TWITTER’DA KADIN POLİTİKA GAZETECİLERİNE YÖNELİK ÇEVRİM İÇİ TACİZ

Year 2023, Volume: 32 Issue: 2, 861 - 873, 23.10.2023

Enes Baloğlu

https://doi.org/10.35379/cusosbil.1324510

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Gazetecilik pratikleri dijitalleşme ve ekonomik gelişmelerden dolayı olumsuz etkilenmektedir. Özellikle dijitalleşme gazetecilerin hem çalışma saatlerini uzatmakta hem de gazetecileri hiç olmadığı kadar erişilebilir kılmaktadır. Gazetecilerin çevrim içi ortamda erişilebilir olması sadece olumlu bildirimlere değil aynı zamanda olumsuz bildirimlere de maruz bırakmaktadır. Bu anlamda gazetecilerin en önemli sorunlarından bir tanesi çevrim içi tacizdir. Bu nedenle çalışmada Türkiye’deki kadın gazetecilerin Twitter’da paylaştığı politik bilgilere, görüşlere veya haberlere gelen yorumlar incelenmektedir. Bu bağlamda Türkiye’deki politika gazetecilerinin Twitter’da maruz kaldığı çevrim içi taciz ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmada temel olarak Türk kadın politika gazetecilerinin Twitter’da karşılaştığı çevrim içi taciz türlerinin ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre kadın gazetecilere yapılan yorumların çoğunluğu (%60,97) olumsuz söylemlerden oluşmaktadır. Kadın gazetecilere yönelik olumsuz söylemlerin başında (n=31.489) ise küfür gelmektedir. Elde edilen veriler, farklı ülkelerdeki gazetecilerin maruz kaldığı çevrim içi taciz türlerinin karşılaştırılmasına ve benzerlik ile farklılıkların tespit edilmesine imkân tanımaktadır

Keywords

gazetecilik, kadın politika gazetecileri, çevrimiçi taciz, sosyal medya, twitter

ONLINE HARASSMENT AGAINST WOMEN POLITICAL JOURNALISTS ON TWITTER

Abstract

Journalistic practices are negatively affected by digitalization and economic developments. In particular, digitalization both extends the working hours of journalists and makes them more accessible than ever before. The accessibility of journalists online exposes them not only to positive feedback but also to negative feedback. In this sense, one of the most important problems of journalists is online harassment. Therefore, this study analyzes the comments on political information, opinions or news shared by women journalists in Turkey on Twitter. In this context, the online harassment that political journalists in Turkey are exposed to on Twitter is analyzed. The study mainly aims to reveal the types of online harassment Turkish women political journalists face on Twitter. According to the results of the study, the majority (60.97%) of the comments made to women journalists consist of negative discourse.The most common negative discourse against women journalists (n=31,489) is swearing.The data obtained allows for the comparison of the types of online harassment faced by journalists in different countries and the identification of similarities and differences.

Keywords

journalism, women political journalists, online harassment, social media, twitter

References

• Adams, C. (2018). ‘They go for the gender first’: The nature and effect of sexist abuse of female technology journalists. Journalism Practice, 12(7), 850-869. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1350115
• Aktaş Üstün, N., & Ekin, M. (2021). Görsel spor medyasında çalışan kadınların uğradıkları siber zorbalık hakkında görüşleri. Spor veRekreasyonAraştırmalarıDergisi, 3(Özel Sayı 1), 15-23.Doi: 10.52272/srad.972355
• Alp, H. (2017). Ahmet Hakan’ın Tarafsız Bölge Programı üzerinden medyada kadın temsili sorunu. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 65-78.
• Alp, H.,& Güzel, M. (2022). Toplumsal rıza üretimi sürecinde televizyon tartışma programlarının etkisi ve “Fast Thinker” kavramı. Aksaray İletişim Dergisi Journal Of Aksaray Communicaion, 4(2), 88-106.
• Alpay, S., & Orta, L. (2022). Spor medyasında kadının cinsiyetçilik bağlamında incelenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(2), 1-14.
• Association for Development Migration and Social Policies (DEMIS), Rapor IV (2018).https://bianet.org/system/uploads/1/files/attachments/000/002/358/original/Prime_time_tart%C4%B1%C5%9Fma_programlar%C4%B1nda_kad%C4%B1nlar.pdf?1544168764. ErişimTarihi: 03.05.2023. 1-16.
• Ayhan, B., & Demir, Y. (2022). Systematic sexism: Women’s sports news in a circle of gatekeepers and users on Twitter. Communication & Sport, 1-23.
• Barão da Silva, G., Sbaraini Fontes, G., & Marques, F. P. J. (2023). Risks and resilience in the case of Brazilian female journalists: How women perceive violence against media professionals and cope with its effects. Journalism Studies, 24(7), 956-975.
• Baykan, B. G., Kenan, İ. D., & Malak, C. (Ocak 2021). TV tartışmalarında cinsiyetler arası uçurum. https://bianet.org/system/uploads/1/files/attachments/000/003/355/original/TV_Tart%C4%B1s%CC%A7malar%C4%B1nda_Cinsiyetler_Aras%C4%B1_Uc%CC%A7urum__.pdf?1617792570. Accessed: 03.05.2023. 1-8.
• Bilgin, B. C. (2022, June 17). Gazeteciler Twitter’da medya kuruluşlarından 59 kat daha fazla etkileşim alıyor.Retrieved January 5, 2023, from Journo: https://journo.com.tr/twitter-gazeteciler-medya-etkilesim
• Blanco-Herrero, D., Splendore, S., & Alonso, M. O. (2023). Southern European journalists’ perceptions of discursive menaces in theaAge of (online) delegitimization. Politics and Governance, 11(2), 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v11i2.6397
• Bossio, D., and Holton, A. E. (2021). Burning out and turning off: Journalists’ disconnection strategies on social media. Journalism, 22(10), 2475-2492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919872076
• Carlson, C. R., and Witt, H. (2020). Online harassment of US women journalists and its impact on press freedom. First Monday (2020).
• Celuch, M., Latikka, R., Oksa, R., & Oksanen, A. (2023). Online harassment and hate among media professionals: Reactions to one’s own and others’ victimization. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly.
• Chadha, K., Steiner, L., & Guha, P. (2017). Indian women journalists' responses to sexism and sexual harassment. International Communication Research Journal, 52(1), 1-29.
• Chen, G. M., Pain, P., Chen, V. Y., Mekelburg, M., Springer, N., & Troger, F. (2020). ‘You really have to have a thick skin’: A cross-cultural perspective on how online harassment influences female journalists. Journalism, 21(7), 877-895.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918768500
• Chen, G. M., Pain, P., & Zhang, J. (2018). #NastyWomen: Reclaiming the Twitterverse from misogyny. In J. R. Vickery & T. Everbach (Eds.), Mediating misogyny: Gender, technology and harassment (pp. 371–388). Palgrave Macmillan.
• Clark, M & Grech, A. (2017). Journalists under pressure: Unwarranted Interference, fear, and self-censorship in Europe. Council of Europe: https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=090000168070ad5d
• Cohen, N. S. (2019). At work in the digital newsroom. Digital Journalism, 7(5), 571–591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1419821
• Cole, K. K. (2015). “It’s like she’s eager to be verbally abused”: Twitter, trolls, and (En) gendering disciplinary rhetoric. Feminist Media Studies, 15(2), 356-358.
• Demir, Y., & Ayhan, B. (2022). Being a female sports journalist on Twitter: Online harassment, sexualization, and hegemony. International Journal of Sport Communication, 15(3), 207-217.
• Demirdağ, D. (5 Ocak 2019). Kadın gazetecilere online taciz: Bizim utanç duvarımız. https://journo.com.tr/kadin-gazetecilere-online-taciz. Accessed: 03.05.2023.
• Deuze, M. (2008). The changing context of news work: Liquid journalism and monitorial citizenship. International Journal of Communication, 2(5), 848–865.
• Dinç, E. S. (2019). Türk spor medyasında kadın gazetecilere yönelik cinsiyet ayrımcılığı. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 97-112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.529861
• Edström, M. (2016). The trolls disappear in the light: Swedish experience of sexualized hate speech in the aftermath of Behring Breivik. International Journal for Crime, Justice, and Social Democracy, 5(2), 96–106.
• Ertuna, C. (2018). Türkiye’de televizyonlarda kanaat üretimi: haber kanallarındaki tartışma programları ve kanaat teknisyenleri. Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, (29), 57-81.DOI: 10.16878/gsuilet.496644
• Everbach, T., & Vickery, J. R. (2018). Mediating misogyny: Gender, technology, and harassment. Springer.
• Ferrier, M., & Garud-Patkar, N. (2018). “Troll Busters: Fighting Online Harassment of Women Journalists.” In J. R. Vickery& T.Everbach, (Eds.), Mediating Misogyny: Gender, Technology, and Harassment, (pp. 311-332). Springer International Publishing.
• Finneman, T, Thomas, R. J., & Jenkins, J. (2019). I always watched eyewitness news just to see your beautiful smile: Ethical implications of U.S. women TV anchors’ personal branding on social media. Journal of Media Ethics, 34(3), 146-159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2019.1638260
• Finneman, T., & Jenkins, J. (2018). Sexism on the set: Gendered expectations of TV broadcasters in a social media world. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 62(3), 479-494. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2018.1484292
• Gardiner, B. (2018). “It’s a terrible way to go to work”: What 70 million readers’ comments on the Guardian revealed about hostility to women and minorities online. Feminist Media Studies, 18(4), 592-608. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447334
• Ging, D., & Siapera, E. (2018). Special issue on online misogyny. Feminist Media Studies, 18(4), 515-524. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447345
• Gökırmaklı, I. (26 Kasım 2019). Kadın gazeteciler dijital şiddeti anlattı: Şaşırmıyoruz ama mücadeleye devam!. https://journo.com.tr/kadin-dijital-siddet. Accessed: 03.05.2023.
• Hackworth, L. (2018). “Limitations of “just gender”: The need for an intersectional reframing of online harassment discourse and research.” In J. R. Vickerty& T. Everbach (Eds.), Mediating Misogyny: Gender, Technology, and Harassment, (pp. 51-70). Springer International Publishing.
• Holton, A. E., Bélair-Gagnon, V., Bossio, D., & Molyneux, L. (2021). “Not their fault, but their problem”: Organizational responses to the online harassment of journalists. Journalism Practice, 17(4), 859-874.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1946417
• Hopton, K., & Langer, S. (2022). “Kick the XX out of your life”: An analysis of the manosphere’s discursive constructions of gender on Twitter. Feminism& Psychology, 32(1), 3-22.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/09593535211033461
• https://rm.coe.int/final-version-annual-report-2021-en-wanted-real-action-for-media-freed/1680a2440e. Accessed: 03.05. 2023.
• Hussain, S., Bostan, H., &Qaisarani, I. (2022). Trolling of female journalists on Twitter in Pakistan: an analysis. Media International Australia, 1329878X221145977.
• Jane, E. A. (2014). “You’re an ugly, whorish, slut.” Feminist Media Studies, 14, 531–546. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/14680777.2012.741073
• Kantola, A., & Harju, A. A. (2023). Tackling the emotional toll together: How journalists address harassment with connective practices. Journalism, 24(3), 494–512. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211055293
• Karlsson, M., &Sjøvaag, H. (2016). Content analysis and online news: Epistemologies of analysing the ephemeral Web. Digital Journalism, 4(1), 177-192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2015.1096619
• Karppi, T. (2011). “Digital Suicide and the Biopolitics of Leaving Facebook.” Transformations (14443775), no. 20. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=14443775&asa=Y&AN=79363517&h=YEp6o9V5soNWZ%2F%2BgPOht1ETKBcvmSsy8zoOVOnhYwNFh50bK7roUJAlnTHqN2FGnw15mSI9j7MhzVsz1AIg%2BEA%3D%3D&crl=c.
• Kiraz-Demir, S. (2022). Siber feminizm çerçevesinde yeni medyada kadın gazeteciler üzerine bir araştırma. Kadın/Woman 2000, 23(1), 133-154.
• Koirala, S. (2020). Female journalists’ experience of online harassment: A case study of Nepal. Media and Communication, 8(1), 47-56.DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i1.2541
• Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage Publications.
• Kundu, P., & Bhuiyan, M. M. H. (2021). “Online Harassment of Female Journalistsin Bangladesh: Forms, Reactions, and Consequences.” In Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism, 143-166. IGI Global.
• Lee, N. Y., & Park, A. (2023). How online harassment affects Korean journalists? The effects of online harassment on the journalists’ psychological problems and their intention to leave the profession. Journalism, 14648849231166511.
• Lewis, S. C., Zamith, R., & Coddington, M. (2020). Online Harassment and Its Implications for the Journalist–Audience Relationship. Digital Journalism, 8(8), 1047-1067. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1811743
• Löfgren Nilsson, M., & Örnebring, H. (2016). Journalism under threat: Intimidation and harassment of Swedish journalists. Journalism Practice, 10(7), 880–890.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2016.1164614
• Lu, S., &Luqiu, L. R. (2023). When will one help? Understanding audience intervention in online harassment of women journalists. Journalism Practice, 1-19.
• Marshak, E. (2017). Online harassment: A legislative solution. Harvard Journal on Legislation, 54, 501-531.
• Mathisen, B. R. (2023). Sourcing practice in local media: Diversity and media shadows. Journalism Practice, 17(4), 647-663. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1942147
• Meeks, L. (2013). He wrote, she wrote: Journalist gender, political office, and campaign news. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 90(1), 58-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699012468695
• Meny, E. (2017, December 6). Local TV news has a harassment problem – From people who watch the news. Vox. Available at: https://www.vox.com/first-person/2017/12/6/16742228/local-tv-news-sexual-harassment. Accessed: 20.04.2023.
• Miller, K. C., & Lewis, S. C. (2022). Journalists, harassment, and emotional labor: The case of women inon-air roles at US local television stations. Journalism, 23(1), 79-97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919899016
• Molyneux, L. (2019). A personalized self-image: Gender and branding practices among journalists. Social media+ society, 5(3), 2056305119872950. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119872950
• Molyneux, L., Holton, A., & Lewis, S. C. (2018). How Journalists Engage in Branding on Twitter: Individual, Organizational, and Institutional Levels. Information, Communication and Society, 21(10), 1386–1401.
• Ndlovu, M., & Khupe, N. A. (2023). Online Harassment of journalists in Zimbabwe: Experiences, Coping Strategies and Implications. In: Matsilele, T., Mpofu, S., Moyo, D. (eds) New Journalism Ecologies in East and Southern Africa. Palgrave Studies in Journalism and the Global South,(pp. 95-111).Palgrave Macmillan,
• North, L. (2016c). The Gender of “soft” and “hard” news: Female journalists' views on gendered story allocations. Journalism Studies, 17(3), 356-373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.987551
• North, L. (2016a). Damaging and daunting: Female journalists’ experiences of sexual harassment in the newsroom. Feminist Media Studies, 16(3), 495-510.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2015.1105275
• North, L. (2016b). Still a ‘Blokes Club’: The Motherhood Dilemma in Journalism. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism, 17(3): 315-330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884914560306
• Ojanen, T. T., Boonmongkon, P., Samakkeekarom, R., Samoh, N., Cholratana, M., & Guadamuz, T. E. (2015). Connections between online harassment and offline violence among youth in Central Thailand. Child abuse & neglect, 44(2015), 159–169. DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.04.001
• Pain, P., & Chen, V. (2019). This reporter is so ugly, how can she appear on TV? Journalism Practice, 13(2), 140–158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1423236
• Park, C. S. (2013). Does Twitter motivate involvement in politics? Tweeting, opinion leadership, and political engagement. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1641-1648.DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.044
• Parmelee, J. H. (2013). Political journalists and Twitter: Influences on norms and practices. Journal of Media Practice, 14(4), 291-305.
• Posetti, J., Aboulez, N., Bontheva, K., Harrison, J., & Waisbord, S. (2020). Online Violence Against Women Journalists: A Global Snapshot of Incidence and Impacts. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000375136.
• Posetti, J., & Storm, H. (2018). Violence against women journalists-online and offline. Setting the Gender Agenda for Communication Policy: New Proposals from the Global Alliance on Media and Gender, 75-86.
• Rao, S., & Rodny-Gumede, Y. (2020). Gazing past the glass ceiling: Indian and South African female journalists’ perceptions of their role and power in the newsroom. Global Media and Communication, 16(1), 57-74.
• Ross, K., Boyle, K., Carter, C. and Ging, D. (2018). Women, men and news. Journalism Studies, 19(6), 824-845, DOI: 10.1080/1461670X.2016.1222884.
• Sarikakis, K., Kassa, B. E., Fenz, N., Goldschmitt, S., Kasser, J., & Nowotarski, L. (2021). “My haters and I”: personal and political responses to hate speech against female journalists in Austria. Feminist Media Studies, 1-16.
• Söderberg, L., & Schumacher, A. (2023). The strategies and consequences for harassment: The effect on women journalists’ work in Costa Rica. Retrieved from http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-119038</div>. Erişim Tarihi: 15.04. 2023. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1733931/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
• Stahel, L., & Schoen, C. (2020). Female journalists under attack? Explaining gender differences in reactions to audiences’ attacks. New Media & Society, 22(10), 1849-1867.
• Tandoc, E. C., Sagun, K. K., & Alvarez, K. P. (2023). The digitization of harassment: Women journalists’ experiences with online harassment in the Philippines. Journalism Practice, 17(6), 1198-1213.
• Tekvar, O. S. (2016). KadınGazeteciOlmak: Uçan Haber “Kadınve Medya” Özel Sayısının İncelenmesi. “Being a Woman Journalist: Analyzing Uçan Haber “Woman and Media” Special Issue”. KarabükÜniversitesiSosyalBilimlerEnstitüsüDergisi, 6(2), 435-445.
• Usher, N., Holcomb, J., & Littman, J. (2018). Twitter makes it worse: Political journalists, gendered echo chambers, and the amplification of gender bias. The international journal of press/politics, 23(3), 324-344.
• Vitis, L., & Gilmour, F. (2017). Dick pics on blast: A woman’s resistance to online sexual harassment using humour, art and Instagram. Crime, Media, Culture, 13(3), 335-355.
• White, M. D., & Marsh, E. E. (2006). Content analysis: A flexible methodology. Library Trends, 55(1), 22-45.
• Williams, L. M., Burnap, P., Javed, A., Liu, H., &Ozalp, S. (2020). Hate in the machine: Anti-Black and anti-Muslim social media posts as predictors of offline racially and religiously aggravated crime. The British Journal of Criminology, 60(1), 93–117.
• Yılmaz, E. (2020). Kadın foto muhabirler: ‘Sahada omuz atma, üste çıkma, sözlü taciz ve asılma ile karşılaşıyoruz’. https://journo.com.tr/8-mart-kadin-fotomuhabirler. Accessed: 03.05.2023.
• Yüncüler, Z. (5 Mart 2018). Kadın gazeteciler anlatıyor: Yöneticim whatsapp’tan ‘bacakların güzel’ yazdı. https://journo.com.tr/kadin-gazeteciler-tgs-8-mart-raporu. Accessed: 03.05.2023.