Biofortification in Cultivation of Crop Plants

Abstract

Malnutrition which is one of the most important problems of the humanity at a recent time, threatens a large part of the world population, notably underdeveloped and developing countries. It is considered that this condition known as secret starvation affects 3 billion humans around the world. When undernourished people cannot take necessary vitamins and minerals from foods, they may confront with various health problems. Noticing the importance of the subject, such foundations as World Health Organization (WHO) and Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers (CGIAR) accept the enrichment of the edible parts of the agronomic crops with such elements as amino acid, protein, vitamin A, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, selenium and iodine as a primary subject. In order to prevent malnutrition, use of the supportive food supplement has been considered as one of the solutions. However, it’s been seen that the sustainability of providing pharmacological supplements from outside is difficult due to the difficulty in transportation to the target population and economic cost since the problem is common in rural population of the underdeveloped and developing countries. Therefore, new solutions have been searched and it has been notified that biofortification is one of the methods to be followed in solving nutrition problems. Biofortification is based on the principle of dissolving the lack in humans by increasing concentrations in the most consumed agronomic crops of vitamins and minerals whose deficiency is commonly seen in public. Overcoming the malnutrition by this way has been applied in many regions of the world, especially China (iodine), Finland (selenium), Thailand (zinc) and Turkey (zinc) and succeeded results have been obtained. Along with biofortification’s being a complex process in which several disciplines work together, agronomic applications are indicative in the success of the study. Agronomic biofortification technic which has brought a new point of view to the fertilization of the crops contains differences from known agricultural production methodology. Becoming widespread of the new model agronomic applications composed of a synthesis of biofortification and conventional production technics in time is predicted by the scientists. In this collected work, literatures about biofortification in agricultural production have been investigated and information on the subject has been given. Our aim is to provide awareness to the efforts for enhancing the quality in agricultural production for healthy tomorrows.

Keywords

• Biofortification,fertilization,crop quality,plant nutrition,human nutrition,malnutrition

Kültür Bitkileri Yetiştiriciliğinde Biyofortifikasyon

Abstract

Çağımızda insanlığın en önemli sorunları arasında yer alan yetersiz beslenme; başta gelişmemiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler olmak üzere dünya nüfusunun büyük bölümünü tehdit etmektedir. Gizli açlık olarak da bilinen bu durumun dünya genelinde 3 milyar insanı etkilediği düşünülmektedir. Yetersiz beslenen insanlar, tükettikleri besinlerden kendileri için gerekli olan vitamin ve mineralleri alamadıkları zaman çeşitli sağlık sorunlarıyla karşılaşabilirler. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) ve Uluslararası Tarımsal Araştırmalar Danışma Grubu (CGIAR) gibi kuruluşlar konunun önemini fark ederek tarımsal ürünlerin tüketilen kısımlarının aminoasit, protein, vitamin A ve kalsiyum, magnezyum, demir, çinko, bakır, selenyum, iyot gibi elementler ile zenginleştirilmesini öncelikli konu olarak kabul etmektedir. Yetersiz beslenmeyi önlemek için destekleyici gıda takviyesi kullanımı çözüm yollarından biri olarak düşünülmüştür. Ancak problemin gelişmemiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki kırsal nüfusta yaygın olmasından dolayı dışarıdan farmakolojik takviyeler sağlamanın hedef nüfusa ulaşım güçlüğü ve ekonomik maliyet nedeniyle sürdürülebilirliğinin zor olduğu görülmüştür. Bu nedenle yeni çözüm yolları aranmış ve beslenme sorunlarının çözümünde izlenecek yöntemlerden birinin de biofortifikasyon olduğu belirtilmiştir. Biyofortifikasyon, toplum genelinde yaygın eksikliği görülen vitamin ve minerallerin toplum tarafından en çok tüketilen ürünlerdeki konsantrasyonlarının arttırılarak, insanlardaki noksanlığının giderilmesi prensibine dayanır. Bu yolla beslenme bozukluğunun önlenmesi başta Çin (iyot), Finlandiya (selenyum), Tayland (çinko), Türkiye (çinko) olmak üzere dünyanın birçok bölgesinde uygulanmış ve başarılı sonuçlar alınmıştır. Biyofortifikasyon çok sayıda disiplinin birlikte çalıştığı kompleks bir süreç olmakla birlikte çalışmanın başarısında agronomik uygulamalar belirleyici olmaktadır. Kültür bitkilerinin gübrelenmesine yeni bir bakış açısı kazandıran biyofortifikasyon tekniği, bilinen zirai üretim metodolojisinden farklılıklar içermektedir. Zamanla biyofortifikasyon ile konvansiyonel üretim tekniklerinin sentezinden oluşan yeni model agronomik uygulamaların yaygınlaşacağı bilim insanları tarafından öngörülmektedir. Yapılan bu derleme çalışmasında tarımsal üretimde biofortifikasyon ile ilgili literatürler incelenerek konu hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Amacımız sağlıklı yarınlar için tarımsal üretimde kaliteyi arttırma çabalarına farkındalık sağlamaktır.

Keywords

• Biyofortifikasyon,gübreleme,ürün kalitesi,bitki besleme,insan beslenmesi,yetersiz beslenme

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