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Gelecek Olumsallar, Doğruluk ve Teolojik Fatalizm

Year 2024, , 95 - 126, 20.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.15745/da.1539324

Abstract

Felsefi ve metafizik anlamda fatalizm, meydana gelen her ne varsa olması gerektiği, olacak olanın kaçınılmaz olduğu tezidir; meydana gelen her olay ya da durum meydana gelmek zorundadır, aynı şekilde meydana gelmeyen her olayın ve durumun gerçekleşmemesi de zorunludur. İnsan özgürlüğü ile ilişkisi dikkate alındığında fatalizm, kısaca yaptığımız eylemin aksi bir eylemi gerçekleştirme gücüne sahip olmadığımız anlamına gelir. Kararlarımızı alırken ve seçimlerimizi yaparken yaptığımızdan farklı durumların ve alternatif eylemlerin var olabileceğine olan temel inancımız yanlıştır. Fail A seçeneğini seçme iradesine sahipken aynı anda değil-A seçeneğine de sahip olmalıdır. Tanrı’nın mutlak bilgisi ve gelecek hakkındaki bilgisi dikkate alındığında, bazı filozoflara göre insanın gelecekte yapacağı eylemler özgür değildir. Her şey ezelden belirli olduğundan gelecek seçimlerimiz biz yapmadan önce doğruluk değerine sahiptir dolayısıyla belirlenmiştir ve önümüzde alternatif seçenekler mevcut değildir. Teolojik fatalizmden çıkış yolu olarak önünde birkaç seçenek olabilir. Problemden kaçınmanın ilk yolu, teolojik fatalizmi makul bir seçenek olarak görmektir. Buna göre teolojik fatalizm, insan eylemi hakkındaki yanılmaz ön bilginin eylemi zorunlu ve dolayısıyla insanın özgür iradesini ortadan kaldırdığı tezidir. Tüm geleceği yanılmaz bir şekilde bilen bir varlık yani Tanrı varsa, o zaman hiçbir insan eylemi özgür değildir. Diğer bir seçenek teolojik fatalizmindir. Bu bakış açısına göre, birisi eylemlerinin gerçekleşmeden önce doğruluk değerine sahip olduğunu ve o eylemi yapmak dışında bir seçeneğinin olmadığını ve önündeki tek seçeneği yapmaya mecbur olsa da yine de bu mecburiyet içerisinde özgür iradeye bir alan kalabileceğini iddia edebilir. Fatalizmden kurtulmak ve liberteryen anlamda özgür iradeye yer açmak adına diğer bir çözüm önerisi, Tanrı’nın mutlak ilminden feragat edilebileceği noktasındadır. Diğer bir ifade ile gerçek anlamda özgür iradeden bahsedebilmem için, gelecek zamanlı önermelerin doğruluk değerine sahip olamayacağı, dolayısı ile Tanrı’nın bilgisinin bunları kapsamadığı ileri sürülebilir. Birçok filozof tarafından benimsenen bu çözüm de Tanrı’nın inayeti ve hükümranlığı açısından birtakım sıkıntılara sahiptir. Bu iki karşıt görüş arasında hem Tanrı’nın bilgisini hem de insanın özgür iradesini sınırlandırmayan üçüncü bir seçeneğe sahip olabileceğimizi iddia edeceğim. Diğer bir ifade ile, Tanrı’nın hem geleceği iki-değerlilik ilkesini ihlal etmeksizin doğru olarak bildiği ve bu doğru bilginin gelecekle ilgili bir ontolojiyi şimdiki zamandan var kılarak zorunlu kılmadığı, dolayısıyla alternatif seçeneklere olanak sağlayan bir çözümün mümkün olduğunu iddia edeceğim.

References

  • Adamson, Peter. “The Arabic Sea Battle: Al-Fārābī on the Problem of Future Contingents.” Archiv Für Geschichte Der Philosophie 88/2 (2006), 163-188.
  • Anselm. The Major Works / Anselm of Canterbury. ed. Gillian Evans Brian Davies. çev. D. P. Henry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • Aristotle. Categories and De Interpretatione. Çev. John L. Ackrill. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Armstrong, D M. Sketch for a Systematic Metaphysics. Oxford University Press, 2010.
  • Berstein, Mark. “Fatalism.” The Oxford Handbook of Free Will. Ed. Robert Kane. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Bigelow, John. “Truth-Makers and Truth-Bearers”. The Routledge Companion to Metaphysics. Ed. Robin Le Poidevin vd. Routledge: Routledge, 2009.
  • Boethius. Consolation of Philosophy.Çev. Joel C. Relihan. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 2001.
  • Cahn, Steven M. “Fatalism.” A Companion to Metaphysics. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2009.
  • Cahn, Steven M. Fate, Logic, and Time. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967.
  • Callender, Craig. Zaman. Çev. Kutlukhan Kutlu. İstanbul: NTV Yayınları, 2014.
  • Clarke, Randolph, Justin Capes. “Incompatibilist (Nondeterministic) Theories of Free Will.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (Erişim 23.08.2024). https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/incompatibilism-theories/#Aca.
  • Craig, William Lane. The Problem of Divine Foreknowledge and Future Contingents from Aristotle to Suarez. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1988.
  • Dummett, Michael. Frege: Philosophy of Mathematics. London: Ducworth, 1991.
  • Dyke, Heather. Metaphysics and the Representational Fallacy. Routledge, 2007.
  • Ebu’l-Hasan el-Eş’ari. İlk Dönem İslam Mezhepleri, Makalatü’l-İslamiyyin ve İhtilafü’l Musallin. Çev. Ömer Aydın - Mehmet Dalkılıç. İstanbul: Kabalcı, 2005.
  • Hasker, William. “A Philosophical Perspective”. The Openness o f God: A Biblical Challenge to the Traditional Understanding of God. ed. Clark H. Pinnock. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1994.
  • Heil, John. From an Ontological Point of View. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003.
  • Hoffman, Joshua - Gary S. Rosenkrantz. The Divine Attributes. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2002.
  • Inwagen, Peter Van. An Essay on Free Will. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983.
  • Mulligan, Kevin – Simons, Peter – Smith, Bary. “Truth-Makers”. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 44/3 (1984), 287- 321.
  • Kretzmann, Norman. “Omniscience and Immutability”. Source: The Journal of Philosophy 63/14 (1966), 409-421.
  • Łukasiewicz, Jan. “Philosophical Remarks on Many-Valued Systems of Propositional Logic”. Polish Logic: 1920-1939. Ed. Storrs Mccall - B. Gruchman Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.
  • Marmura, Michael E. “Divine Omniscience and Future Contingents in Alfarabi and Avicenna”. Divine Omniscience and Omnipotence in Medieval Philosophy Islamic, Jewish and Christian Perspectives. Ed. Tamar Rudavsky. Springer, 1985.
  • Martin Fischer, John. “Introduction.” God, Foreknowledge and Freedom. Stanford University Press, 1989.
  • McGrath, Matthew – Frank, Devin. “Propositions.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University Press. ( Erişim 24.08.2024). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/propositions. Merricks, Trenton. Truth and Ontology. Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • McKenna, Michael – Coates, D. Justin. “Compatibilism.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ed. Edward N. Zalta. (Erişim 24.08.2024). <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/compatibilism/>.
  • Miller, Kristie. “Presentism, Eternalism, and the Growing Block”. A Companion to the Philosophy of Time. Ed. Heather Dyke - Adrian Bardon. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • Musgrave, Alan. Sağduyu, Bilim ve Şüphecilik Bilim Kuramına Giriş. Çev. Nur Küçük. İstanbul: İthaki, 2013.
  • Pereboom, Derk. “Living Without Free Will: The Case for Hard Incompatibilism”. The Oxford Handbook of Free Will. Ed. Robert Kane. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Pike, Nelson. God and Timelessness. New York: Schocken, 1970.
  • Plantinga, Alvin. “On Ockham’s Way Out.” Faith and Philosophy: Journal of the Society of Christian Philosophers 3/3 (1986), 235- 269.
  • Rami, Adolf. “Introduction: Truth Adn Truth-Making.” Truth and Truth-Making. ed. E.J.Lowe A.Rami. Stocksfield Hall, 2009.
  • Rea, Michael C. “Four-Dimensionalism.” The Oxford Handbook for Metaphysics. ed. Dean Zimmerman - Michael Loux. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Rea, Michael C. “Presentism and Fatalism.” Freedom, Fatalism, and Foreknowledge. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Rodriguez-Pereyra, Gonzalo. “Truthmakers”. Philosophy Compass 1/2 (March 2006).
  • Starr, William. “Counterfactual”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed.Edward N. Zalta. (Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2024). https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/counterfactuals/#Aca.
  • Wolterstorff, Nicholas. “God Everlasting.” God and Good. ed. L. B. Smedes - C. J. Orlebeke. Michigan: Grand Rapids, 1975.
  • Zagzebski, Linda Trinkaus. “Recent Work on Divine Foreknowledge and Free Will.” The Oxford Handbook of Free Will. ed. Robert Kane. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Zagzebski, Linda Trinkaus. The Dilemma of Freedom and Foreknowledge. Oxford University Press, 1991.

Future Contingents Truth and Theological Fatalism

Year 2024, , 95 - 126, 20.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.15745/da.1539324

Abstract

Fatalism, in the philosophical and metaphysical sense, is the thesis that whatever happens must happen and that what will occur is inevitable. According to this view, every event or situation that occurs must occur, just as every event or situation that does not occur must not occur. In relation to human freedom, fatalism implies that we cannot choose to act differently than we do, thereby undermining the belief in genuine alternatives during decision-making. Considering God's omniscience and knowledge of the future, some philosophers argue that human actions are not free. To address theological fatalism, several solutions can be explored. One approach is to accept theological fatalism as a plausible option. According to this view, infallible foreknowledge of human actions makes those actions necessary, thereby eliminating human free will. If there is a being, such as God, who knows the entire future infallibly, then no human action can be free. Another option is to consider theological determinism rather than theological fatalism. This perspective suggests that actions have a truth value before they occur, leaving no choice but to perform the determined action. Even if one is determined to make the only available choice, there could still be room for free will within this determination. A further solution to avoid fatalism while accommodating libertarian free will is to limit God's absolute knowledge. In other words, to preserve genuine free will, one could argue that future propositions cannot have truth values, implying that God's knowledge does not encompass them. While many philosophers have adopted this approach, it faces challenges concerning God's grace and sovereignty. I will argue that there exists an alternative between these two opposing views that does not constrain either God's knowledge or human free will. Specifically, I will argue that it is possible to have a solution where God possesses accurate knowledge of the future without violating the principle of bivalence, and this knowledge does not necessitate a deterministic ontology of the future from the present, thereby allowing for the existence of alternative options.

References

  • Adamson, Peter. “The Arabic Sea Battle: Al-Fārābī on the Problem of Future Contingents.” Archiv Für Geschichte Der Philosophie 88/2 (2006), 163-188.
  • Anselm. The Major Works / Anselm of Canterbury. ed. Gillian Evans Brian Davies. çev. D. P. Henry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • Aristotle. Categories and De Interpretatione. Çev. John L. Ackrill. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Armstrong, D M. Sketch for a Systematic Metaphysics. Oxford University Press, 2010.
  • Berstein, Mark. “Fatalism.” The Oxford Handbook of Free Will. Ed. Robert Kane. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Bigelow, John. “Truth-Makers and Truth-Bearers”. The Routledge Companion to Metaphysics. Ed. Robin Le Poidevin vd. Routledge: Routledge, 2009.
  • Boethius. Consolation of Philosophy.Çev. Joel C. Relihan. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 2001.
  • Cahn, Steven M. “Fatalism.” A Companion to Metaphysics. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2009.
  • Cahn, Steven M. Fate, Logic, and Time. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967.
  • Callender, Craig. Zaman. Çev. Kutlukhan Kutlu. İstanbul: NTV Yayınları, 2014.
  • Clarke, Randolph, Justin Capes. “Incompatibilist (Nondeterministic) Theories of Free Will.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (Erişim 23.08.2024). https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/incompatibilism-theories/#Aca.
  • Craig, William Lane. The Problem of Divine Foreknowledge and Future Contingents from Aristotle to Suarez. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1988.
  • Dummett, Michael. Frege: Philosophy of Mathematics. London: Ducworth, 1991.
  • Dyke, Heather. Metaphysics and the Representational Fallacy. Routledge, 2007.
  • Ebu’l-Hasan el-Eş’ari. İlk Dönem İslam Mezhepleri, Makalatü’l-İslamiyyin ve İhtilafü’l Musallin. Çev. Ömer Aydın - Mehmet Dalkılıç. İstanbul: Kabalcı, 2005.
  • Hasker, William. “A Philosophical Perspective”. The Openness o f God: A Biblical Challenge to the Traditional Understanding of God. ed. Clark H. Pinnock. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1994.
  • Heil, John. From an Ontological Point of View. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003.
  • Hoffman, Joshua - Gary S. Rosenkrantz. The Divine Attributes. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2002.
  • Inwagen, Peter Van. An Essay on Free Will. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983.
  • Mulligan, Kevin – Simons, Peter – Smith, Bary. “Truth-Makers”. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 44/3 (1984), 287- 321.
  • Kretzmann, Norman. “Omniscience and Immutability”. Source: The Journal of Philosophy 63/14 (1966), 409-421.
  • Łukasiewicz, Jan. “Philosophical Remarks on Many-Valued Systems of Propositional Logic”. Polish Logic: 1920-1939. Ed. Storrs Mccall - B. Gruchman Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.
  • Marmura, Michael E. “Divine Omniscience and Future Contingents in Alfarabi and Avicenna”. Divine Omniscience and Omnipotence in Medieval Philosophy Islamic, Jewish and Christian Perspectives. Ed. Tamar Rudavsky. Springer, 1985.
  • Martin Fischer, John. “Introduction.” God, Foreknowledge and Freedom. Stanford University Press, 1989.
  • McGrath, Matthew – Frank, Devin. “Propositions.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University Press. ( Erişim 24.08.2024). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/propositions. Merricks, Trenton. Truth and Ontology. Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • McKenna, Michael – Coates, D. Justin. “Compatibilism.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ed. Edward N. Zalta. (Erişim 24.08.2024). <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/compatibilism/>.
  • Miller, Kristie. “Presentism, Eternalism, and the Growing Block”. A Companion to the Philosophy of Time. Ed. Heather Dyke - Adrian Bardon. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • Musgrave, Alan. Sağduyu, Bilim ve Şüphecilik Bilim Kuramına Giriş. Çev. Nur Küçük. İstanbul: İthaki, 2013.
  • Pereboom, Derk. “Living Without Free Will: The Case for Hard Incompatibilism”. The Oxford Handbook of Free Will. Ed. Robert Kane. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Pike, Nelson. God and Timelessness. New York: Schocken, 1970.
  • Plantinga, Alvin. “On Ockham’s Way Out.” Faith and Philosophy: Journal of the Society of Christian Philosophers 3/3 (1986), 235- 269.
  • Rami, Adolf. “Introduction: Truth Adn Truth-Making.” Truth and Truth-Making. ed. E.J.Lowe A.Rami. Stocksfield Hall, 2009.
  • Rea, Michael C. “Four-Dimensionalism.” The Oxford Handbook for Metaphysics. ed. Dean Zimmerman - Michael Loux. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Rea, Michael C. “Presentism and Fatalism.” Freedom, Fatalism, and Foreknowledge. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Rodriguez-Pereyra, Gonzalo. “Truthmakers”. Philosophy Compass 1/2 (March 2006).
  • Starr, William. “Counterfactual”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed.Edward N. Zalta. (Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2024). https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/counterfactuals/#Aca.
  • Wolterstorff, Nicholas. “God Everlasting.” God and Good. ed. L. B. Smedes - C. J. Orlebeke. Michigan: Grand Rapids, 1975.
  • Zagzebski, Linda Trinkaus. “Recent Work on Divine Foreknowledge and Free Will.” The Oxford Handbook of Free Will. ed. Robert Kane. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Zagzebski, Linda Trinkaus. The Dilemma of Freedom and Foreknowledge. Oxford University Press, 1991.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Islamic Studies (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zikri Yavuz 0000-0001-6226-1642

Publication Date December 20, 2024
Submission Date August 27, 2024
Acceptance Date December 5, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

ISNAD Yavuz, Zikri. “Gelecek Olumsallar, Doğruluk Ve Teolojik Fatalizm”. Dini Araştırmalar 67 (December 2024), 95-126. https://doi.org/10.15745/da.1539324.