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THE CONCEPT OF AL-FISQ / AL-FAASIQ IN THE QURAN AND ITS HISTORICAL ADVENTURE OF TRANSFORMATION

Year 2015, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 411 - 426, 31.10.2015

Abstract

One of the most frequently used concepts both in the Quran and the Islamic intellectual history is, undoubtedly, the concept of “al-fisq” (الفِسْق ) (disobedience, transgression). Derivatives of this word are used in many verses of the Quran, of which vast majority is associated with disbelievers, polytheists and hypocrites. However, the word of “al-fisq” has also been used, from time to time, for certain behaviors of Muslims. When we look at the History of Islamic Sects (al-Mazâhib), we notice that the concept of al-fisq was almost associated with the major sins (al-kabaair) and that the word “al-faasiq” (disobedient person, transgressor) was often used for the perpetrator of major sins (al-murtakib al-kabeerah). In this sense, we can say that a “narrowing” has occurred in the meaning of the word “al-fisq” during the subsequent periods. When we consider the field of Methodology of Hadith, we also come across to a similar situation. Indeed, the expression of a “faasiq narrator” has been used for the perpetrators of major sins and for heterodox persons (al-mubtadi‘) in many sources written on “al-Jarh and al-Taʻdil” field. In this article, an attempt is made to provide information on the adventure which the concept of “al-fisq” has experienced throughout Islamic history.

References

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Sunan, tahqiq: Mahmud Ahmad Abd al-Muhsin, Dâr al-Marifah, Beirut. Farâhîdî, Abû Abd al-Rahman al-Khalil b. Ahmad (no date of publication). Kitâb al-Ayn, V, 82, Article “f-s-q”, I-VIII, no place of publication. Fîrûzâbâdî, Majd al-Din Muhammad b. Ya‘kûb al-Shîrâzî (1399/1979). al-Kâmûs al-Muhît, III, 268, Article “f-s-q”, I-IV, al-Hay’a al-Misriyya al-Âmme li’l-Kitâb. Hızarcı, A. (2002). Kur’ân’da Fısk, M.Sc. Thesis, Ankara Univ. Social Sciences Institute, Ankara. Ibn Abu Shayba, Abû Bakr Abdallah b. Muhammad (1409). Musannaf, I-VII, Riyad. Ibn al-Atheer, Abû al-Saâdât Majd al-Dîn al-Mubârak b. Muhammad al-Jazarî (2005). al-Nihâya fî Ghareeb al-Hadîth wa al-Athar, Article “f-s-q”, p. 693-694, Lebanon. Ibn Fâris, Abû al-Husayn Ahmad b. Fâris b. Zakariyya al-Râzî (1423/2002). Muʻjamu Makâyîs al-Lughah, IV, 502, Article “f-s-q”, I-VI, Dâr al-Fikr. Ibn Hacar, Abû al-Fadl Ahmad b. Ali b. Hacar al-Askalânî (1412/1992). al-Isâba fî Tamyîz al-Sahâba, VI, 614-617 (number: 9153), I-VIII, Beirut. Ibn Kâni‘, Abû al-Husayn Abd al-Bâqî (1418). Mu‘jam al-Sahâba, III, 180 (number: 1155), I-III, Madina. Ibn Katheer, Abu al-Fidâ Ismail b. Omar b. Katheer (1401). Tafsîr, IV, 209, I-IV, Dâr al-fikr, Beirut. Ibn Mâcah, Abû Abdeallah Muhammad b. Yazid al-Kadhwînî (no date of publication). Sunan, I-II, Cairo. Ibn Manzûr, Abû al-Fadl Jamâl ad-Din Muhammad b. Mukarram b. Ali (no date of publication). Lisân al-Arab, I, 3414, Article “f-s-q”, I-VI, Dâr al-Maârif, Cairo. Ibn Râhûyah, Ishak b. Ibrahim (1412/1991). Musnad, II, 402 (number: 955), I-III, Maktaba al-Imân, Madina. Ibn Seedah, Abû al-Hasan Ali b. Ismail al-Mursî (no date of publication). al-Muhkam wa al-Muhît al-A‘zam, VI, 242, Article “f-s-q”, tahqiq: Abd al-Hamid Hindâwî, I-XI, Beirut. Ismâîlî, Abû Bakr Ahmad b. Ibrahim b. Ismail (1410). Muʻjamu Shuyûkh Abû Bakr al-Ismâîlî, I, 498, I-III, Maktaba al-Ulûm wa al-Hikam, Madina. Jâhiz, Abû Osman Amr b. Bahr (1416/1996). Kitâb al-Hayavân, V, 121, 270, I-VIII, tahqiq - comments by Abd al-Salâm Muhammad Harun, Dâr al-Jîl, Beirut. Jawharî, Ismail b. Hammâd (1410/1990). as-Sihâh Tâj al-Lugha ve Sihâhu’l-Arabiyya, I, 1543, Article “f-s-q”, I-VI, Beirut. Jurjaanî, Ali b. Muhammad b. Ali (1405). Ta‘rîfât, tahqiq: Ibrahim al-Abyârî, Dâr al-Kitâb al-Arabî, Beirut. Koçak, İ. (1988). “Ahfeş el-Evsat”, DIA, I, 526, Istanbul. Mizzî, Jamâl al-Din Abû al-Hajjâj Yusuf b. al-Zakî Abd al-Rahman b. Yusuf (1400/1980). Tahzîb al-Kamâl, XXXI, 53-60 (number: 6723), I-XXXV, Beirut. Muslim, Abû al-Husayn b. al-Hajjâj al-Kushayrî al-Nîsâbûrî (no date of publication). Sahîh, I-V, Beirut. Nasâî, Abû Abderrahman Ahmad b. Shuayb (1411/1991). al-Sunan al-Kubrâ, I-VI, Beirut. Öge, S. (2000). İslâm Düşüncesinde Fısk Kavramı, M.Sc. Thesis, Ataturk Univ. Social Sciences Institute, Erzurum. Özdemir, M. (1998). “Anlam Kaymasına Uğrayan Kur’ânî Bir Kavram: Fâsık”, Cumhuriyet University Journal of Faculty of Divinity, Vol. 2, p. 499-521, Sivas. Raghib al-Asfehaani, Abû al-Kâsim al-Husayn b. Muhammad (no date of publication). al-Mufradât fî Ghareeb al-Qur’ân, I, 491-492, Article “f-s-q”, I-II, Maktaba Nazâr Mustafa al-Bâz. Râzî, Muhammad b. Abu Bakr (1408/1987). Mu‘jam al-Râzî (Muhtâr al-Sihâh), p. 503, Article “f-s-q”, Çağrı Publications. Şafak, A. (1996). “Fısk”, DIA, XIII, 37, Istanbul. Tabarî, Abû Ja‘far Muhammad b. Jarir b. Yazid (1420/2000). Tafsîr (Jâmi‘ al-Bayân fî Ta’vîl al-Quran), XXII, 286-288, tahqiq: Ahmad Muhammad Shâkir, I-XXIV, Muassasa al-Risâla. Tahânawî/Thânawî, Muhammad Ali/Aʻlâ b. Ali b. Muhammad (1996). Mavsûa Kashshâf Istilâhât al-Funûn wa al-Ulûm, I, 1273, tahqiq: Ali Dahrûj, I-II, Beirut. Tatlı, B. (2013). “Fısk Kavramı ve Hadis Usûlü Açısından Fısku’r-râvî”, Çukurova University Journal of Faculty of Divinity, 13/2, p. 21-54, July-December, Adana. Tirmidhî, Abû Îsâ Muhammad b. Îsâ b. Thawra (no date of publication). al-Jâmi as-Sahîh (Sunan), I-V, Beirut. Yavuz, Y. Ş. (1995). “Fâsık”, DIA, XII, 202, Istanbul. Zabîdî, Muhammad Murtaza al-Husaynî (1410/1990). Tâj al-Arûs min Javâhir al-Qâmûs, XXVI, 302, Article “f-s-q”, I-XL, Matbaa al-Hukûmah. Zamahsharî, Abu al-Qâsim Jârallah Mahmud b. Amr b. Ahmad (no date of publication). Kashshâf, VI, 370, I-VII.
Year 2015, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 411 - 426, 31.10.2015

Abstract

References

  • Abdurrazzak, Ibn Hammâm as-Sanʻânî (1403/1983). Musannaf, I-XII, Beirut. Ahmad, Abû Abdellah Ibn Hanbal (1429/1430). al-Musnad, I-VI, Dâr al-Fikr, Beirut. Askarî, Abû Hilâl al-Hasan b. Abdellah b. Sahl (no date of publication). al-Furûk al-Lugaviyyah, p. 230, Dâr al-Ilm wa as-Sakâfe, Cairo. Azharî, Abû Mansûr Muhammad b. Ahmad (1384/1964). Tahzîb al-Lugah, VIII, 414, Article “f-s-q”, I-XVI, tahqiq: Abdulazim Mahmud- Muhammad Ali an-Najjâr, al-Dâr al-Misriyyah li at-Ta’lîf wa al-Tarjamah. Bebek, A. (2002). “Kebîre”, DIA, XXV, 164, Ankara. Bukhârî, Abû Abdellah Muhammad b. Ismâil al-Cuʻfî (1410/1990). Sahîh, I-VII, Beirut. --------------, (no date of publication). al-Târeekh al-Kabeer, I-VIII, Dâr al-Fikr, Beirut. Damîrî, Abû al-Baqâ Kamal al-Din Muhammad b. Musa (no date of publication). Hayât al-Hayavân al-Kubrâ. --------------, (1992). Hayât al-Hayavân, respect and classification: Esʻad al-Fâris, Dimashq. Dârimî, Abdallah b. Abderrahman b. al-Fadl (1421/2000). Sunan, tahqiq: Mahmud Ahmad Abd al-Muhsin, Dâr al-Marifah, Beirut. Farâhîdî, Abû Abd al-Rahman al-Khalil b. Ahmad (no date of publication). Kitâb al-Ayn, V, 82, Article “f-s-q”, I-VIII, no place of publication. Fîrûzâbâdî, Majd al-Din Muhammad b. Ya‘kûb al-Shîrâzî (1399/1979). al-Kâmûs al-Muhît, III, 268, Article “f-s-q”, I-IV, al-Hay’a al-Misriyya al-Âmme li’l-Kitâb. Hızarcı, A. (2002). Kur’ân’da Fısk, M.Sc. Thesis, Ankara Univ. Social Sciences Institute, Ankara. Ibn Abu Shayba, Abû Bakr Abdallah b. Muhammad (1409). Musannaf, I-VII, Riyad. Ibn al-Atheer, Abû al-Saâdât Majd al-Dîn al-Mubârak b. Muhammad al-Jazarî (2005). al-Nihâya fî Ghareeb al-Hadîth wa al-Athar, Article “f-s-q”, p. 693-694, Lebanon. Ibn Fâris, Abû al-Husayn Ahmad b. Fâris b. Zakariyya al-Râzî (1423/2002). Muʻjamu Makâyîs al-Lughah, IV, 502, Article “f-s-q”, I-VI, Dâr al-Fikr. Ibn Hacar, Abû al-Fadl Ahmad b. Ali b. Hacar al-Askalânî (1412/1992). al-Isâba fî Tamyîz al-Sahâba, VI, 614-617 (number: 9153), I-VIII, Beirut. Ibn Kâni‘, Abû al-Husayn Abd al-Bâqî (1418). Mu‘jam al-Sahâba, III, 180 (number: 1155), I-III, Madina. Ibn Katheer, Abu al-Fidâ Ismail b. Omar b. Katheer (1401). Tafsîr, IV, 209, I-IV, Dâr al-fikr, Beirut. Ibn Mâcah, Abû Abdeallah Muhammad b. Yazid al-Kadhwînî (no date of publication). Sunan, I-II, Cairo. Ibn Manzûr, Abû al-Fadl Jamâl ad-Din Muhammad b. Mukarram b. Ali (no date of publication). Lisân al-Arab, I, 3414, Article “f-s-q”, I-VI, Dâr al-Maârif, Cairo. Ibn Râhûyah, Ishak b. Ibrahim (1412/1991). Musnad, II, 402 (number: 955), I-III, Maktaba al-Imân, Madina. Ibn Seedah, Abû al-Hasan Ali b. Ismail al-Mursî (no date of publication). al-Muhkam wa al-Muhît al-A‘zam, VI, 242, Article “f-s-q”, tahqiq: Abd al-Hamid Hindâwî, I-XI, Beirut. Ismâîlî, Abû Bakr Ahmad b. Ibrahim b. Ismail (1410). Muʻjamu Shuyûkh Abû Bakr al-Ismâîlî, I, 498, I-III, Maktaba al-Ulûm wa al-Hikam, Madina. Jâhiz, Abû Osman Amr b. Bahr (1416/1996). Kitâb al-Hayavân, V, 121, 270, I-VIII, tahqiq - comments by Abd al-Salâm Muhammad Harun, Dâr al-Jîl, Beirut. Jawharî, Ismail b. Hammâd (1410/1990). as-Sihâh Tâj al-Lugha ve Sihâhu’l-Arabiyya, I, 1543, Article “f-s-q”, I-VI, Beirut. Jurjaanî, Ali b. Muhammad b. Ali (1405). Ta‘rîfât, tahqiq: Ibrahim al-Abyârî, Dâr al-Kitâb al-Arabî, Beirut. Koçak, İ. (1988). “Ahfeş el-Evsat”, DIA, I, 526, Istanbul. Mizzî, Jamâl al-Din Abû al-Hajjâj Yusuf b. al-Zakî Abd al-Rahman b. Yusuf (1400/1980). Tahzîb al-Kamâl, XXXI, 53-60 (number: 6723), I-XXXV, Beirut. Muslim, Abû al-Husayn b. al-Hajjâj al-Kushayrî al-Nîsâbûrî (no date of publication). Sahîh, I-V, Beirut. Nasâî, Abû Abderrahman Ahmad b. Shuayb (1411/1991). al-Sunan al-Kubrâ, I-VI, Beirut. Öge, S. (2000). İslâm Düşüncesinde Fısk Kavramı, M.Sc. Thesis, Ataturk Univ. Social Sciences Institute, Erzurum. Özdemir, M. (1998). “Anlam Kaymasına Uğrayan Kur’ânî Bir Kavram: Fâsık”, Cumhuriyet University Journal of Faculty of Divinity, Vol. 2, p. 499-521, Sivas. Raghib al-Asfehaani, Abû al-Kâsim al-Husayn b. Muhammad (no date of publication). al-Mufradât fî Ghareeb al-Qur’ân, I, 491-492, Article “f-s-q”, I-II, Maktaba Nazâr Mustafa al-Bâz. Râzî, Muhammad b. Abu Bakr (1408/1987). Mu‘jam al-Râzî (Muhtâr al-Sihâh), p. 503, Article “f-s-q”, Çağrı Publications. Şafak, A. (1996). “Fısk”, DIA, XIII, 37, Istanbul. Tabarî, Abû Ja‘far Muhammad b. Jarir b. Yazid (1420/2000). Tafsîr (Jâmi‘ al-Bayân fî Ta’vîl al-Quran), XXII, 286-288, tahqiq: Ahmad Muhammad Shâkir, I-XXIV, Muassasa al-Risâla. Tahânawî/Thânawî, Muhammad Ali/Aʻlâ b. Ali b. Muhammad (1996). Mavsûa Kashshâf Istilâhât al-Funûn wa al-Ulûm, I, 1273, tahqiq: Ali Dahrûj, I-II, Beirut. Tatlı, B. (2013). “Fısk Kavramı ve Hadis Usûlü Açısından Fısku’r-râvî”, Çukurova University Journal of Faculty of Divinity, 13/2, p. 21-54, July-December, Adana. Tirmidhî, Abû Îsâ Muhammad b. Îsâ b. Thawra (no date of publication). al-Jâmi as-Sahîh (Sunan), I-V, Beirut. Yavuz, Y. Ş. (1995). “Fâsık”, DIA, XII, 202, Istanbul. Zabîdî, Muhammad Murtaza al-Husaynî (1410/1990). Tâj al-Arûs min Javâhir al-Qâmûs, XXVI, 302, Article “f-s-q”, I-XL, Matbaa al-Hukûmah. Zamahsharî, Abu al-Qâsim Jârallah Mahmud b. Amr b. Ahmad (no date of publication). Kashshâf, VI, 370, I-VII.
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Journal Section Makaleler
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Bekir Tatlı This is me

Publication Date October 31, 2015
Submission Date November 16, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 24 Issue: 2

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APA Tatlı, B. (2015). THE CONCEPT OF AL-FISQ / AL-FAASIQ IN THE QURAN AND ITS HISTORICAL ADVENTURE OF TRANSFORMATION. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(2), 411-426.