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MARGINAL EFFECTS OF SOCIAL INDICATORS OVER GENERAL HAPPINESS

Year 2022, Volume: 31 Issue: 2, 368 - 394, 29.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.35379/cusosbil.1055985

Abstract

General happiness is an indicator of livability in different locations of a city. A noncategorical social indicator may not show any evidence for general happiness and livability in a city. However, higher social indicators may capture higher happiness in some parts of the city. This article aims to find significant interaction effects of social indicators and locations of living on general happiness. Hence, based on a social survey administered in stratified locations of Adana, interaction effects of social indicators and locations over general happiness were estimated. Results indicate that social indicators and locations have significant interaction effects over general happiness. The evidences suggest that vehicle dependent neighborhoods are more livable for individuals with better health conditions. Secondary pedestrian zones are more livable for divorced-separated and widowed persons. Rural neighborhoods are happier with moderate to older age groups, thus has higher degree of livability compared to other locations of urban Adana. Rural neighborhoods are less livable for divorced or separated whereas more livable for widowed persons compared to single persons.

References

  • Agresti, A. (2007). An introduction to categorical data analysis. Wiley.
  • Akın, H. and Şentürk, E. (2012). Bireylerin mutluluk düzeylerinin ordinal lojistik regresyon analizi ile incelenmesi. Öneri, 10(37), 183-193.
  • Ala-Mantila, S., Heinonen, J., Junnila, S. and Saarsalmi, P. (2018). Spatial nature of urban well-being. Regional Studies, 52(7), 959-973.
  • Asadullah, MN, Xiao, S. and Yeoh, E. (2018). Subjective well-being in China, 2005-2010: The role of relative income, gender, and location. China Economic Review, 48, 83–101.
  • Bezimeni, U. (2011). Determinants of age in Europe: A pooled multilevel nested hierarchical time-series cross-sectional model. Eur Polit Sci, 10, 86–91. https://doi.org/10.1057/eps.2010.12
  • Blanchflower, DG and Graham, CL. (2021). The U-Shape of happiness: A Response. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(6),1435-1446. doi:10.1177/1745691620984393.
  • Blanchflower, DG and Oswald, AJ. (2004). Money, sex and happiness: An empirical study. Scandavian Journal of Economics, 106(3), 393–415.
  • Brereton, F., Clinch, JP, and Ferreira, S. (2008). Happiness, geography and the environment. Ecological Economics, 65, 386–396.
  • Caner, A. (2014). Happiness, comparison efects, and expectations in Turkey. Journal of Happiness Studies, https://doi.org/10.1007/s109020149562z
  • Caner, A. (2016). Happiness and life satisfaction in Turkey in recent years. Soc Indic Res, 127, 361-399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0948-z
  • Cheah, YK and Tang, CF. (2013). The socio-demographic determinants of self-rated happiness: The case of Penang, Malaysia. Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 54, 1-16.
  • Cramm, JM, Møller, V. and Nieboer, AP. (2012). Individual- and neighbourhood-level indicators of subjective well-being in a small and poor Eastern Cape Township: The effect of health, social capital, marital status and income. Social Indicators Research, 105, 581-593.
  • Cuñado, J. and de Gracia, FP. (2012). Does education affect happiness? Evidence for Spain. Soc Indic Res., 108, 185-196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9874-x.
  • Daglioglu, N., Guzel, EY. and Kilercioglu, S. (2019). Assessment of Illicit Drugs in Wastewater and Estimation of Drugs of Abuse in Adana Province, Turkey. Forensic Sci. Int., 294, 132–139, doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.11.012
  • DeMaris, A. (1995). A tutorial in logistic regression. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 956-968.
  • Diener, E. and Chan, M. (2011). Happy people live longer: Subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3, 1–43.
  • Dolan, P., Peasgood, T. and White, M. (2008). Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well-being. Journal of Economic Psychology, 29, 94–122.
  • Dumludağ, D. (2013). Life satisfaction and income comparison effects in Turkey. Social Indicators Research, 114, 1199-1210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1120501201973
  • Easterlin, RA., Angelescu, L. and Zweig, JS. (2011). The impact of modern economic growth on urban-rural diferences in subjective well-being. World Development, 39(12), 2187–2198.
  • Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. (2005). Income and well-being: an empirical analysis of the comparison income efect. Journal of Public Economics, 89, 997-1019.
  • Frondel, M. and Vance, C. (2009). On marginal and interaction effects: The case of Heckit and two-part models. Ruhr Economic Papers. https://d-nb.info/1001278194/34.
  • Giray Yakut, S., Bacaksız, NE & Camkıran, C. (2021). Socio-demographic determinants of happiness in Turkey. BMIJ, 9(2), 561-578. doi: https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v9i2.1801.
  • Hajdu, T. and Hajdu, G. (2014). Income and subjective well-being: How important is the methodology? Hungarian Statistical Review, 92 (Special Number 18), 110-128.
  • IPSOS (2019). Global happiness study. What makes people happy around the world. Level of happiness by country. https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2019-08/Happiness-Study-report-August-2019.pdf.
  • Kim, JH. (2019). Multicollinearity and misleading statistical results. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 72(6), 558–569. https://doi.org/10.4097/kja.19087.
  • Leyden, KM, Goldberg, A., & Michelbach, P. (2011). Understanding the pursuit of happiness in ten majör cities. Urban Affairs Review, 47(6), 861–888.
  • Liltsia, P., Michailidisa, A. and Partalidoua, M. (2014). Mapping perceived happiness alongside the rural urban continuum. Procedia Economics and Finance, 9, 288–301.
  • Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. and Diener, E. (2005). The benefts of frequent positive afect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803–855.
  • Mavruk, C. (2020). Objective and Subjective Spatial Effects Over Quality of Life of Adana Residents. In Ö. Kaya (Ed.), Theory and Research In Social and Administrative Sciences (pp 269-287). İksad Publishing House. https://iksadyayinevi.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/THEORY-AND-RESEARCH-IN-SOCIAL-AND-ADMINISTRATIVE-SCIENCES.pdf
  • Mavruk, C. and Kıral, E. (2020). The effect of subjective well-being over the relationship between psychological well-being and quality of life. In Ö. Kaya (Ed.), Theory and Research in Social and Administrative Sciences (pp. 45-64). Iksad Publishing House. https://iksadyayinevi.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/THEORY-AND-RESEARCH-IN-SOCIAL-AND-ADMINISTRATIVE-SCIENCES.pdf
  • Mavruk, C., Kıral, E. and Kıral, G. (2021). Spatial Effects Over Time-Framed Happiness. J Happiness Stud., 22, 517-554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00239-3.
  • Neira, I., Lacalle-Calderon, M., Portela, M., and Perez-Trujillo, M. (2018). Social capital dimensions and subjective well-being: A quantile approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(8),2551–2579.
  • Pehlivan, C., Özbay, F. & Bingöl, N. (2022). Main economic factors affecting the determination of happiness: A research on Turkey. Journal of Social Policy Studies, 22(55), 259-275. DOI: 10.21560/spcd.vi.919615
  • Peiró, A. (2007). Happiness, satisfaction and socioeconomic conditions: Some international evidence. In L. Bruni & P. L. Porta (Eds.), Handbook on the Economics of Happiness (pp. 429-443). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Ruiu, G. and Ruiu, ML. (2019). The complex relationship between education and happiness: The case of highly educated individuals in Italy. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20, 2631-2653.
  • Selim, S. (2008). Life Satisfaction and Happiness in Turkey. Social Indicators Research, 88, 531-562. DOI 10.1007/s11205-007-9218-z
  • Stanca, L. (2010). The Geography of economics and happiness: Spatial patterns in the efects of economic conditions on well-being. Social Indicators Research, 99(1), 115-133.
  • Şengül, S. and Fisunoğlu, HM. (2012). Poverty and determinants of poverty in urban area of Adana. İktisat, İşletme ve Finans, 27, 59-84.
  • Taşkaya, S. (2018). Environmental quality and well-being level in Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 27935–27944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2806-4
  • Veenhoven, R. (2007). Measures of gross national happiness. In, Statistics, Knowledge and Policy 2007: Measuring and Fostering the Progress of Societies (pp. 231-253). OECD Publishing.
  • Veenhoven, R. (2015). Social conditions for human happiness: A review of research. International Journal of Psychology, 50(5), 379-391. doi: 10.1002/ ijop.12161.
  • Williams, R. (2006). Generalized ordered logit/partial proportional odds models for ordinal dependent variables. The Stata Journal, 6(1), 58-82.
  • Yakovlev, P. and Leguizamon, S. (2012). Ignorance is not blist: The role of education in subjective well-being. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 41, 806–815.
  • Yang, J., Liu, K., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Happiness inequality in China. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20, 2747–2771.
  • Yang, J., Liu, K. and Zhang, Y. (2019). Happiness inequality in China. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20, 2747–2771.
  • Yinanç, A., Çevik, N. K. and Kantar, G. (2020). The relationship between happiness and social indicators in Turkey. Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 5(2), 50-60.
  • Yinanç, A., Çevik, NK and Kantar, G. (2020). The relationship between happiness and social indicators in Turkey. Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 5(2), 50-60.

SOSYAL GÖSTERGELERİN GENEL MUTLULUK ÜZERİNE MARJİNAL ETKİLERİ

Year 2022, Volume: 31 Issue: 2, 368 - 394, 29.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.35379/cusosbil.1055985

Abstract

Genel mutluluk, bir şehrin farklı lokasyonlarında yaşanabilirliğin bir göstergesidir. Kategorik olmayan bir sosyal gösterge, bir şehirde genel mutluluk ve yaşanabilirlik için herhangi bir kanıt göstermeyebilir. Bununla birlikte, daha yüksek sosyal göstergeler, şehrin bazı bölgelerinde daha yüksek mutluluğu yakalayabilir. Bu makale, sosyal göstergelerin ve yaşanılan yerlerin genel mutluluk üzerindeki anlamlı etkileşim etkilerini bulmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu nedenle, Adana'nın tabakalı lokasyonlarında uygulanan bir sosyal ankete dayalı olarak, sosyal göstergelerin ve lokasyonların genel mutluluk üzerindeki etkileşim etkileri tahmin edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, sosyal göstergelerin ve konumların genel mutluluk üzerinde önemli etkileşim etkilerine sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Kanıtlar, araç bağımlı mahallelerin daha iyi sağlık koşullarına sahip bireyler için daha yaşanabilir olduğunu göstermektedir. İkincil yaya bölgeleri boşanmış-ayrı kalmış ve dul kişiler için daha yaşanabilirdir. Kırsal mahalleler, orta ve ileri yaş grupları ile daha mutlu görünmektedir, dolayısıyla kentsel Adana'nın diğer yerlerine göre daha yüksek yaşanabilirliğe sahiptir. Kırsal mahalleler boşanmış veya ayrılmışlar için daha az yaşanabilirken, dullar için bekârlara göre daha yaşanabilirdir.

References

  • Agresti, A. (2007). An introduction to categorical data analysis. Wiley.
  • Akın, H. and Şentürk, E. (2012). Bireylerin mutluluk düzeylerinin ordinal lojistik regresyon analizi ile incelenmesi. Öneri, 10(37), 183-193.
  • Ala-Mantila, S., Heinonen, J., Junnila, S. and Saarsalmi, P. (2018). Spatial nature of urban well-being. Regional Studies, 52(7), 959-973.
  • Asadullah, MN, Xiao, S. and Yeoh, E. (2018). Subjective well-being in China, 2005-2010: The role of relative income, gender, and location. China Economic Review, 48, 83–101.
  • Bezimeni, U. (2011). Determinants of age in Europe: A pooled multilevel nested hierarchical time-series cross-sectional model. Eur Polit Sci, 10, 86–91. https://doi.org/10.1057/eps.2010.12
  • Blanchflower, DG and Graham, CL. (2021). The U-Shape of happiness: A Response. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(6),1435-1446. doi:10.1177/1745691620984393.
  • Blanchflower, DG and Oswald, AJ. (2004). Money, sex and happiness: An empirical study. Scandavian Journal of Economics, 106(3), 393–415.
  • Brereton, F., Clinch, JP, and Ferreira, S. (2008). Happiness, geography and the environment. Ecological Economics, 65, 386–396.
  • Caner, A. (2014). Happiness, comparison efects, and expectations in Turkey. Journal of Happiness Studies, https://doi.org/10.1007/s109020149562z
  • Caner, A. (2016). Happiness and life satisfaction in Turkey in recent years. Soc Indic Res, 127, 361-399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0948-z
  • Cheah, YK and Tang, CF. (2013). The socio-demographic determinants of self-rated happiness: The case of Penang, Malaysia. Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 54, 1-16.
  • Cramm, JM, Møller, V. and Nieboer, AP. (2012). Individual- and neighbourhood-level indicators of subjective well-being in a small and poor Eastern Cape Township: The effect of health, social capital, marital status and income. Social Indicators Research, 105, 581-593.
  • Cuñado, J. and de Gracia, FP. (2012). Does education affect happiness? Evidence for Spain. Soc Indic Res., 108, 185-196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9874-x.
  • Daglioglu, N., Guzel, EY. and Kilercioglu, S. (2019). Assessment of Illicit Drugs in Wastewater and Estimation of Drugs of Abuse in Adana Province, Turkey. Forensic Sci. Int., 294, 132–139, doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.11.012
  • DeMaris, A. (1995). A tutorial in logistic regression. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 956-968.
  • Diener, E. and Chan, M. (2011). Happy people live longer: Subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3, 1–43.
  • Dolan, P., Peasgood, T. and White, M. (2008). Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well-being. Journal of Economic Psychology, 29, 94–122.
  • Dumludağ, D. (2013). Life satisfaction and income comparison effects in Turkey. Social Indicators Research, 114, 1199-1210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1120501201973
  • Easterlin, RA., Angelescu, L. and Zweig, JS. (2011). The impact of modern economic growth on urban-rural diferences in subjective well-being. World Development, 39(12), 2187–2198.
  • Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. (2005). Income and well-being: an empirical analysis of the comparison income efect. Journal of Public Economics, 89, 997-1019.
  • Frondel, M. and Vance, C. (2009). On marginal and interaction effects: The case of Heckit and two-part models. Ruhr Economic Papers. https://d-nb.info/1001278194/34.
  • Giray Yakut, S., Bacaksız, NE & Camkıran, C. (2021). Socio-demographic determinants of happiness in Turkey. BMIJ, 9(2), 561-578. doi: https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v9i2.1801.
  • Hajdu, T. and Hajdu, G. (2014). Income and subjective well-being: How important is the methodology? Hungarian Statistical Review, 92 (Special Number 18), 110-128.
  • IPSOS (2019). Global happiness study. What makes people happy around the world. Level of happiness by country. https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2019-08/Happiness-Study-report-August-2019.pdf.
  • Kim, JH. (2019). Multicollinearity and misleading statistical results. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 72(6), 558–569. https://doi.org/10.4097/kja.19087.
  • Leyden, KM, Goldberg, A., & Michelbach, P. (2011). Understanding the pursuit of happiness in ten majör cities. Urban Affairs Review, 47(6), 861–888.
  • Liltsia, P., Michailidisa, A. and Partalidoua, M. (2014). Mapping perceived happiness alongside the rural urban continuum. Procedia Economics and Finance, 9, 288–301.
  • Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. and Diener, E. (2005). The benefts of frequent positive afect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803–855.
  • Mavruk, C. (2020). Objective and Subjective Spatial Effects Over Quality of Life of Adana Residents. In Ö. Kaya (Ed.), Theory and Research In Social and Administrative Sciences (pp 269-287). İksad Publishing House. https://iksadyayinevi.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/THEORY-AND-RESEARCH-IN-SOCIAL-AND-ADMINISTRATIVE-SCIENCES.pdf
  • Mavruk, C. and Kıral, E. (2020). The effect of subjective well-being over the relationship between psychological well-being and quality of life. In Ö. Kaya (Ed.), Theory and Research in Social and Administrative Sciences (pp. 45-64). Iksad Publishing House. https://iksadyayinevi.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/THEORY-AND-RESEARCH-IN-SOCIAL-AND-ADMINISTRATIVE-SCIENCES.pdf
  • Mavruk, C., Kıral, E. and Kıral, G. (2021). Spatial Effects Over Time-Framed Happiness. J Happiness Stud., 22, 517-554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00239-3.
  • Neira, I., Lacalle-Calderon, M., Portela, M., and Perez-Trujillo, M. (2018). Social capital dimensions and subjective well-being: A quantile approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(8),2551–2579.
  • Pehlivan, C., Özbay, F. & Bingöl, N. (2022). Main economic factors affecting the determination of happiness: A research on Turkey. Journal of Social Policy Studies, 22(55), 259-275. DOI: 10.21560/spcd.vi.919615
  • Peiró, A. (2007). Happiness, satisfaction and socioeconomic conditions: Some international evidence. In L. Bruni & P. L. Porta (Eds.), Handbook on the Economics of Happiness (pp. 429-443). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Ruiu, G. and Ruiu, ML. (2019). The complex relationship between education and happiness: The case of highly educated individuals in Italy. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20, 2631-2653.
  • Selim, S. (2008). Life Satisfaction and Happiness in Turkey. Social Indicators Research, 88, 531-562. DOI 10.1007/s11205-007-9218-z
  • Stanca, L. (2010). The Geography of economics and happiness: Spatial patterns in the efects of economic conditions on well-being. Social Indicators Research, 99(1), 115-133.
  • Şengül, S. and Fisunoğlu, HM. (2012). Poverty and determinants of poverty in urban area of Adana. İktisat, İşletme ve Finans, 27, 59-84.
  • Taşkaya, S. (2018). Environmental quality and well-being level in Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 27935–27944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2806-4
  • Veenhoven, R. (2007). Measures of gross national happiness. In, Statistics, Knowledge and Policy 2007: Measuring and Fostering the Progress of Societies (pp. 231-253). OECD Publishing.
  • Veenhoven, R. (2015). Social conditions for human happiness: A review of research. International Journal of Psychology, 50(5), 379-391. doi: 10.1002/ ijop.12161.
  • Williams, R. (2006). Generalized ordered logit/partial proportional odds models for ordinal dependent variables. The Stata Journal, 6(1), 58-82.
  • Yakovlev, P. and Leguizamon, S. (2012). Ignorance is not blist: The role of education in subjective well-being. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 41, 806–815.
  • Yang, J., Liu, K., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Happiness inequality in China. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20, 2747–2771.
  • Yang, J., Liu, K. and Zhang, Y. (2019). Happiness inequality in China. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20, 2747–2771.
  • Yinanç, A., Çevik, N. K. and Kantar, G. (2020). The relationship between happiness and social indicators in Turkey. Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 5(2), 50-60.
  • Yinanç, A., Çevik, NK and Kantar, G. (2020). The relationship between happiness and social indicators in Turkey. Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 5(2), 50-60.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Can Mavruk 0000-0002-4084-7447

Publication Date October 29, 2022
Submission Date January 10, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 31 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Mavruk, C. (2022). MARGINAL EFFECTS OF SOCIAL INDICATORS OVER GENERAL HAPPINESS. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 31(2), 368-394. https://doi.org/10.35379/cusosbil.1055985