Uluslararası Çevre Uyuşmazlıklarının Çözümünde Tahkim

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 3, 71 - 120, 25.07.2025

Utku Ütük

Öz

1980’lerin ikinci yarısı ve 1990’lar dünyada ticari ilişkilerin, yatırımların ve bunlara bağlı olarak çevre üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerinin yükselişe geçtiği zamanlara kapı açmıştır. Küreselleşme olarak adlandırılan ancak özünde kapitalizmin yeni biçimi olan bu süreçte çevresel ve ticari çıkarların artan çatışması uluslararası hukukun çevre ve ticaret alanlarında giderek daha fazla uyuşmazlık doğurmaktadır. Uluslararası uyuşmazlıkların çözümünde başvurulan yargısal araçlar; mahkeme yargılaması ve tahkimdir. Uluslararası ticarette tarihsel süreçte her zaman önemli bir uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemi kabul edilen tahkim, uluslararası çevre hukukunda da mahkeme yargılaması karşısında tercih edilir olmuştur. Küresel ticaretin gelişmesinde önemli bir araç olan uluslararası tahkimin çevre ve ticaret gibi çatışan çıkarların doğurduğu uyuşmazlıklardaki işlevini belirleme isteği ile konusu küreselleşen dünyada uluslararası tahkimin uluslararası çevre uyuşmazlıkları örneğinde incelenmesi olan bu çalışma hazırlanmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı çevresel ve ticari çıkarlar çatışmasında uluslararası tahkimin yönünü tespit etmektir. Çalışma kuramsaldır ve küreselleşme altında yatan ideolojinin neoliberalizm olduğundan hareketle uluslararası çevre uyuşmazlıklarının çözümünde tahkimin rolü eleştirel bir bakış açısı ile irdelenmektedir. Çalışma sonucunda 1980’lerin sonu ve 1990’ların başından bu yana, uluslararası tahkimin, çevrenin korunması ve kirliliğin önlenmesinde etkili bir hukuksal araç olamadığı uluslararası çevre hukuku ve uluslararası ticaret hukuku alanlarındaki politika belgeleri, kurallar, düzenlemeler ve davalara ilişkin bulgularla ortaya konmuştur. Çalışmada küreselleşmenin çevre-ticaret çatışmasında ticari yönü ağır basan bir uyuşmazlık çözüm aracı talep ettiğinden hareket ederek mahkeme yargılaması karşısında uluslararası tahkimin önümüzdeki dönemde de gözde yargısal uyuşmazlık çözüm aracı olacağı değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uluslararası Çevre Uyuşmazlıkları , Tahkim , Küreselleşme

Etik Beyan

Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi’nde yayımlanması talebiyle tarafınıza ilettiğim “Uluslararası Çevre Uyuşmazlıklarının Çözümünde Tahkim” başlıklı makalemin, başka bir süreli yayında, kitapta, vb. yayımlanmadığını ve yayımlanmak üzere gönderilmediğini taahhüt ederim. Aksinin kanıtlanması halinde, her türlü hukukî sorumluluk şahsıma aittir.

Teşekkür

Bu makale Prof. Dr. Kemal GÖRMEZ danışmanlığında 2023 yılında Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Amme İdaresi Anabilim Dalı Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bilim Dalı’nda tamamlanan “Uluslararası Çevre Uyuşmazlıklarının Çözümünde Tahkim” başlıklı Doktora Tezi” esas alınarak söz konusu tezden üretilmiştir. Doktora Tezi’nin hazırlanmasında engin tecrübesi ile yol gösteren Tez Danışmanım Prof. Dr. Kemal GÖRMEZ’e teşekkürü borç bilirim.

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