Earthworm Improved Plant Performance of Corn Plant in both Organic and Mineral Fertilized Condition

Abstract

Living organisms in soil has a great influence on biochemical productivity of soil. Earthworm, one of the attractive members of soil fauna, is becoming popular due to their improvement capabilities of nutrient availability. Therefore, a one year pot experiment was carried out to determine effect of earthworms on nutrient uptake of corn plant in non-fertilized as well as organic and mineral fertilizer applied conditions. Three and 6 Dendrobaena spp. earthworms were introduced to soil as equivalent of 100 and 200 earthworms per square meter. Result revealed that, earthworms has influence on nutrient uptake of the corn. Both organic and mineral fertilizer applications increased biomass yield and nutrient uptake compared to non-fertilized variant. Mineral fertilizer was more effective then organic fertilizer, most probably due to slow mineralization proses or insufficient time for releasing nutrient via mineralization which stimulated by earthworms. Based on the overall results, earthworm inoculation or feeding indigenous earthworms are recommended to improve soil productivity even in mineral fertilizer applied conditions.

Keywords

• Earthworm,plant nutrition,corn (Zea mays),corn yield

Toprak Solucanı, Organik ve Mineral Gübreli Koşullarda Mısır Bitkisi Performansını Artırdı

Abstract

Topraktaki canlı organizmaların toprağın biyokimyasal verimliliği üzerinde büyük etkileri vardır. Toprak faunasının çekici üyelerinden birisi olan toprak solucanları, besin elementi yarayışlılığını artırma yeteneklerinden dolayı popüler hale gelmektedirler. Bu nedenle toprak solucanlarının mısır bitkisinin besin elementi alımına etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla gübresiz, organik gübreli ve mineral gübreli koşullarda tek yıllık saksı denemesi yürütülmüştür. Denemede metre kareye 100 ve 200 solucana karşılık gelen Dendrobaena spp. solucanından saksı başına 3 ve 6 tane aşılanmıştır. Sonuçlar toprak solucanlarının mısır bitkisinin besin elementi alımı üzerinde etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Hem organik hem de mineral gübreleme, gübresiz koşullara oranla besin elementi alımını ve biyomas verimini artırmıştır. Mineral gübreleme organik gübrelemeye göre etkili bulunmuştur. Bu durum büyük olasılıkla mineralizasyon sürecinin yavaş olmasından veya solucanlar tarafından teşvik edilen mineralizasyon süreci sonunda besin elementi yarayışlılığının artması için yeterli süre geçmemesinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Sonuçlardan genel olarak mineral gübreli koşullarda bile toprakların üretkenliğini geliştirmede toprağa solucan aşılaması veya var olan yerli solucanların desteklenmesi önerilmektedir.

Keywords

• Toprak solucanı,bitki besleme,mısır (Zea mays),mısır verimi

References

1. Akbolat, D., Evrendilek, F., Coşkan, A., Ekinci, K., 2009. Quantifying soil respiration in response to short-term tillage practices: a case study in southern Turkey, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B - Soil and Plant Science; 59: 50-56.
2. Amador, J. A., Görres, J. H., 2005. Role of the anecic earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. in the distribution of plant residue nitrogen in a corn (Zea mays)–soil system. Applied Soil Ecology Volume 30, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 203–214.
3. Amador, J. A., Görres, J. H., Savin, M. C., 2006. Effects of Lumbricus terrestris L. on nitrogen dynamics beyond the burrow. Applied Soil Ecology. Volume 33, Issue 1, Pages 61–66.
4. Baker, G.H., Carter, P.J., Barett, V.J., 1999. Influence of eartworms, Apporectodea spp. (Lumbricidae), on pasture production in South-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 1247-1257.
5. Blair, J.M., Parmelee, R.W., Allen, M.F., Mccartney, D.A., Stinner, B.R., 1997. Changes in soil N pools in response to earthworm population manipulations in agrocosystems with different N sources. Soil Biol. Biochem. 29,361–367.
6. Bohlen, P. J., Edwards, C. A., 1995. Earthworm effects on N dynamics and soil respiration in microcosms receiving organic and inorganic nutrients. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Volume 27, Issue 3, Pages 341–348.
7. Bremner, J. M., 1965. Method of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Methods. American Society of Agronomy Inc. Madison, Wise S-1149-1178, USA.
8. Brown, G.G., Pashanasi, B., Villenave, C., Patro´n, J.C., Senapati, B.K., Giri, S., Barois, I., Lavelle, P., Blanchart, E., Blakemore, R.J., Spain, A.V., Boyer, J., 1999. Effects of earthworms on plant production in the tropics. In: Lavelle, P., Brussaard, L., Hendrix, P. (Eds.), Earthworm Management in Tropical Agroecosystems. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, pp. 87–147.

9. Çakmak, I., Yılmaz, A. Ekiz, H. Torun, B. Erenoglu, B., Braun H.J., 1996. Zinc deficiency as a critical nutritional problem in wheat production in Central Anatolia. Plant and Soil 180, 165-172.
10. Cortez, J., Billes, G., Bouche´, M.B., 2000. Effect of climate,soil type and earthworm activity on nitrogen transfer from a nitrogen-15-labelled decomposing material under field conditions. Biol. Fert. Soils 30, 318–327.
11. Cortez, J., Hameed, R.H., 2001. Simultaneous effects of plants and earthworms on mineralization of 15N labelled organic compounds adsorbed onto soil size fractions. Biol. Fert. Soils 33, 218–225.
12. Coşkan A., M. Gök, K. Doğan, 2007. Effect of Wheat Stubble Burning and Tobacco Waste Application on Mineral Nitrogen Content of Soil at Different Depth, International Journal of Soil Science, 2(1):55-61, 2007.
13. Doube, B.M., Williams, P.M.L., Willmott, P.J., 1997. The influence of two species of earthworms (Aporrectodea trapezoides and Aporrectodea rosea) on the growth of wheat, barley and faba beans in three soil types in the greenhouse. Soil Biol. Biochem. 29, 503–509.
14. Eriksen-Hamel, N., Whalen, J., K., 2007. Impacts of earthworms on soil nutrients and plant growth in soybean and maize agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment Volume 120, Issues 2–4, Pages 442–448.
15. Eyüpoğlu, F., Kurucu, N., Talaz, S. 1995. Türkiye topraklarının bitkiye yarayışlı mikro elementler bakımından genel durumu. Toprak Gübre Araştırma Enstitüsü. 620/A-002 Projesi Toplu Sonuç Raporu.
16. Fründ, H. C., Butt, K., Capowiez, Y., Eisenhauer, N., Emmerling, C., Ernst, G., Potthoff, M., Schädler, M., Schrader, S., 2010. Using earthworms as model organisms in the laboratory: Recommendations for experimental implementations. Pedobiologia, Volume 53, Issue 2, Pages 119–125.
17. Kacar, B. ve Katkat, V., 2010. Bitki Besleme. 5. Baskı. Nobel Yayım Dağıtım, Ankara. ISBN:978-975-591-834-4.
18. Kacar, B., İnal, A., 2010. Bitki Analizleri. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. ISBN: 9786053950363
19. Karanlık S., Erenoğlu E.B., Derici R., Cakmak İ., 1998. Orta Anadolu, Çukurova ve Gap Bölgeleri Topraklarının Değişik Fraksiyonlardaki Mikroelement Konsantrasyonlarının Belirlenmesi. I. Ulusal Çinko Kongresi, Eskişehir, Türkiye, 12-16 Mayıs 1997, ss.783-786
20. Kızılkaya, 2004. Cu and Zn accumulation in earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. in sewage sludge amended soil and fractions of Cu and Zn in casts and surrounding soil Ecological Engineering 22, 141–151
21. Kızılkaya, 2005. The role of different organic wastes on zinc bioaccumulation by earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. (Oligochaeta) in successive Zn added soil Ecological Engineering 25, 322–331.
22. Kızılkaya, 2008. Dehydrogenase activity in Lumbricus terrestris casts and surrounding soil affected by addition of different organic wastes and Zn. Bioresource Technology 99, 946–953.
23. McDaniel, J. P., Stromberger, M. E., Barbarick, K. A., Cranshaw, W., 2013. Survival of Aporrectodea caliginosa and its effects on nutrient availability in biosolids amended soil. Applied Soil Ecology. Volume 71, Pages 1–6.
24. Mısırlıoğlu, M., 2011. Toprak Solucanları, Biyolojileri, Ekolojileri ve Türkiye Türleri. Nobel Yayın, ISBN: 978-605-395-447-7
25. Müller-Inkmann, M., Fründ, H. C., Hemker, O., 2013. An experimental setup to assess earthworm behaviour in compacted soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils. Volume 49, Issue 3, pp 363-366.
26. Olsen, S. R., Watanable, F.S., 1957. A Method to Determine a Phosphorus Adsorption Maximum for Soils as Measured by the Langmuir isoterm. Soil. Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 21: 144-149.
27. Pattinson, G.S., Smith, S.E., Doube, B.M., 1997. Earthworm Aporrectodea trapezoides had no effect on the dispersal of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Glomus intraradices. Soil Biol. Biochem. 29(7)1079-1088.
28. Ruz-Jerez, B.E., Ball, P.R., Tillman, R.W., 1992. Laboratory assessment of nutrient release from a pasture soil receiving grass or clover residues, in the presence or absence of Lumbricus rubellus or Eisenia foetida. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24, 1529–1534.
29. Scheu, S., 2003. Effects of earthworms on plant growth: patterns and perspectives: The 7th international symposium on earthworm ecology · Cardiff · Wales · 2002. Pedobiologia, Volume 47, Issues 5–6, 2003, Pages 846–856.
30. Shen, W., Yang, H., 2008. Effects of earthworm and microbe on soil nutrients and heavy metals. Agricultural Sciences in China Volume 7, Issue 5, Pages 599–605.
31. Sims, R.W. and Gerard, B.M., 1985. Earthworms. Synopses of the British Fauna No. 31 The Linnean Society and the Brackish-Water Sciences Association. Field Studies Council, Shrewsbury. London ISBN:9004075828.
32. Wurst, S., Dugassa-Gobena, D., Langel, R., Bonkowski, M., Scheu, S., 2004. Combined effects of earthworms and vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizas on plant and aphid performance. New Phytologist 163:169–176.