CEFAC. 2010;12(2):267-271. [CrossRef]
19. 19. Simões-Zenari M, Bitar ML. Factors associated to bruxism in children from 4-6 years. Pro Fono. 2010;22(4):465-472. [CrossRef]
20. 20. Ahlberg J, Lobbezoo F, Ahlberg K, et al. Selfreported bruxism mirrors anxiety and stress in adults. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2013;18(1):e7-11. [CrossRef]
21. 21. Alóe F, Gonçalves LR, Azevedo A, Barbosa RC. Bruxismo Durante Sono. Rev Neurociências. 2003;11(1):4-17.
22. 22. Kasımoğlu Y, Esen M, Fırat N, Ebeveynlerin çocuk T-IE, ile ilgili GEB, değerlendirilmesi BVT. Ata diş Hek Fak. Derg. 2020;30(3):400-405.
23. 23. Manfredini D, Lobbezoo F, Giancristofaro RA, Restrepo C. Association between proxy-reported sleep bruxism and quality of life aspects in Colombian children of different social layers. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(4):1351-1358. [CrossRef]
24. 24. de Alencar NA, Leão CS, Leão ATT, Luiz RR, Fonseca-Gonçalves A, Maia LC. Sleep bruxism and anxiety impacts in quality of life related to oral health of Brazilian children and their families. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2017;41(3):179-185. [CrossRef]
25. 25. De Luca Canto G, Singh V, Conti P, et al. Association between sleep bruxism and psychosocial factors in children and adolescents: a sys- tematic review. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2015;54(5):469-478. [CrossRef]
26. 26. Restrepo CC, Vásquez LM, Alvarez M, Valencia I. Personality traits and temporomandibular disorders in a group of chidren with bruxing behaviour. J Oral Rehabil. 2008;35(8):585-593. [CrossRef]
27. 27. Drumond CL, Paiva SM, Vieira-Andrade RG, et al. Do family function- ing and mothers' and children's stress increase the odds of probable sleep bruxism among schoolchildren? A case control study. Clin Oral Investig. 2020;24(2):1025-1033. [CrossRef]
28. 28. Dickstein S. The family couch: considerations for infant/early child- hood mental health. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2015;24(3):487-500. [CrossRef]
29. 29. Schor EL, American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on the Family. Family pediatrics: report of the Task Force on the Family. Pediatrics. 2003;111(6 Pt 2):1541-1571.
30. 30. Leme M, Barbosa T, Castelo P, Gavião MB. Associations between psy- chological factors and the presence of deleterious oral habits in children and adolescents. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2014;38(4):313-317. [CrossRef]
31. 31. Abe Y, Suganuma T, Ishii M, et al. Association of genetic, psychologi- cal and behavioral factors with sleep bruxism in a Japanese popula- tion. J Sleep Res. 2012;21(3):289-296. [CrossRef] 32. Lobbezoo F, Visscher CM, Ahlberg J, Manfredini D. Bruxism and genetics: A review of the literature. J Oral Rehabil. 2014;41(9):709-714. [CrossRef]
32. 33. Craig CF, Faust EC. Klinik Parazitoloji. 8. ed. Philadelphia: Lea ve Febiger; 1970. s. 67.
33. 34. Portero PP, Kern R, Kusma SZ, Grau-Grullon P. Placas oclusais no tratamento da disfunção temporomandibular. Gestão Saudev. 2009; 1(1):36-40.
34. 35. Rodrigues CK, Ditterich RG, Shintcovsk RL, Tanaka OM. Bruxismo: Uma revisão da literatura. Publ UEPG Cienc Biol Saúde. 2006;12(3):13-21.
35. 36. Schmidt E, Floriano N. “Rev O bruxismo como expressão do estresse contemporâneo”. Rev do Cromg: Odontologia, Ciência e Saúde. 2001; 12(1):4-8.
36. 37. Klasser GD, Rei N, Lavigne GJ. Sleep bruxism etiology: The evolution of a changing paradigm. J Can Dent Assoc. 2015;81:f2.
37. 38. Ohayon MM, Li KK, Guilleminault C. Risk factors for sleep bruxism in the general population. Chest. 2001;119(1):53-61. [CrossRef]
38. 39. Okeson JP. Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion. 5th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2003.
39. 40. Alonso-Navarro H, Martín-Prieto M, Ruiz-Ezquerro JJ, Jiménez- Jiménez FJ. Bruxism possibly induced by venlafaxine. Clin Neurop- harmacol. 2009;32(2):111-112. [CrossRef]
40. 41. Li Y, Yu F, Niu L, et al. Associations among bruxism, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and tooth wear. J Clin Med. 2018;7(11):417. [CrossRef]
41. 42. López-Pérez R, López-Morales P, Borges-Yáñez SA, Maupomé G, Parés-Vidrio G. Prevalence of bruxism among Mexican children with Down syndrome. Downs Syndr Res Pract. 2007;12(1):45-49. [CrossRef]
42. 43. Al-Sehaibany FS. Occurrence of oral habits among preschool chil- dren with autism Spectrum Disorder. Pak J Med Sci. 2017;33(5):1156- 1160. [CrossRef]
43. 44. Clementino MA, Siqueira MB, Serra-Negra JM, Paiva SM, Granville- Garcia AF. The prevalence of sleep bruxism and associated factors in children: a report by parents. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2017;18(6):399-404. [CrossRef]
44. 45. Prado IM, Paiva SM, Fonseca-Gonçalves A, et al. Knowledge of par- ents/caregivers about the sleep bruxism of their children from all five Brazilian regions: a multicenter study. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2019;29(4):507-523. [CrossRef]
45. 46. Gomes MC, Neves ÉT, Perazzo MF, et al. Evaluation of the association of bruxism, psychosocial and sociodemographic factors in pre- schoolers. Braz Oral Res. 2018;32:e009. [CrossRef] 47. Hachmann A. Eficácia da placa de uso noturno no controle do bruxismo em criança de 3 a 5 anos. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2009;27(3):329-334.
46. 48. Corrêa CT. O desenho da figura humana de crianças com bruxismo.Bol Psicol. 2006:55-124.
47. 49. Lobbezoo F, Ahlberg J, Raphael KG, et al. International consensus on the assessment of bruxism: report of a work in progress. J Oral Reha- bil. 2018;45(11):837-844. [CrossRef]
48. 50. Takagi I, Sakurai K. Investigation of the factors related to the forma- tion of the buccal mucosa ridging. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30(6):565-572. [CrossRef]
49. 51. Paesani DA, eds. Bruxism Theory and Practice. New Malden, UK: Quintessence Publishing Co; 2010.
50. 52. Serra-Negra JM, Tirsa-Costa D, Guimarães FH, Paiva SM, Pordeus IA. Evaluation of parents/guardian knowledge about the bruxism of their children: family knowledge of bruxism. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2013;31(3):153-158. [CrossRef]
51. 53. Abreu LG, Paiva SM, Pordeus IA, Martins CC. Breastfeeding, bottle feeding and risk of malocclusion in mixed and permanent dentitions: a systematic review. Braz Oral Res. 2016;30:1806-1807. [CrossRef]
52. 54. Koyano K, Tsukiyama Y, Ichiki R, Kuwata T. Assessment of bruxism in the clinic. J Oral Rehabil. 2008;35(7):495-508. [CrossRef]
53. 55. Alóe F, Gonçalves LR, Azevedo A,Barbosa RC. Bruxismo durante o sono. Rev Neurocienc. 2003;11(1):4-17. [CrossRef]
54. 56. Freitas AR, Dias MM, Falcão Filho HB, Vasconcellos AA. Sleep bruxism in children: prevalence and multidisciplinary therapy. Oral Health Dent Manag. 2014;13:897-901.
55. 57. Griffin CE 3rd, Kaye AM, Bueno FR, Kaye AD. Benzodiazepine phar- macology and central nervous system-mediated effects. Ochsner J. 2013;13(2):214-223.
56. 58. Mostafavi SN, Jafari A, Hoseini SG, Khademian M, Kelishadi R. The efficacy of low and moderate dosage of diazepam on sleep bruxism in children: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Res Med Sci. 2019;24:8. [CrossRef]
57. 59. Saletu A, Parapatics S, Anderer P, Matejka M, Saletu B. Controlled clinical, polysomnographic and psychometric studies on differences between sleep bruxers and controls and acute effects of clonazepam as compared with placebo. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010;260(2):163-174. [CrossRef]
58. 60. Yap AU, Chua AP. Sleep bruxism: current knowledge and contempo- rary management. J Conserv Dent. 2016;19(5):383-389. [CrossRef]
59. 61. Macedo CR. Placas Oclusais Para Tratamento do Bruxismo do Sono: Revisao Sistematica. Sao Paulo: Cochrane; 2007.