MADDİ KAYGI ÖLÇEĞİNİN (MKÖ) TÜRKÇEYE UYARLANMASI: GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

Abstract

Bu araştırmada Maddi Kaygı Ölçeğinin (Archuleta vd., 2013) Türkçeye uyarlanması, geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin sınanması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında doğrulayıcı faktör analizi için 314, yakınsak- ayırt edici geçerlik çalışması için 119 ve test tekrar test çalışması için 21 üniversite öğrencisi ve yetişkinden veri toplanmıştır. Uyarlanan formun geçerliği için ilk olarak doğrulayıcı faktör analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca yakınsak ve ayırt edici geçerliği test etmek üzere ekonomik kısıtlılıklar, yaygın kaygı bozukluğu, öznel sosyal statü ve yaşam doyumu değişkenleri ile uyarlanan ölçek arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Güvenirlik için ise iç tutarlılık katsayısı incelenmiş ve test tekrar test çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizinde modelin veriye iyi uyum gösterdiği görülmüştür. Ayrıca CR ve AVE değerlerinin yüksek olduğu, ölçme değişmezliğinin de sağlandığı bulunmuştur. Uyarlanan ölçme aracı ile ilişkili olabilecek yapıların, uyarlanan ölçek ile ilişkili olduğu ve dolayısıyla yakınsak ve ayırt edici geçerliğin de sağlandığı görülmüştür. Güvenirlikle ilgili olarak ise iç tutarlılık katsayılarının yüksek olduğu ve test tekrar test çalışmasında iki uygulama arasında yüksek düzeyde ilişki olduğu bulunmuştur. Analizler neticesinde yedi maddeden oluşan ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin güçlü bir şekilde sağlandığı ve maddi kaygı kavramını ele alacak çalışmalarda uygun bir şekilde kullanılabileceği tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

• Maddi kaygı
• Maddi sıkıntı
• Maddi problemler

ADAPTING THE FINANCİAL ANXIETY SCALE (FAS) TO TURKISH: A VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to adapt the Financial Anxiety Scale (Archuleta et al., 2013) to Turkish and to test its validity and reliability. Within the scope of the research, data were collected from 314 university students and adults for confirmatory factor analysis, 119 for convergent-discriminant validity study, and 21 for test-retest reliability study. First, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test the validity of the adapted form. The relationships between the adapted scale and the variables of economic constraints, generalized anxiety, subjective social status, and life satisfaction were also examined to test convergent and discriminant validity. To test reliability, the internal consistency coefficient was examined and a test-retest study was conducted. It was observed that the model showed a good fit to the data in confirmatory factor analysis, and in addition, high CR and AVE values were found. It was also observed that the constructs potentially associated with the adapted instrument were related to the adapted scale, thus confirming convergent and discriminant validity. Regarding reliability, high internal consistency coefficients were found and a high level of correlation between the two administrations was observed in the test-retest study. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that the scale consisting of seven items demonstrated strong validity and reliability, indicating its suitability for use in studies addressing the concept of financial anxiety.

Keywords

• Financial anxiety
• Financial distress
• Financial problems
• Scale adaptation

References

1. Adam, I., Dayour, F., & Kimbu, A. N. (2023). Crisis-induced financial anxiety, social support, socio-psychological wellbeing, and commitment to work in the tourism sector. Development Southern Africa, 40(5), 1014–1037. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2023.2165042
2. Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy, White women. Health Psychology, 19(6), 586–592. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.586
3. Ahamed, A. (2022). COVID-19-induced financial anxiety and state of the subjective well-being among the Bangladeshi middle class: the effects of demographic conditions. International Journal of Happiness and Development, 7(2), 142. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijhd.2022.124893
4. APA Dictionary of Psychology (2024). Anxiety, 09.01.2024, Retrieved from, https://dictionary.apa.org/anxiety
5. Archuleta, K. L., Dale, A. K., & Spann, S. M. (2013). College students and financial distress: exploring debt, financial satisfaction, and financial anxiety. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 24(2), 50–62. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1043230.pdf
6. Basyouni, S. S., & Keshky, M. E. S. E. (2021). Job insecurity, Work-Related Flow, and financial anxiety in the midst of COVID-19 pandemic and economic downturn. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.632265
7. Blanchflower, D. G., Bell, D., Montagnoli, A., & Moro, M. (2014). The happiness trade‐off between unemployment and inflation. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 46(S2), 117–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmcb.12154
8. Büyükgöze-Kavas, A., & Autin, K. L. (2019). Decent work in Turkey: Context, conceptualization, and assessment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 112, 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.01.006

9. Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem0902_5
10. Dağlı, A., & Baysal, N. (2016). Yaşam doyumu ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(59). https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.263229
11. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
12. Duffy, R. D., Gensmer, N. P., Allan, B. A., Kim, H. J., Douglass, R. P., England, J. W., Autin, K. L., & Blustein, D. L. (2019). Developing, validating, and testing improved measures within the Psychology of Working Theory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 112, 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.02.012
13. Dünya Ekonomik Forumu. (2023). The Global Risks Report 2023. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Global_Risks_Report_2023.pdf
14. Ekonomik İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Örgütü. (2023). OECD Economic Outlook. https://doi.org/10.1787/16097408
15. Ekonomik İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Örgütü. (2024a). Inflation (CPI) (indicator). https://doi.org/10.1787/eee82e6e-en (09 Haziran 2024 tarihinde erişildi)
16. Ekonomik İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Örgütü. (2024b). Poverty rate (indicator). https://doi.org/10.1787/0fe1315d-en (09 Haziran 2024 tarihinde erişildi)
17. Ekonomik İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Örgütü. (2024c). Unemployment rate (indicator). https://doi.org/10.1787/52570002-en (09 Haziran 2024 tarihinde erişildi)
18. Gignac, G. E., Gerrans, P., & Andersen, C. (2023). Financial literacy mediates the effect between verbal intelligence and financial anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 203, 112025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.112025
19. Greene, D. C., Britton, P. J., & Shepherd, J. B. (2016). LGBTQ aging: Mental health at midlife and older adulthood. Journal of Lgbt Issues in Counseling, 10(4), 180–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2016.1233839
20. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage.
21. Helliwell, J. F., Huang, H., & Wang, S. (2013). Social Capital and Well-Being in times of crisis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(1), 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9441-z
22. Hobfoll, S. E. (2010). Conservation of resources theory: Its implication for stress, health, and resilience. Oxford University Press eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195375343.013.0007
23. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
24. Jawahar, I. M., Mohammed, Z. J., & Schreurs, B. (2022). Effects of financial anxiety and employability on emotional exhaustion and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 137, 103761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103761
25. Jorgensen, T. D., Pornprasertmanit, S., Schoemann, A. M., & Rosseel, Y. (2022). semTools: Useful tools for structural equation modeling. R package version 0.5-6. Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=semTools
26. Karatepe, O. M., Çolakoğlu, Ü., Yurcu, G., & Kaya, Ş. (2023). Do financial anxiety and generalized anxiety mediate the effect of perceived organizational support on service employees’ career commitment? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-08-2022-0929
27. Kaya, C. (2022). Measuring anxiety: reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale and its relationship with academic and mental health outcomes. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 26(6), 600–611. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2022.2075333
28. Keith, T. Z. (2019). Multiple regression and beyond: An introduction to multiple regression and structural equation modeling. (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315162348
29. Kenny, D. A., Kaniskan, B., & McCoach, D. B. (2014). The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom. Sociological Methods & Research, 44(3), 486–507. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124114543236
30. Kim, K. T., Cho, S. H., & Xiao, J. J. (2022). Is ignorance bliss? use of alternative financial services, financial knowledge, and financial anxiety. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 44(4), 956–967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-022-09883-8
31. Kim, H. J., Kavas, A. B., Duffy, R. D., & Perez, G. (2023). A Cross-Cultural validation of psychology of working theory with Turkish working adults. Journal of Career Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1177/10690727231210815
32. Kim, Y. K., Lim, Y., Maleku, A., Kagotho, N., & Yang, M. (2019). Financial Stress and Depression among African refugees in the Southern United States: A Serial Multiple Mediation Analysis of Financial Self-Efficacy and Financial Anxiety. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 18(2), 151–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2019.1593571
33. Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
34. Korkmaz, S., Göksülük, D., & Zararsız, G. (2014). MVN: an R package for assessing multivariate normality. R Journal, 6(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.32614/rj-2014-031
35. Liadze, I., Macchiarelli, C., Mortimer‐Lee, P., & Juanino, P. S. (2022). Economic costs of the Russia‐Ukraine war. The World Economy, 46(4), 874–886. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13336
36. Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519–530. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/57.3.519
37. Mensah, C., Azila-Gbettor, E. M., Amissah, E. F., & Addison, E. (2022). COVID-19, financial anxiety and the psychological well-being of hotel workers. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 24(1), 142–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2022.2055692
38. Mortensen, R. (2014). Anxiety, work, and coping. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 17(3), 178–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/mgr0000020
39. Noman, M., Kaur, A., & Nafees, N. (2021). Covid-19 fallout: Interplay between stressors and support on academic functioning of Malaysian university students. Children and Youth Services Review, 125, 106001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106001
40. Perry, J. S., Ravat, H., Bridger, E. K., Carter, P., & Aldrovandi, S. (2023). Determinants of UK students’ financial anxiety amidst COVID‐19: Financial literacy and attitudes towards debt. Higher Education Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12473
41. Potter, D., Jayne, D., & Britt, S. L. (2020). Financial anxiety among college students: The role of Generational status. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 31(2), 284–295. https://doi.org/10.1891/jfcp-17-00033
42. Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1 - 36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
43. RStudio Team. (2023). RStudio: Integrated development environment for R. RStudio. PBC. https://posit.co/products/open-source/rstudio/
44. Rüzgar, M.E., Boyraz, S. & Sözcü İ. (2023). Eğitim Bilimlerinde Araştırma 101 (1. Baskı). Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık
45. Savalei, V. (2018). On the computation of the RMSEA and CFI from the mean-and-variance corrected test statistic with nonnormal data in SEM. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 53(3), 419–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2018.1455142
46. Shi, D., DiStefano, C., Maydeu-Olivares, A., & Lee, T. (2021). Evaluating SEM model fit with small degrees of freedom. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 57(2–3), 179–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2020.1868965
47. Song, L., & Zhou, Y. (2020). The COVID‐19 pandemic and its ımpact on the global economy: What does it take to turn crisis into opportunity? China & World Economy, 28(4), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/cwe.12349
48. Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
49. Tabachnick, B.G., Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th Ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
50. Tavitiyaman, P., Ren, L., & Fung, C. (2021). Hospitality students at the online classes during COVID-19 – How personality affects experience? Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 28, 100304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2021.100304
51. Uluslararası Para Fonu. (2023). World economic outlook: Navigating global divergences. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2023/10/10/world-economic-outlook-october-2023?cid=ca-com-compd-pubs_belt
52. Van Dijk, W. W., Van Der Werf, M. M. B., & Van Dillen, L. F. (2022). The Psychological Inventory of Financial Scarcity (PIFS): A psychometric evaluation. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 101, 101939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2022.101939
53. Van Hal, G. (2015). The true cost of the economic crisis on psychological well-being: A review. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 17. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s44732
54. Vieira, K. M., Potrich, A. C. G., Bressan, A. A., & Klein, L. L. (2021). Loss of financial well-being in the COVID-19 pandemic: Does job stability make a difference? Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 31, 100554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2021.100554
55. Xin, Z., Xiao, H., & Lin, G. (2023). Math anxiety and financial anxiety predicting individuals’ financial management behavior. Depression and Anxiety, 2023, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3131631